SUBJECT: ENVIROMENTAL law

Project topic:
GANGA POLLUTION CASES.

Submitted By
ABHIJYOT SAHAY
Roll no. 1103
4 Year , 7 Semester, B.A.LL.B(Hons.)
th

Submitted to
Mr. HRISHIKESH MANU
Faculty of ENVIROMENTAL LAW

Chanakya national Law University, Patna

november, 2017
 CERTIFICATE

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT ABHIJYOT SAHAY, ROLL NO.1103 , 4th

YEAR, SESSION 2014-2019 WAS DEPUTED TO MAKE THIS PROJECT
ON GANGA POLLUTION CASES. HE HAS DONE THIS WORK UNDER
MY SUPERVISION AND GUIDANCE. HIS WORK IS GOOD AS HE
WORKED WITH FULL DEVOTION.

SO, I HEREBY RECOMMENED THIS PROJECT TO BE ACCCEPTED

AND EVALUATED.

DATE:

Teachers name

Mr. HRISHIKESH MANU

FACULTY OF

ENVIROMENTAL LAW

C.N.L.U
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Writing a project is one of the most significant academic challenges i have

ever faced. Though this project has been presented by us but there are many
people who remained in veil, who gave their all support and helped us to
complete this project.
First of all we are very grateful to our subject teacher
Mr. HRISHIKESH MANU without the kind support of whom and help the
completion of the project was a herculean task for us. He donated his
valuable time from her busy time to help us to complete this project and
suggested us from where and how to collect data.
We are very thankful to the librarian who provided us several books on this
topic which proved beneficial in completing this project.
We acknowledge our friends who gave their valuable and meticulous advice
which was very useful and could not be ignored in writing the project.

ABHIJYOT SAHAY

3|Page
 TABLE OF CONTENT

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

HYPOTHESIS
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

CHAPTERISATION
PAGE

1) INTRODUCTION: GANGA POLLUTION HISTORY,

CAUSES AND IMPACT 06-09

2) GANGA POLLUTION CASES 10-18

3) GANGA ACTION PLAN AND NAMAMI GANGE 19-29

4) CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS 30-32

- BIBLIOGRAPHY 33-34

4|Page
Aims and Objectives
The objectives behind this project are:
a) To study the reason for Ganga Pollution case.
b) To study the landmark cases held for Ganga pollution.
c) To know the various steps taken by organs of govt. to clean river Ganga.

Hypothesis
The Researcher hypothesis are:
a) Ganga is legal personality as held after Md. Salim case.
b) There are many leading cases that lead to the betterment of Ganga River and Ganga action
plan is initiative taken by the govt to clean Ganga River.

Research Methodology
The researcher aims to research with Doctrinal Method by referring to books, journals, articles,
Bare acts, documentary, cases prevalent and the online sources as Research Paper.

CHAPTER- I

5|Page
 INTRODUCTION
GANGA POLLUTION HISTORY, CAUSES AND IMPACT.
River systems have been the birthplace of civilizations all over the world. They are woven into
the social and economic fabric of society and penetrate deep into the psyche of the people living
around them. Nowhere is this more evident than in India where the Ganga, Indus, Narmada and
other rivers possess the cultural identity transmitted down the ages through sacred literature, the
Puranas and the Vedas, as well as through popular myths and legends1.

The Ganga is a holy and historical river of India and Bangladesh. The Ganges calls at the join of
Devprayag the Bhagirathi and Alaknanda rivers. The Bhagirathi flows at the foot of Gangotri
Glacier, at Gaumukh, at an elevation of 3,892 m (12,769 ft.). The Bhagirathi is considered to be
the true source in Hindu culture and the Alaknanda is a longer2. It has total length 2,525 km river
rises in the western Himalayas in the Indian state of Uttarakhand, and flows south and east
through the Gangetic Plain of North India and go to Bay of Bengal through Bangladesh,

The entire stretch of river Ganga (main stem) can be viewed into three segments:

A. Upper Ganga 294 km Gaumukh to Haridwar

B. Middle Ganga 1082 km Haridwar to Varanasi

C. Lower Ganga 1134 km Varanasi to Ganga Sagar

It is the longest river of India and is the second greatest river in the world by water discharge.
The Ganges basin is the most heavily populated river basin in the world, with over 400 million
people and a population density of about 1,000 inhabitants per square mile (390 /km2). The
Ganga was ranked among the five most polluted rivers of the world in 2017.The Ganga Action
Plan, an environmental initiative to clean up the river, has been a major failure thus far, lack of
good environmental planning, Indian traditions and beliefs, and lack of support from religious
authorities. Kumbh Mela is a one of the most reason of pollution of Ganga river in India3.
Passing through five states, the Ganga covers 26 per cent of the countrys landmass. Despite the

1
Tare, Dr Vinod. Pulp and Paper Industries in Ganga River Basin: Achieving Zero Liquid
Discharge.ReportCode:14_GBP_IIT_EQP_S& R_04_Ver 1_Dec 2011.
2
Ibid
3
ibid

6|Page
enormous amounts of money spent on cleaning it, the river continues to run polluted. Worse, the
pollution is increasing even in stretches that were earlier considered clean4.

