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Solution to HW 8 Composite Columns

Solution to Question 3
(i) Design steel column A at the ground floor level

Loadings

From secondary beam

P1 = [1.35 x (0.35 + 2.2 + 0.2 + 0.5 + 0.65 +1.2) + 1.5 x 4 ] x 3 x 12/2 = 231.93 kN

From primary beam NEd=15355.5kN

P2 = 231.93/2 + 2 x 4 x 6/2 = 139.96 kN

Total USL loading on column A at ground level:

P = 30 x P1 + 30 x 2 x P2 = 15355.5kN My,Ed
=32.24kNm
Capacity check
Try section UC 356x406x467 S355

Effective length can be conservatively estimated as LE = 4.0 m

NbZ,Rd = 17100 kN
Mb,Rd = 3350 kNm

Total axial force

NEd = 15355.5 kN
Total nominal moment
My,Rd = P1 (D/2 + 100) x 10-3 = 231.93 x (356/2 + 100) x 10-3 = 64.47 kNm

Assuming that the stiffness of the column at the upper floor is the same, this moment can be
redistributed equally and thus the design moment is
My,Ed = 64.47 / 2 = 32.24 kNm
The loads from the two external primary beams are assumed to be equal and thus no
moment about the minor axis of the column Mz,Ed = 0 kNm

Interaction check

N Ed M M
+ y ,Ed + 1.5 z ,Ed 1
N b, z ,Rd M b,Rd M z ,Rd

N Ed M M 15355 32.24
+ y ,Ed + 1.5 z ,Ed= + + 0= 0.91 < 1.0
N b, z ,Rd M b,Rd M z ,Rd 17100 3350

Conclusion
S355, UC 356x406x467 S355 is adequate for the column design
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(ii) Redesign column A as fully encased composite column

DESIGN OF COMPOSITE COLUMN TO EC4

Use UC 356 x 406 x 287, S355

C35/40 concrete
S355 steel

30

600mm

UC 356 x 406 x 287

44

500m

(1) COMPOSITE COLUMN SPECIFICATIONS

Column length : 4.00 m
Column Type : Fully Encased
Effective Length : LEy = 4.00 m (y-y)
Effective Length : Lez = 4.00 m (z-z)

(2) DESIGN VALUES OF ACTIONS

Design Axial Force Nsd : 16351.00 kN
Design Bending Moment about y-y (major) axis
Moment at Top Mytsd : 33.88 kNm
Moment at Bottom Mybsd : -33.88 kNm
Max Moment along column : 37.88 kNm

Design Bending Moment about z-z (minor) axis

Moment at Top Mytsd : 0.00 kNm
Moment at Bottom Mybsd : 0.00 kNm
Max Moment along column : 0.00 kNm

(3) MATERIAL PROPERTIES

3.1 Structural Steel
Nominal yield strength fy : 355 N/mm2
Modulus of elasticity Ea : 210 kN/mm2

3.2 Concrete (normal weight concrete)

Characteristic strength fck : 35 N/mm2
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Secant Modulus of elasticity for short term loading Ecm : 30.5 kN /mm2

3.3 Reinforcing Steel

Characteristic strength fsk : 500.0 N/mm2
Modulus of elasticity Es : 210.0 kN/mm2
Distance of rebar from y axis ez : 270.0 mm
Distance of rebar from z axis ey : 270.0 mm

3.4 Partial Safety Factors

Steel a : 1.00
Concrete c : 1.50
Reinforcement s: 1.15

3.5 Design Strengths

Steel fyd : 355.0 N/mm2
Concrete fcd : 19.8 N/mm2
Reinforcement fsd : 434.8 N/mm2

3.6 Shear Connectors

Introduced load : 274.0 kN
Total number of studs :2
Number of studs per hor. row per side :2
Number of studs per vert. row per side :2
Diameter of studs : 20 mm
Height of studs : 100.0 mm
Spacing of studs : 100.0 mm
Ultimate strength of stud fu : 460.0 N/mm2

