QUTIS!

Quantum Technologies !
for Information Science !

Quantum simulation of
topological spin models
Enrique Rico Ortega

with I. Arrazola, M. Peidro, E. Solano

QUTIS Group, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain

Zaragoza, 31 October 2017

B. Sc. Rodrigo Asensio
B. Sc. Miguel Peidro
B. Sc. Ibai Aedo
M. Sc. Arturo Garca-Vesga
M. Sc. Adrin Parra-Rodrguez
M. Sc. Iigo Arrazola
M. Sc.Xiao-Hang Cheng
Prof. Enrique Solano Prof. igo Egusquiza
Dr. Lucas Lamata
QUTIS Research
Dr. Enrique Rico
Quantum optics Dr. Mikel Sanz
Quantum information Dr. Jorge Casanova
Superconducting circuits Dr. Unai Alvarez-Rodriguez
Quantum biomimetics M. Sc. Laura Garca-lvarez
Quantum Platforms for Quantum Computers & Quantum Simulators

Optical lattices Superconducting circuits

Trapped ions Quantum photonics

and several others as quantum dots & NV centers!

 http://qsc2018.hbar.es/

Local and Scientific

committee: Advisory committee:
G. Brennen, P. Forn-Diaz, I. Bloch, T. Calarco,
J.J. Garcia-Ripoll, B. Kraus, S. Girvin, S. Haroche,
J.I. Latorre, E. Rico, Venue: Sala Conferencia, A. Montanaro, B. Sanders,
E. Solano, C. Wilson Biblioteca central, Campus Leioa G. Wendin, P. Zoller
 QUANTUM MACHINE LEARNING AND BIOMIMETIC
QUANTUM TECHNOLOGIES
19-23 March, Bilbao
http://www.qutisgroup.com/qml_bqt/

Contributions from the most prominent names in:

Quantum Machine Learning

Classical Machine Learning
Experimentalists in Quantum Platforms
Memristor-based Technology
Industry

Organizing Committee Scientific Committee

Mikel Sanz (Local Chair, University of the Basque Country) Francesco Petruccione (University of KuaZulu-Natal)
Maria Schuld (International Chair, University of KuaZulu-Natal) Enrique Solano (University of the Basque Country)
Enrique Solano (Local Chair, University of the Basque Country) Yasser Omar (Instituto de Telecomunicaes)
Francesco Petruccione (International Chair, University of KuaZulu-Natal) Alexander Szameit (University of Rostock)
Lucas Lamata (University of the Basque Country) Jonas Bylander (Chalmers University)
Yasser Omar (Instituto de Telecomunicaes) Seth Lloyd (MIT)
Jos D. Martn-Guerrero (Universitat de Valncia) Max di Ventra (UC San Diego)
Max di Ventra (UC San Diego) Hans Briegel (University of Innsbruck)
Jos D. Martn-Guerrero (Universitat de Valncia)
 What is this talk about?
(in general)

Condensed matter side: Better understanding of spin liquid

systems (valence bond systems) and quantum magnetism.

Quantum information side: Use the structure of the ground state

(low energy degrees of freedom) of these systems to implement any
possible quantum information task.
Quantum Spin Liquids

Sm Sn const = 0
Neel state and antiferromagnetic spin wave.
 Quantum Spin Liquids

Sm Sn const = 0
Neel state and antiferromagnetic spin wave.

What are the possible ground state of a Heisenberg-like models when

magnetic long-range order has been destroyed?
 Quantum Spin Liquids

Sm Sn const = 0
Neel state and antiferromagnetic spin wave.

What are the possible ground state of a Heisenberg-like models when

magnetic long-range order has been destroyed?

A spin liquid is a quantum state without magnetic long-range order.

A spin liquid is a quantum state without any spontaneous broken

symmetries.