It provides water to drinking purpose and irrigation in agriculture about 40% of India's population
in 11 states. After 27 years and Rs. 1000 crore expenditure on Ganga river, it has a critical situation.
In modern times, it is known for being much polluted, 30 polluted nalas flows in Ganga river from
Varanasi city within seven kilometers5.

Pollution: Current state, why is it so, and the way ahead

The Ganga Action Plan or GAP was a program launched by Rajiv Gandhi in April 1986 in order
to reduce the pollution load on the river. Under GAP I, pollution abatement schemes were taken
up in 25 Class-I towns in three States of U.P., Bihar and West Bengal. GAP I was declared
complete on 31.03.2000 with an expenditure of Rs. 452 crore6.

As GAP I addressed only a part of the pollution load of Ganga, GAP II was launched in stages
between 1993 and 1996, 59 towns along the main stem of river Ganga in five States of
Uttarakhand, U.P., Jharkhand, Bihar and West Bengal are covered under the Plan and included the
following tributaries of the Ganges, Yamuna, Gomti, Damodar and Mahananda.

The Ganga Action Plan (GAP-I) had selected 25 towns located along the river in Uttar Pradesh,
Bihar and West Bengal. In 1993, the second phase (GAP-II) continued 7the programme, but
included work on four tributaries of the river Yamuna, Gomti, Damodar and Mahanadi8.

In August 2009, the Union government re-launched the Ganga Action Plan with a reconstituted
National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA). Under the notification, dated February 20, 2009,
the government gave the river the status of a National River. The objective was to ensure abatement
of pollution and conservation of the river9. The key difference between the first Ganga Action
Programme and now, is the recognition that the entire basin of the river has to be the basis for

4
A report Status Paper on River Ganga State of Environment and Water Quality, National River Conservation
Directorate Ministry of Environment and Forests Government of India, Alternate Hydro Energy Centre Indian
Institute of Technology Roorkee, (August, 2009).
5
Ibid
6
K. Jaiswal, Rakesh. Ganga Action Plan-A critical analysis, (May, 2007).
7
Ibid
8
ibid
9
Ibid

7|Page
planning and implementation. It is not enough to plan for one citys pollution, without considering
the impact of the pollution on the downstream area. It is accepted that the plan for pollution control
must take into account the need for adequate water in the river its ecological flow10.

How polluted is the river?

The challenge of pollution remains grim. According to July 2013 estimates of the Central Pollution
Control Board (CPCB), fecal coliform levels in the mainstream of the river some 2,500 km
from Gangotri to Diamond Harbour remain above the acceptable level in all stretches, other
than its upper reaches11.

CAUSES OF POLLUTION IN GANGA

A. Human waste

The river flows through 29 cities in which cities population living above ten lakh. A large
proportion damp the solid and liquid wastes in Ganga river like domestic usage (bathing, laundry
and public defecation), Sewage wastes, unburnt dead bodies through in Ganga river. Patna and
Varanasi cities are more responsible to water pollution in Ganga and 80 % sewage wastes are
responsible to water pollution of Ganga12.

B. Industrial waste

Countless industries lies on the bank of the Ganga river from Uttrakhand to West Bengal like
chemical plants, textile mills, paper mills, fertilizer plants and hospitals waste. These industries
are 20 % responsible to water pollution and run off solid waste and liquid waste in the Ganga river.
It is very dangers to water quality, their chemical properties and riverine life13.

C. Religious factor

Festivals are very important and heartiest to every person of India. During festival seasons a lot of
peoples come to Ganga Snans to cleanse themselves. After death of the people dump their asthia
in Ganga river it is a tradition of India because they think that Ganga gives mukti from the human

10
Ibid
11
Das, Subhajyoti. Cleaning of the Ganga. Journal Geological Society of India, Vol.78, pp.124-130, August 2011.
12
Ibid
13
Ibid

8|Page
world. Khumbha Mela is a very big festival of the world and billion peoples come to Ganga Snans
at Allahabad, Hardwar in India. They through some materials like food, waste or leaves in the
Ganges for spiritualistic reasons14.

IMPACT OF POLLUTION

A. Riverine life

The Ganga river pollution increased day by day and from this pollution marine life have been
going to lost in near future and this polluted water disturb the ecosystem of the river. And irrigation
and Hydroelectric dams give struggle to life in their life cycle.