(4) CROSS SECTION GEOMETRY AND SECTION PROPERTIES OF THE

SELECTED SECTION
4.1 Section dimensions and properties
Selected dimensions and properties
Width of steel section b : 356.0 mm
Depth of steel section h : 406.0 mm
Web thickness tw : 22.6 mm
Flange thickness tf : 36.5 mm
Area of steel section Aa : 366.00 cm2
Moment of Inertia of steel section Iay : 99900.00 cm4
Moment of Inertia of steel section Iaz : 38700.00 cm4
Plastic Modulus of steel section Wpay : 5810.00 cm3
Plastic Modulus of steel section Wpaz : 2950.00 cm3

4.2 Reinforcement
Using 4 bars of 16 diameter, As : 804.2 mm2

4.3 Concrete area and cover

Concrete depth hc : 600.0 mm
Concrete width bc : 500.0 mm
Area of concrete Ac : 262595.8 mm2
Cover cy : 72.0 mm
Cover cz : 97.0 mm
Steel contribution factor Aa(fyd)/Npl.Rd : 0.70
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(5) LIMITS OF THE APPLICABILITY OF THE SIMPLIFIED METHOD

The scope of the simplified method is limited as follows:

a. The Column is doubly symmetrical

b. 0.2 steel contribution ratio 0.9
c. The non-dimensional slenderness, l 2.0
d. For fully encased steel sections, concrete cover :
cy : 40 mm 72.0 0.4b
cz : 40 mm 97.0 0.3h
cz : b / 6 97.0
e. Reinforcement Ratio As/Ac : 0.31 %
0.3% (As/Ac) 4.0%

(6) DESIGN CHECKS

6.1 Plastic resistance to compression

Npl.Rd = Aa (fyd) + Ac (fcd) + As (fsd)

= {36600(355.0) + 262596(19.8) + 804.2(434.8)}/1000
= 18550.8 kN

6.2 Evaluate the effective elastic flexural stiffness

About the major axis

(EI)ey = Ea (Iay) + (0.8) Ecd (Icy) + Es (Isy)

={210(999000000)+0.8(30.5/1.35)(7942370204)+10(58629796)}/1000000
= 365653.2 kNm2

About the minor axis

(EI)ez = Ea (Iaz) + (0.8) Ecd (Icz) + Es (Isz)
=(210(387000000)+0.8(30.5/1.35)(5824074319)+
210(38925681)}/1000000
= 194709.1 kNm2

6.3 Evaluate the non-dimensionless slenderness, l

Npl.R = Aa (fy) + 0.85 (Ac) fck + As (fsk)

= {36600.0(355) + 0.85(262595.8)35.0 + 804.2(500.0)}/1000
= 21207.3 kN
2 EI y
=
N cry = 225552.9 kN
Ley
N pl .R
=ly = 0.31
N cry

2 EI z
=
N crz = 120106.2 kN
Lez
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N pl .R
=lz = 0.42
N crz

6.4 Check for long term loading

For slender columns with small eccentricities of load, EC4 requires

that a more accurate account should be taken of the effect of long
term loading on the effective elastic flexural stiffness. The method
is applicable only if both the following conditions are satisfied :

(a) the non-dimensional slenderness lamda in the plane of bending being

considered exceeds the limits given in Table 4.6 of EC4

(b) e/d < 2

where e = Mmax.Sd / Nsd = 33.88/16063.2 = 0.002

d = overall depth of cross-section in the plane of bending considered

The limiting value of l for braced non-sway frames with concrete encased
sections is 0.8 > 0.31
The effects of long term loading are not taken into account in y-y direction.

The limiting value of l for braced non-sway frames with concrete encased
sections is 0.8 > 0.42
The effects of long term loading are not taken into account in z-z direction.

6.5 Evaluate the resistance of the composite column under axial compression y-y
axis

Reduction factor y = 0.96

Reduction factor z = 0.89
Nsd = 16063.2 kN 0.89(Npl.Rd) = 16446.8 kN
Section is OK for axial compression

6.6 Check for second order effects

Major Axis
i) Nsd / Ncry = 0.07 0.1
ii) ly 0.2 (2 - ry) = 0.60
Isolated non-sway columns need not be checked for second order effects
since above conditions are not both dissatisfied