Spin liquids and entanglement (in a second)

 Symmetry protected
topological models

F. Duncan Haldane
 Symmetry protected
topological models

Half-integer spin chain: Gapless (Bethe ansatz)

Integer spin chain: Gap (Haldane conjecture)

F. Duncan Haldane
 Symmetry protected
topological models
Example of 1D spin liquid.- AKLT model

I. Aeck, T. Kennedy, E.H. Lieb, H. Tasaki. Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 799 (1987)

|
| =
|
 Symmetry protected
topological models
Example of 1D spin liquid.- AKLT model

I. Aeck, T. Kennedy, E.H. Lieb, H. Tasaki. Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 799 (1987)

|
| = | | =| |
|
 Symmetry protected
topological models
Example of 1D spin liquid.- AKLT model

I. Aeck, T. Kennedy, E.H. Lieb, H. Tasaki. Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 799 (1987)

|
| = | | =| |
|

2| + 1 = =
| | +| |
= = |0 =
2
2| 1 = =
Symmetry protected
topological models
 Symmetry protected
topological models
1 y
( ) = x
|x + |y + z
|z = As |s
3 s

|x | +| =|+1 +| 1

|y | | =|+1 | 1 |z | +| = |0
 Symmetry protected
topological models
1 y
( ) = x
|x + |y + z
|z = As |s
3 s

|x | +| =|+1 +| 1

|y | | =|+1 | 1 |z | +| = |0

Ground state: Matrix Product State

si2
si1 si si+1
sj1 sj sj+1
 Symmetry protected
topological models
1 y
( ) = x
|x + |y + z
|z = As |s
3 s

|x | +| =|+1 +| 1

|y | | =|+1 | 1 |z | +| = |0

Ground state: Matrix Product State

si2
si1 si si+1
sj1 sj sj+1

Hamiltonian: projection in the S=2 space

 Quantum Spin Liquids
Antiferromagnetic spin-1 chain

Translationally invariant

No local order parameter (singlet)

Snx = Sny = Snz = 0

No long range order (exponential decay of correlation)

Sn Sm = ( 1)m+n e |m n|/

Non-local order parameter.- String order parameter and entanglement length.

den Nijs, Rommelse (1989) Cirac, Martin-Delgado, Popp, Verstraete (2005)
Quantum Spin Liquids
Spin liquids and entanglement

!
si1 si si+1
| = | si1 , si , si+1
{si }
 Quantum Spin Liquids
Spin liquids and entanglement

!
si1 si si+1
| = | si1 , si , si+1
{si }
s
Composition rules.- 1 1
=0 1
2 2
 Quantum Spin Liquids
Spin liquids and entanglement

!
si1 si si+1
| = | si1 , si , si+1
{si }
s
Composition rules.- 1 1
=0 1
2 2
1 1 1 1
0 = 1= SU (2)2
2 2 2 2
 Quantum Spin Liquids
Spin liquids and entanglement

!
si1 si si+1
| = | si1 , si , si+1
{si }
s
Composition rules.- 1 1
=0 1
2 2
1 1 1 1
0 = 1= SU (2)2
2 2 2 2
Boundary conditions and degeneracy.-

Periodic boundary conditions = Unique state.

Open boundary conditions = 4-fold degeneracy
Quantum Spin Liquids
Spin liquids and entanglement

Edge modes transform under a projective

representation of the symmetry
! !
s s
R ss A = U (R) A U (R)
s ,

RA = U (R)AU (R)
 Quantum Spin Liquids
Spin liquids and entanglement

Edge modes transform under a projective

representation of the symmetry
! !
s s
R ss A = U (R) A U (R)
s ,

RA = U (R)AU (R)

-rotations around x and z (x) (z) (z) (x) (y)

R R =R R =R
! " ! " ! " ! "
(x) (z) (z) (x) anti-commutation
U R U R = U R U R high-dimensional space
 Quantum Spin Liquids
Quantum spin ladders

H = J1 1,n S
S 2,n + J2 1,n S
S 1,n+1 + S
2,n S
2,n+1
n n
 Quantum Spin Liquids
Quantum spin ladders

H = J1 1,n S
S 2,n + J2 1,n S
S 1,n+1 + S
2,n S
2,n+1
n n

Strong coupling: J1 J2
 Quantum Spin Liquids
Quantum spin ladders

H = J1 1,n S
S 2,n + J2 1,n S
S 1,n+1 + S
2,n S
2,n+1
n n

Strong coupling: J1 J2

Picture valid for any coupling: J1 J2

 Quantum Spin Liquids
Quantum spin ladders

H = J1 1,n S
S 2,n + J2 1,n S
S 1,n+1 + S
2,n S
2,n+1
n n

Strong coupling: J1 J2

Picture valid for any coupling: J1 J2

Haldanes phase is protected by three symmetries:
Translational, complex conjugation and inversion
 Ingredients from
superconducting circuits
Josephson tunnelling: Al AlOx
Al
- couple two superconductors via oxide layer

