Table A.

Sensor characteristics

Type of Advantages and

Measurand Principle of functioning
sensor disadvantages

Low cost,
The junction of two different metals
Thermocoupl high precision, high operation
(e.g. cromel-alumel) induces a voltage
e range, low sensitivity, etc.
as a function of temperature
Advantages of RTD-PT100 The
Pt100 can easily deliver
accuracies of one-tenth of a
degree with the advantage that
Resistance temperature detectors the Pt100 does not gradually
(RTD) accurately sense temperature break down by delivering
with an excellent degree of repeatability erroneous readings, if not
and interchangeability of elements. The normally opened, whereby the
RTD is composed of certain metallic metering device immediately
RTD (Pt100 elements whose change in resistance is detects sensor failure and give
or pt1000) a function of temperature. In operation, notice
a small excitation current is passed
across the element, and the voltage, RTDs can operate in a
which is proportional to resistance, is temperature range of (-200 to
then measured and converted to units 650) C [-328 to 1202] F.Fill-in
of temperature calibration by the students, with short
thermal response time, reducing
dynamic error; Wide measuring
range (-200~+450degree
Celsius)
Temperature Measured in Celsius ( C)
Linear scale factor of +10 mV /
C
0.5 C accuracy at +25 C
Working range: -55 C to +150
C
Low cost
Power from 4V up to 30V
LM35 is a temperature sensor, one of Less than 60 A of consumption
the most used components when Under auto-heating (0.08 C in
measuring the thermal changes in a static air)
body or object. The LM35 has the Low output impedance, 0.1W for
LM35 appearance of a common low-power 1mA loads
transistor in TO-92 encapsulation, and
is also available in TO-46, SO-8 and TO- LM35 is a precision integrated
220 encapsulation. circuit that acts as a temperature
sensor calibrated directly in
degrees centigrade, for each
measured degree centigrade, will
deliver at its output a voltage
value of 10 mV, for example:
150 C is equivalent to
1500mV; -55 C equals -
550mV.