Minor Axis
i) Nsd / Ncrz = 0.13 > 0.1
ii) lz > 0.2 (2-r_z) = 0.20
Isolated non-sway columns needs to be checked for second order effects
since above conditions are both satisfied
Ratio of the second order moment rz = 1.00
z = 0.66 + 0.44 rz
= 0.66 + 0.44(1.00)
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= 1.10

2 ( EI ) z
=
N crL = 120106.19 kN
L2
= 120106.19 kN

k = z / (1 - Nsd / NcrL) 1.0

= 1.27

Mzmax.Sd = k * Moment
= 0.00 kNm

6.7 Evaluate resistance of the composite column under combined compression and
bending

Npm.Rd = Ac (fcd)
= 262595.8 (19.8)/1000
= 5208.1 kN

Major Axis
Plastic modulus of section in y-y axis
Wpa = 5810.0 cm3
Wps = 217.1 cm3
Wpc = 38972.9 cm3
Neutral axis in web
Ac f cd
hn = = 102.1mm
[ 4 fcd + 2(b tw ) fcd ]
Wpan = 235.4 cm3
Wpsn = 0.0 cm3
Wpcn = 4973.0 cm3
There is no reinforcement within the region 2 hn, Asn = 0

Plastic moment resistance of the composite section

Mply.Rd = fyd (Wpa - Wpan) + 0.5 fcd (Wpc - Wpcn) + fsd (Wps - Wpsn)
= 2410.6 kNm

Relevant parameters for moment interaction curve

No transverse loading is present
pm = NpmRd / NplRd = 0.28
d = Nsd / NplRd = 0.87

For major axis bending (y-y)

y = 0.96
ry = -1.00
N = 0.48
y = 0.14

Bending Capacity

My.Rd = 0.9 y Mply.Rd

= 0.9 (0.14)2410.55
= 311.89 kNm
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> Mymax = 33.88 kNm OK

Interaction Equation check

My.Sd / (Mply.Rd x y) + Mz.Sd / (Mplz.Rd x z) = 0.10 1 OK
Section is OK for bending

6.8 Transverse Shear

In the y-y direction,

Vy.Sd = (Mmax Mmin)/ L
= 0.00 kN
Mplc.Rd = (Wps - Wpsn)fsd + (Wp - Wpn)fcd / 2 (without steel profile)
= 196.60 kNm
Mplc.Rd / Mply.Rd = 0.08

Vc.Sd = Vy.Sd(Mplc.Rd) / Mply.Rd

= 0.00 kN
Va.Sd = Vy.Sd - Vc.Sd
= 0.00 kN
Vply.Rd = Av(fyd) / 3
= 9175.60(355.0) / 1.732 / 1000
= 1880.7 kN
Va.Sd = 0.0 kN < Vply.Rd / 2
Influence of shear force is neglected, no reduction for web thickness

In the z-z direction,

Vz.Sd = (Mmax Mmin)/ L
= 0.00 kN
Mplc.Rd = (Wps - Wpsn)fsd + (Wp - Wpn)fcd / 2 (without steel profile)
= 162.12 kNm
Mplc.Rd / Mplz.Rd = 0.14

Vc.Sd = Vz.Sd(Mplc.Rd) / Mplz.Rd

= 0.00 kN
Va.Sd = Vz.Sd - Vc.Sd
= 0.00 kN
Vplz.Rd = Av(fyd) / 3
= 25988.00(355.0) / 1.732 / 1000
= 5326.6 kN
Va.Sd = 0.0 kN < Vplz.Rd / 2
Influence of shear force is neglected, no reduction for web thickness

6.9 Load Introduction

P.Rd = 0.8 fu (d2/4) / 1.25

= 0.8 (460.0) 20.02 / 4 / 1.25 / 1000
= 92.49 kN
P.Rd = 0.29 d2 ( f ck Ecm ) /1.25
= 0.29 (1.20)202 35.0x30.5 / 1000 / 1.25
= 115.06 kN
The smaller bearing capacity governed
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P.Rd = 92.49 kN

Frictional force for each side of the flange and the web
(P.Rd / 2) = 0.5 (46.24)
= 23.12

Distribution according to the ratio of the plastic bearing capacities

Ncs.Sd = Nsd ( 1 -)
= 274.00 (1 - 0.70 )
= 82.1 kN
Mcs.Sd = Msd * (Mplc.Rd)/Mpl.Rd
= 2.76 kNm
Nst.Sd = 47.95 kN