- oxide layer acts as tunnelling barrier

- superconducting gap inhibits electron tunnelling

 Ingredients from
superconducting circuits
Josephson tunnelling: Al AlOx
Al
- couple two superconductors via oxide layer

- oxide layer acts as tunnelling barrier

- superconducting gap inhibits electron tunnelling

Josephson Hamiltonian:
EJ !
HJ = [|nn + 1| + |n + 1n|]
2 n
 Ingredients from
superconducting circuits
Josephson tunnelling: Al AlOx
Al
- couple two superconductors via oxide layer

- oxide layer acts as tunnelling barrier

- superconducting gap inhibits electron tunnelling

Josephson Hamiltonian:
EJ !
HJ = [|nn + 1| + |n + 1n|]
2 n
written in terms of the conjugate variable
= EJ cos (Fourier transform) [, n] = i
Physically: dierence of the SC phases
 Ingredients from
superconducting circuits
Charging hamiltonian of the SC: Junction also acts as a capacitor

+
2
+
+
(2e) 2 2
+

H= n = 4EC n +
+
2C +
+


 Ingredients from
superconducting circuits
Charging hamiltonian of the SC: Junction also acts as a capacitor

+
2
+
+
(2e) 2 2
+

H= n = 4EC n +
+
2C +
+

Non-linear oscillator - anharmonic cavity - Josephson junction:

+ Energy
+
+
+


+
+

+
2
+

H = 4EC n EJ cos

EJ EC

 Ingredients from
superconducting circuits
Charging hamiltonian of the SC: Junction also acts as a capacitor

+
2
+
+
(2e) 2 2
+

H= n = 4EC n +
+
2C +
+

Non-linear oscillator - anharmonic cavity - Josephson junction:

+ Energy
+
+
+


+
+

+
2
+

H = 4EC n EJ cos

= b b b b 2 2 }
2 ( ) }

EJ EC
GHz 100M Hz
 Ingredients from
superconducting circuits
Charging hamiltonian of the SC: Junction also acts as a capacitor

+
2
+
+
(2e) 2 2
+

H= n = 4EC n +
+
2C +
+

Non-linear oscillator - anharmonic cavity - Josephson junction:

+ Energy
+
+
+


+
+

+
2
+

H = 4EC n EJ cos

= b b b b 2 2 }
2 ( ) }

EJ EC
Note on the Heisenberg interaction GHz 100M Hz
 Fluxonium
The basic unit to encode The Josephson part provides us with
spin-1/2 particles dierently separated energy levels
 Fluxonium
The basic unit to encode The Josephson part provides us with
spin-1/2 particles dierently separated energy levels

We can create substantially

dierent systems adjusting
the classical flux.
 Fluxonium
The basic unit to encode The Josephson part provides us with
spin-1/2 particles dierently separated energy levels

We can create substantially

dierent systems adjusting
the classical flux.

Note on the Heisenberg interaction

 Fluxonium
Spin-1/2 systems
 Fluxonium
Spin-1/2 systems Two interacting spins
 Analogue Simulation

EJ EC EL EG EY Ra)o Sigma Bz 2-3 sp.

10 3,666 1 1,0469 0,010 0,3 0,013 -0,549 >10
10 4,222 0,777 1,1942 0,0585 0,3 0,0157 -0,578 >10
10 3,666 1 1,4011 0,0199 0,5 0,025 -0,607 >10

! "
H = z
Bz (S1 + z
S2 ) 1 S
+J S 2
 Ions confined in
a string by a Paul trap

QIP toolbox:
state initialization
high-fidelity gates
readout
state / process tomography
Innsbruck ion trap
 Ions confined in
a string by a Paul trap

QIP toolbox:
state initialization
high-fidelity gates
readout
state / process tomography
Innsbruck ion trap
 40Ca+
P1/2
Ions confined in
a string by a Paul trap D5/2
Quantum
Detec:on bit
Manipula:on