UCL-510 Gems liquid level sensors and switches The UCL-510 offers an innovative,
Ultrasonic provide high-reliability monitoring and non-contact ultrasonic level
Liquid level
Water Level detection of a wide range of fluid media. sensor with no moving parts built
Sensor Requirements can range anywhere from for challenging fluid
 the sensing of cooking oil, to hydraulic measurement. This accurate and
fluids, to diesel fuel tanks (gas level reliable sensor is built for general
indicator), to water and wastewater, to purpose, small tank applications
biohazards, to even deionized or potable 49.2" (1250 mm) or less and
water. offers switch, controller and
transmitter capabilities in one
multi-function transmitter. The
UCL-510 is suited for corrosive
and dirty applications and is
virtually maintenance free and
reduces tank system hardware.
The UCL-510 combines 4 relays,
4-20mA output and pump/valve
control in one small sensor. The
UCL-510 offers a total solution for
fluid handling and automation
The XLS-1 - Ultrasonic Level Sensor is
Gems' rugged alternative to reed switch
level sensors. They are compatible with
water, water-based and hydrocarbon-
based liquids, and are perfect for The XLS-1's advanced Ultrasonic
XLS-1 - Level Sensing technology is a
applications where foam and
Ultrasonic
condensation may affect other sensing unique design that reduces
Level Sensor
technologies. The XLS-1 is an ideal customer downtime
solution for sensing liquid level in
generators, water tanks, radiators,
printers, and other harsh industrial
applications
he 9000 Series CAN bus digital pressure
gauge meets the demands of the test
and measurement industry, including
automotive and marine applications,
with high levels of accuracy over a wide
High Accuracy Over Wide
temperature range. The digital output in
Operating Temperature Range
engineering units eliminates the need
T.E.B. 0.2% Span
for user system calibration.
-40F to 185F (-40C to +85C)
Excellent Long-Term Stability
Designed to have a wide input voltage
<0.05% Per Year, Non-
range, input to output isolation,
Cumulative
immunity to noise and self-diagnostics
Small Size: 1" Diameter, .60"
the 9000 series digital pressure sensor
Length (25mm Diameter, 120mm
is ideal for electrically noisy
Transducers Length)
environments or applications where
- 9000 Isolated High-Speed CAN
Pressure earthing or grounding can be a problem.
Series Interface - ISO11898
Programmable Update Rate
Through the standard CANopen protocol
Standard Application Interface
multiple devices can be used on a single
CAN open DS301 & DSP404
bus reducing user cabling and can be
In System Programmable
used in conjunction with your digital
Self-Diagnostics - Bridge Fault
pressure gauge. Can also be used as a
Detection, Hours in Service,
hydraulic pressure transducer.
Watchdog, Last Calibration Date,
Next Calibration Date
Unsurpassed Customer Support -
Rapid Development Kit
These transducers employ a
micomachined silicon (MMS) diaphragm
to detect pressure changes. The silicon
diaphragm is protected from the media
 by an oil-filled 316SS isolation
diaphragm; they react in tandem to
process fluid pressure
The P331x series of pressure sensors
from German manufacturer Tecsis
consists of several models according to
the measuring range allowed in each
one, so that different pressure
differences can be measured, ranging
from very low ranges of only 0.04bar up
TECSIS P3314
to ranges from 600 bar.
- P3313 -
P3312
All the sensors have analog output in
current or voltage proportional to the
difference of pressure measured in gas
or liquid, since its execution in stainless
steel, allows him to work in different
means
. The PCST27 model is a submersible
displacement sensor with
magnetostrictive technology of the
POSICHRON series, this indicates that it
PCST27
shares all its technical characteristics
with those of the PCST family, in its
models PCST24 and PCST25
Displacemen
t voltage, plus digital SSI or Start /
The PCRPxx series is characterized by
its round profile and immersion
capability thanks to its high IP68. The
ASM PCRP21 - rest of the technical features are
ASM PCRP32 common to all models of POSICHRON
magnetostrictive sensor series, from
the German manufacturer ASM.
Differential pressure: from
0.04bar to 600bar.
Static pressure: from 100bar to
700bar.
Linearity: 0.25%.
Output: analog 4-20mA and 0-
10V.
The main difference is that the
PCST27 is a distance sensor, fully
sealed 100% sealed allowing its
immersion, as well as working in
severe industrial environments,
marine environments,
applications of high humidity, etc.
Regarding their way of working,
output types, ranges, etc., are
the same as in the PCST series
discussed above, so the
characteristics would be:
Available ranges: From 100 up to
5750mm (in increments of 5mm).
Linearity: 0.1%, optional 0.02%.
Output: Analog in current and
Stop.
Signal configuration: With one
and two magnets, in different
configurations.
Speed measurement option.
Available ranges: From 100 up to
5750mm (in increments of 5mm).
Linearity: 0.1%, optional 0.02%.
Output: Analog in current and
voltage. Digital SSI and CAN.
Signal configuration: With one
and two magnets, in different
configurations.
Speed measurement option.
 Table B. Actuator characteristics

Type of Advantages and

Variable Principle of functioning
actuator
The stepper motor also known as
stepper motor is an
electromechanical device that
converts a series of electrical
impulses into discrete angular
displacements, which means that
it is able to rotate a number of
degrees (step or half step)
depending on its inputs. control.
The stepper motor behaves in the
same way as a digital-to-analog
(D / A) converter and can be
Angular
Motor governed by pulses from digital
movement systems
A rotary or linear motion drive
power for the conduction of
running energy operations in the
role of a control signal. Here
compared to the introduction of
electric actuators have advantages
and disadvantages, should be able
to make a more intuitive
understanding of the product range
disadvantages
This engine has the advantages
of precision and repeatability in
terms of positioning. Among its
main applications are robots,
drones, radio control, digital
printers, automation,
photocomponents, prepress,
etc.
Advantages of electric
actuators: access to power will
be easier, faster transmission
signal, signal transmission
distance, in order to concentrate
on operational control;
precision, sensitivity is relatively
high, and other electric
adjustable instrument with
convenient and easy to operate,
easy to install wiring.
Disadvantages of electric
actuators: only applies to the
less demanding test location,
lack of gas source. Relatively
complex structure, a small
push, the average failure rate is
higher than the pneumatic
actuator, due to the structural
complexity of the problem, the
technical requirements of the
site maintenance staff is
relatively high; the engine is
running will produce heat,
adjust the frequency large and
easy to create an overheating of
the engine, also increases the
wear of the reduction gear

Linear
Pneumatic Fill-in by the students Fill-in by the students
movement
Serpentine
Temperature Fill-in by the students Fill-in by the students
coil
Liquid level Valve Fill-in by the students Fill-in by the students