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Experiment No: 04
Level-3 Term-2
Objective:
The objective of this experiment is to,
investigate methods used to sample a signal and to recognize the signal that
results from each method.
investigate a method used to reconstruct the intelligence from a sampled signal
and demonstrate how the sampling signal frequency and the low-pass filter
characteristic affect reconstruction.
Theory:
Sampling means to convert an analog signal into a corresponding
sequence of samples that are usually spaced uniformly in time. For doing this, a proper
sampling rate has to be chosen, so that the sequence of samples uniquely defines the
original analog signal.
In this experiment two types of sampling method have been applied to sample a signal,
1. Natural sampling:
It is a type of sampled signal in which the top of each sample pulse follows
the intelligence signal during the pulse width time of the sampling signal.
2. Flat-topped sampling:
It is a type of sampled signal in which the top of each sample pulse
represents a signal level of intelligence during the pulse-width time of the
sampling signal.
Sampling principle:
= 2
is called the Nyquist rate. Now to reconstruct the original signal from the sampled
signal, sampled signal is passed through a low pass filter. The frequency response of
the low-pass filter must be capable of passing the maximum intelligence signal to
reconstruct the intelligence signal frequency while rejecting side band frequencies of
the sampled signal to reconstruct the intelligence free of distortion.
Natural sampling:
Block diagram:
Circuit diagram:
Observed wave-shapes:
Flat-topped sampling:
Block diagram:
Circuit diagram:
Observed wave-shapes:
Block diagram:
Circuit diagram:
Observed wave-shapes:
Observations:
Increase in sampling frequency increases the similarity of the reconstructed
signal shapes more and more towards the original intelligence signal.
Satisfying Nyquist criterion does not guarantee distortion-less reconstructed
signal.
Reconstructed signal has fractional gain (Av<1).
Cascading a second low-pass filter removes distortion in the reconstructed
signal quite a lot.
Discussion:
Reason behind distortion of reconstructed signal when Fs>3Fm:
If a signal is sampled at the Nyquist rate, the spectrum consists of repetitions of
() without any gap between successive cycles. To recover the original signal
the sampled signal should be passed through an ideal low-pass filter, but such a
filter is unrealizable. A practical solution to this problem is to sample the signal
at a rate higher than the Nyquist rate. But even in this case the filter gain is
required to be zero beyond the first cycle of (). By Paley-Wiener criterion it
is impossible to realize even this filter.
When two filters are cascaded, their responses are multiplied. Cascaded amplifier
has steeper roll-off. So, within the bandwidth cascaded filter can more accurately
filter distorted signal as in this case the probability of aliasing and overlapping
decreases. As a result we get a better signal.
So, () = +
= ( ) in time domain
2
() = +
= ( ) in frequency domain.
So when the sampled signal is passed through an ideal low pass filter which passes
only those frequencies contained in (), the spectrum of the filter output will be
1
identical to () except for the amplitude which is multiplied by a factor .To
recover (), () is passed through a filter with frequency response of
, || <
() = {
0,
() = ( )
When this characteristics is converted to time domain then it becomes a sinc
function as shown in the figure
For the above stated reasons, we get distorted signal when the sample frequency is
less than 10kHz.