S1/2

QIP toolbox:
state initialization
high-fidelity gates
readout
state / process tomography
Innsbruck ion trap
Blatt group (Innsbruck)
Quantum operations on Innsbruck
ion-trap quantum computer

+ ... ...
+ +

21
Blatt group (Innsbruck)
Quantum operations on Innsbruck
ion-trap quantum computer

Individual light-shift gates

i z(j)
(0)
z , z , z
(1) (2) e

+ ... ...
+ +

21
Blatt group (Innsbruck)
Quantum operations on Innsbruck
ion-trap quantum computer

Individual light-shift gates

i z(j)
(0)
z , z , z
(1) (2) e
i Sx
e
Collective spin flips
Sx , Sy + ... ...
+ +

21
 Blatt group (Innsbruck)
Quantum operations on Innsbruck
ion-trap quantum computer

Individual light-shift gates

i z(j)
(0)
z , z , z
(1) (2) e
i Sx
e
0 + Collective spin flips
Sx , Sy + ... ...
+ +
1 + + 2

multi-ion Mlmer-Srensen entangling gate

Sx2 = (0)
x
(1)
x + (1)
x
(2)
x + (0)
x
(2)
x

... 14-qubit entanglement, T. Monz et al. PRL (2011)

... fidelity > 99.3 % for 2 qubits, Benhelm et al. Nat. Phys. (2008)

21
 Blatt group (Innsbruck)
Quantum operations on Innsbruck
ion-trap quantum computer

Individual light-shift gates

i z(j)
(0)
z , z , z
(1) (2) e
i Sx
e
0 + Collective spin flips
Sx , Sy + ... ...
+ +
1 + + 2

multi-ion Mlmer-Srensen entangling gate

Sx2 = (0)
x
(1)
x + (1)
x
(2)
x + (0)
x
(2)
x

... 14-qubit entanglement, T. Monz et al. PRL (2011)

... fidelity > 99.3 % for 2 qubits, Benhelm et al. Nat. Phys. (2008)

Universal set of quantum gates

small-scale prototype quantum computer

21
 Digital Simulation

|
| =
|
 Digital Simulation

|
| = | | =| |
|
 Digital Simulation

|
| = | | =| |
|

Cluster state (quantum repeater) is in the Haldane phase

! !
H = J (t) 2n S
S 2n+1 + J (t) x z x
n1 n n+1
n n
Energy Energy -2
4

2
-3

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

-4

-2

-5
-4

-6 time 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 time

 Digital Simulation

|
| = | | =| |
|

i Ry ( /4) Ry (/4)
j
UMS (4, 0) UMS (4, )
2 Ry ( /4)
UMS (4, 0)
Ry (/4)
= (i,j)
UDi ()

i
(i,j,k)
j UMS (
2
, 0) Rz ( ) UMS ( , 0)
2 = UCl ( )
k

z x z x,y,z
(i,j) i ~ i ~ j (i,j,k) i i
UDi ( )=e UCl ( )=e i j k Rx,y,z ( ) = e j
 Digital Simulation

|
| = | | =| |
|

i Ry ( /4) Ry (/4)
j
UMS (4, 0) UMS (4, )
2 Ry ( /4)
UMS (4, 0)
Ry (/4)
= (i,j)
UDi ()

i
(i,j,k)
j UMS (
2
, 0) Rz ( ) UMS ( , 0)
2 = UCl ( )
k

= UCl ( ) = UDi ()
Digital Simulation

t t
H(t) = cos( )HDi + sin( )HCl
2T 2T
Digital Simulation

t t
H(t) = cos( )HDi + sin( )HCl
2T 2T

T = 2/J
1

= UCl ( ) 0.8

State Fidelity 0.6

0.4
N=11
N=9
0.2 N=7
= UDi ()
0
0 0.5 1
JT
Jt/2
 http://qsc2018.hbar.es/

Local and Scientific

committee: Advisory committee:
G. Brennen, P. Forn-Diaz, I. Bloch, T. Calarco,
J.J. Garcia-Ripoll, B. Kraus, S. Girvin, S. Haroche,
J.I. Latorre, E. Rico, Venue: Sala Conferencia, A. Montanaro, B. Sanders,
E. Solano, C. Wilson Biblioteca central, Campus Leioa G. Wendin, P. Zoller