Quiz 1 (Chapter 2)

Kinematic Equations
v = vo + at Chapter 3
1
∆x = vt = (vo + v ) t
2 Vectors and
1 Two-Dimensional Motion
∆x = vot + at 2
2
2 2
v = vo + 2a∆x
1 2

Vector vs. Scalar Review Vector Notation

„ All physical quantities encountered
in this text will be either a scalar
or a vector
„ A vector quantity has both
magnitude (size) and direction
„ A scalar is completely specified by
only a magnitude (size)
r
„ When handwritten, use an arrow: A
„ When printed, will r be in bold print
with an arrow: A
„ When dealing with just the
magnitude of a vector in print, an
italic letter will be used:
r A
„ Additional notation: | A |

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Movement of Vectors in a
Properties of Vectors diagram
r
„ Equality of Two Vectors
Two vectors are equal if they have the Any vector can A
same magnitude and the same be moved
parallel to itself
r direction

A r r without being
affected
r
B
A= B
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 Properties of Vectors Properties of Vectors
„ Negative Vectors „ Resultant Vector
Two vectors are negative if they have „ The resultant vector is the sum of a
the same magnitude but are 180° given set of vectors
r r r
r apart (opposite directions)
r r
„
R = A+ B
A A = −B Simplest example:
r
„
r r r r r r
A+ B = 0
B r r A + B = 0 if A = − B
A + (− A) = 0
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Adding Vectors Geometrically

Adding Vectors (Triangle or Polygon Method)
„ When adding vectors, their „ Choose a scale
directions must be taken into „ Draw the first vector with the
account appropriate length and in the direction
specified, with respect to a coordinate
„ Units must be the same system
„ Two methods: „ Draw the next vector with the
„ Geometric Methods - use scale appropriate length and in the direction
drawings specified, with respect to a coordinate
„ Algebraic Methods – by adding their systemrwhose origin is the end of
components vector A and parallel
r to the coordinate
system used for A
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Graphically Adding Graphically Adding

Vectors, cont. Vectors: example
r r
„ Continue drawing
the vectors “tip-to-
Vector A - 5 units; vector B - 10 units
tail” What are the largest and smallest
r possible
r r
„ The resultant is values for the magnitude of R = A + B
drawn fromr the r r
origin of A to the
end of the last Largest: 15 units
A B
vector same direction r
„ Measure
r the length r r R
of R and its angle B A
Use the scale factor to Smallest: 5 units
„
convert length to
opposite directions
r
actual magnitude R
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2
 Graphically Adding Notes about Vector
Vectors, cont. Addition
„ When you have „ Vectors obey the
many vectors, just Commutative
keep repeating the
Law of Addition
process until all are
included „ The order in which
the vectors are
„ The resultant is still
added doesn’t
drawn from the
affect
r r the rresultr
origin of the first
vector to the end of „ A +B =B+ A
the last vector

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Multiplying or Dividing a
Vector Subtraction Vector by a Scalar
„ Special case of „ The result of the multiplication or
vector addition division is a vector
„ Add the negative „ The magnitude of the vector is
of the subtracted multiplied or divided by the scalar s
vector
r r r r r r
„ ( )
A − B = A + −B s positive: A 2∗ A
„ Continue with same direction
standard vector r r
addition s negative: A −2 ∗ A
procedure opposite direction

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Components of a Vector,
Components of a Vector cont.
„ The x-component of a
„ Used in algebraic
vector is the projection
addition method
along the x-axis
It is useful to use
„
Ax = A cos θ
rectangular
„ The y-component of a
components
vector is the projection
„ These are the
projections of the along the y-axis
vector along the Ay = A sin θ
x- and y-axes
„ Then, r r r
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A = Ax + Ay 18

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More About Components More About Components,
of a Vector cont.
„ The previous equations are valid „ The components are the legs of the r
only if θ is measured with right triangle whose hypotenuse is A
 Ay 
respect to the x-axis A= Ax2 + Ay2 and θ = tan−1  
 Ax 
„ The components can be positive or
„ May still have to find θ with respect to the
negative and will have the same positive x-axis
units as the original vector „ The value will be correct only if the angle
lies in the first or fourth quadrant
„ In the second or third quadrant, add 180°

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Adding Vectors Adding Vectors

Algebraically Algebraically, cont.
„ Choose a coordinate system and „ Add all the y-components
sketch the vectors „ This gives Ry: R y = ∑ v y

„ Find the x- and y-components of „ Use the Pythagorean Theorem to

all the vectors find the magnitude of the
resultant: R = Rx2 + R y2
„ Add all the x-components
„ This gives Rx:
„ Use the inverse tangent function to
find the direction of R:
Rx = ∑ v x R
θ = tan −1 y
Rx
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Example (Pr.17) Motion in Two Dimensions

„ Using + or – signs is not always
sufficient to fully describe motion
in more than one dimension
„ Vectors can be used to more fully
describe motion
„ Still interested in displacement,
θ velocity, and acceleration

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4
 Displacement Velocity
„ The position of an „ The average velocity is the ratio of the
object is described displacement to the time interval for
by its position the displacement
r
r
vector,r r ∆r
v av ≡
„ The displacement ∆t
of the object is „ The instantaneous velocity is the limit
defined as the of the average velocity as ∆t
change in its approaches zero
position
r r r „ The direction of the instantaneous velocity
„ ∆r = rf − ri is along a line that is tangent to the path of
the particle and in the direction of motion
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Acceleration Unit Summary (SI)

„ The average acceleration is „ Displacement
defined as the rate at which the „ m
velocity changes
r „ Average velocity and
r ∆v instantaneous velocity
aav =
∆t „ m/s
„ The instantaneous acceleration is „ Average acceleration and
the limit of the average instantaneous acceleration
acceleration as ∆t approaches zero „ m/s2

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Ways an Object Might

Accelerate
„ The magnitude of the velocity (the
speed) can change
„ The direction of the velocity can
change
„ Even though the magnitude is
constant
„ Both the magnitude and the
direction can change

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