Number of studs required:

n = Nst.Sd / (P.Rd + friction)
= 0.4 per side of flange

Studs provided = 1 > 0.4 on each flange required

The number of shear connector provided is satisfactory

(iii) Price of 1 steel column A: (393kg/m x 4m) x 4$ = 6288 $/m

Price of encased column A:
Steel: (287kg/m x 4m) x 4$ = 4592 S$/m
Reinforce bar, link, shear stud: 39.3kg x 4$ = 157S$
Concrete: (577.72kg/m x 4m) x 0.3$ = 693$
Total cost for 1 encased column: 5442 $

Therefore, we can save (6288 5442) = 846 $/per column.

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Solution to Q4

Design Data
Axial capacity needs to be determined

Buckling length
System length L = 5.0
Buckling coefficient kx = 1.0
ky = 1.0

Steel section
Universal column UC 152x152x23 S355
SHS 400x400x16
2
Modulus of elasticity E = 205 kN/mm

Concrete
C35/45 normal weight concrete
2
Characteristic strength fck = 35 N/mm
2
Secant modulus of elasticity Ecm * = 25.6 kN/mm
Correction factor Ke = 0.6
2 2
Ecm = 33500x(2100/2400) = 25648N/mm
for lightweight concrete
Reinforcement
2
Characteristic strength fy = 460 N/mm
Modulus of elasticity Es = 205
2
kN/mm

Material partial safety factors

For strength calculation c = 1.5
s = 1.15

400 mm

300 mm 50

300 mm 400 mm
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UC 152x152x23 S355
For T = mm < 16 mm,
2
py = 355 N/mm
275
= = 0.88
355
E = 205 kN/mm2
2
A = 2920 mm
6
Ix = 12.5010 mm4
Iy = 4.00106 mm4

SHS 400x400x10
For T = 10 mm < 16 mm,
2
py = 355 N/mm
275
= = 0.88
355
E = 205 kN/mm2
2
A = 15500 mm
Ix = 39110 mm4
6

Iy = 391106 mm4

Reinforcement
fy = 460 N/mm2
c = 1.15
460 2
fsd = = 400 N/mm
1.15
2
4x20mm bar As =4x314 =1256mm
2 6 4
Isx = Isy = 1256(300/2) = 28.2610 mm

Concrete
2
fck = 35 N/mm
c = 1.5
35 2
fcd = = 23.3 N/mm
1.5
2
Ecm = = 25.6 kN/mm
Ac = 400400 -15500-2920-1256
2
= 140324 mm
3 6 6 6
Icy = 400400 /12 4.0x10 - 39110 - 28.2610
6 4
= 1778210 mm

Compression capacity, Pcp

Pcp = A py + Ac fcd + As fsd

= (15500+2920) 355 + 140324 23.3 + 1256 400)
-3
10
= 6539 + 3270 + 502
= 10310 kN

Steel contribution ratio,

A py
=
Pcp
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=6539/10310=0.63
> 0.2 and < 0.9 OK

Check against column buckling

(EI)e,2 = EI + Ke Ecm Ic + EsIs (EI)e,2,y =205(391+4) + 0.625.61782 +

20528.26
= 80975 + 27372 + 5793
= 114140 kNm2

LE,x = 1.0 5.0 m = 5.0m

LE,y = 1.0 5.0m = 5.0m

Pcp,k = A py + Ac fck + As fy
= ((2920+15500) 355 + 140324 35 + 1256 460)
-3
10
= 6539 + 4911 + 578
= 12028 kN

2
e,2
(EI )
Pcp,cr = 2
LE

2 114140
Pcp,cr,y =
5.0 2

= 45061 kN
=
= Pcp,k
Pcp,cr
12028
= 0.52
y = 45061

Reduction factor for column buckling

Use buckling curve b, and = 0.34.

1
1 + 0.2 +
( )
2
=
2

=
1
2
[1 + 0.34 (0.50 0.2) + 0.502 ]
= 0.66

The reduction factor for column

buckling,
1
=
2
+ 2
1
=
0.66 + 0.662 0.522
= 0.92
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Pcp = 0.92 10310 kN

= 9485kN