Two-parameter (HG) Magnitude

System for Small Bodies

AS3141 Benda Kecil dalam Tata Surya

Prodi Astronomi 2007/2008
B. Dermawan
 Observing Plane

Karttunen et al. 1987

The plane Sun-Object-Observer is the plane of light scattering

of the radiating reaching us from the Sun via the object.
It is a symmetry-breaking plane, and because of this, makes
the light from the object polarized
Photometric &
Polarimetric
Phase Effects

Muinonen et al. 2002

 Albedo & Phase Function (1)
de Pater & Lissauer 2001

phase angle,
= (2 ) scattering angle,
(solar) elongation

Sun
Albedo & Phase Function (2)

Karttunen et al. 1987

Albedo & Phase Function (3)

A solar system body

1 F
radiated by the Sun: (1 AV ) Sun (1 AIR )T 4

4 r2

FSun = 1.36103 W m-2 is the solar constant at 1 AU,

r is heliocentric distance in AU,
For a black body albedo AV = AIR = 0

Assuming isotropic thermal emission (not quite true!)

 when observing a target

Data: Vobs V(r ;, ), dVobs

Brightness at unique distances [r,] and phase angle ()
Vobs should be a magnitude at base-level lightcurve

Sometimes V(r ;, ) V() Vobs()

Data set: exp. per day

Time: ti ; i = 1,,n
Magnitude at base-level: V(ri ;i, i) ; i = 1,,n
Magnitude error: i ; i = 1,,n
 The Two Parameters: H & G (1)
Bowell et al. 1989 (Asteroids II)

Reduced magnitude V (1, ) Vobs (r ; , ) 5 log( r )

Vobs is observed magnitude

Absolute magnitude is the magnitude of a body

if it is at a distance 1 AU from Earth and Sun at
phase angle = 0
V (1, 0) HV H Standard visual

Two-parameter (HG) magnitude system:

V (1, ) H( ) H 2.5 log (1 G)1( ) G 2 ( )
G is the slope parameter the gradient of the phase curve
 The Two Parameters: H & G (2)
Bowell et al. 1989 (Asteroids II)

Phase function l(); for 0 120, 0 G 1

l ( ) W ( ) lS ( ) 1 W ( ) lL ( ); l 1, 2
Simpler, more symmetric, but
slightly less accurate expression
W ( ) exp 90.56 tan 2
2

Bl

Cl sin l ( ) exp Al tan ; l 1, 2
lS ( ) 1 2
0.119 1.341 sin 0.754 sin2

A1 3.33, A2 1.87,

Bl

lL ( ) exp Al tan B1 0.63, B2 1.22
2

A1 3.332, A2 1.862,
B1 0.631, B2 1.218,
C1 0.986, C2 0.238
 Obtaining H & G (1)
Bowell et al. 1989 (Asteroids II)

Observation ( reduced mag) data Vi(i) and errors i

100.4Vi ( i ) a11( i ) a2 2 ( i )
Least-squares solution

I i 10 0.4Vi ( i ) ; i 1,, n
Buktikan
j ( i ) k ( i )
h jk ; i 1,, n; j , k 1, 2
i2

j ( i ) Ii
gj ; i 1,, n; j 1, 2
i2
a1 (h22 g1 h12 g 2 ) / D
D h11h22 h12
2
a2 (h11g 2 h12 g1 ) / D
 Obtaining H & G (2)
Bowell et al. 1989 (Asteroids II)

a1 and a2 are of order 10-0.4H, which may be

computationally inconvenient. If so, they may be
scaled to order unity by setting
H( ) m 2.5 log a11( ) a2 2 ( )
m is one of the reduced magnitude Vi(i) (for instance at smallest )

Thus, H 2.5 log a a
1 2 0.15 for low albedo

G 0.25 for moderate albedo
a2 0.40 for high albedo
G
a1 a2
Phase integral q = 0.290 + 0.684 G
 H & G Error Analysis
Bowell et al. 1989 (Asteroids II)

Magnitude residuals ri Vi ( i ) H m( i )
m( i ) 2.5 log (1 G )1( i ) G 2 ( i )
m(i) is the calculated magnitude drop from zero phase angle

Then,
/
i
; i
2
2

1
1/ ;
1/ i
0 2 H ( 0 ) 2
i

2
1 2

1
2

; s r / i ;
/ i2 0 1/ i n2
2 2 2 i
i

H ( 0 ) s H ( ) ; s ;
0

G ;
0.0673 0.1132 G 0.0615 G 2

H ( ) V (1, ) H 2 ( 0 ) 2 ( 0 )2
 Drawbacks
The H,G-magnitude system fails to fit the
narrow opposition effects of E-class asteroids
(Harris et al. 1986)
It shows poor fits to the phase curves of certain
dark asteroids (e.g., Piiroen et al. 1994,
Shevchenko et al. 1996)
Hapkes photometric model (5 parameters) has
photometric fits as good as the H,G-magnitude
system (Verbiscer & Veverka 1995)
Lightcurve Amplitude Phase Angle Relation
0.030 deg-1 for S - type
A( )
Zappala et al. (1990) A(0 )

0.015 deg-1 for C - type
1 0.013 deg-1 for M - type

A(0) and A() are, respectively, the lightcurve amplitude

at zero phase angle and that at a phase angle
Amplitude at zero phase angle is smaller than that at a
phase angle

a
b
a
log10 0.4 A(0 )
b
 Examples
Asteroid Cometary Asteroid
Asteroid (832) Karin C/2002 CE10
11.2 12

Reduced Magnitude [ V (1, )]

11.4 12.5
Reduced V -Magnitude

11.6 12.92
13

11.8
13.5
12.0
14
12.2

14.5
12.4

12.6 15
0 5 10 15 20 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28
Phase Angle (deg) Phase Angle ( )

H = 11.49 0.02; G = 0.19 H = 12.922 0.006; G = 0.058

0.04 0.005