B. Bio life

Some dams are constructed along the Ganges basin. Dams are collected a huge volume of water
and this is hazard for wild life which are moving in Ganga river. The Kotli Bhel dam at Devprayag
will submerge about 1200 hectors of forest. In India wildlife has been warning that the wild
animals will find it difficult to cope with the changed situation15.

C. Human beings

An analysis of the Ganges water in 2006 showed significant associations between water-
borne/enteric disease occurrence and the use of the river for bathing, laundry, washing, eating,
cleaning utensils, and brushing teeth. Exposure factors such as washing clothes, bathing and lack
of sewerage, toilets at residence, children defecating outdoors, poor sanitation, low income and
low education levels also showed significant associations with enteric disease outcome. Water in
the Ganges has been correlated to contracting dysentery, cholera, hepatitis, as well as severe
diarrhea which continue to be one of the leading causes of death of children in India16.

14
Ibid
15
Ibid
16
Ibid

9|Page
 CHAPTER II

GANGA POLLUTION CASES.

Prior to 1980s, only the aggrieved party could personally knock the doors of justice and seek
remedy for his grievance and any other person who was not personally affected could not do so
as a proxy for the victim or the aggrieved party. But around 1980, the Indian legal system,
particularly the field of environmental law, underwent a sea change in terms of discarding its
moribund approach and instead, charting out new horizons of social justice. This period was
characterized by not only administrative and legislative activism but also judicial activism17.

In a modern welfare state, justice has to address social realities and meet the demands of time.
Protection of the environment throws up a host of problems for a developing nation like ours.
Administrative and legislative strategies of harmonization of environmental values with
developmental values are a must and are to be formulated in the crucible of prevalent socio-
economic conditions in the country. In determining the scope of the powers and functions of
administrative agencies and in striking a balance between the environment and development, the
courts have a crucial role to play. Principle 10 of the Rio Declaration of 1992 specifically
provides for effective access to judicial and administrative proceedings, including redress and
remedy18.

The judiciaries anxiety for combating environmental assaults has already been well elucidated.
Its concern for the maintenance and preservation of forests, one of our depleting natural
resources has also been highlighted19.

Public Interest Litigation (PIL) has come to stay in India. "Public Interest Litigation means a
legal action initiated in a court of law for the enforcement of public interest or general interest in
which the public or class of the community have pecuniary interest or some interest by which
their legal rights or liabilities are affected." Contrary to the past practices, today a person acting
bona fide and having sufficient interest can move the courts for redressing public enquiry,

17
Indian constitutional law, Dr. M.P. JAIN, Lexis NEXIS PUB., 7 TH EDITION.
18
Ibid
19
Ibid

10 | P a g e
enforcing public duty, protecting social and collective rights and interests and vindicating public
interest. In course of time there has been a wave of environmental litigation20.

At present most environmental actions in India are brought under Articles 3221 and 226 of the
Constitution. The writ procedure is preferred over the conventional suit because it is speedy,
relatively inexpensive and offers direct access to the highest courts of the land. Nevertheless,
class action suits also have their own advantages. The powers of the Supreme Court to issue
directions under Article 32 and that of the high courts under Article 22622 have attained greater
significance in environmental litigation. Courts have made use of these powers to remedy past
mala-fides and to check immediate and future assaults on the environment.

The formulation of certain principles to develop a better regime for protecting the environment is
a remarkable achievement. In the Bhopal Gas case, the Supreme Court formulated the doctrine of
absolute liability for harm caused by hazardous and inherently dangerous industries by
interpreting the scope of the power under Article 32 to issue directions or orders which ever may
be appropriate in appropriate proceedings. According to the Court, this power could be utilized
for forging new remedies and fashioning new strategies.

These directions were given by courts for disciplining the developmental processes, keeping in
view the demands of ecological security and integrity. In one of the earlier cases, Rural
Litigation Kendra, that posed an environment development dilemma, Supreme Court gave
directions that were necessary to avert an ecological imbalance, such as constitution of expert
committees to study and to suggest solutions, establishment of a monitoring committee to
oversee afforestation programmes and stoppage of mining operations that had an adverse impact
on the ecology23.

Special Nature of Tannery Cases:

Tanneries are significant to the Indian economy, due to the export earnings that they generate
and the employment opportunities they provide for people of the economically weaker sections

20
Ibid
21
THE CONSTITUTTION OF INDIA, P.M BAKSHI, UNIVERSAL PUBLICATION.
22
Ibid
23
Environmental law in India, Gurdip Singh, lexis nexis pub., 2016.

11 | P a g e
of society24. However, sustenance of tanneries is becoming increasingly difficult because of the
alarming levels of environmental pollution caused by various tanning operations and practices.
The leather industry has no right to destroy the ecology, degrade the environment and pose a
health hazard. It cannot be permitted to expand or even to continue with the present production
process unless the problem of pollution caused by the said industry is addressed and remedied.
The task set out in the present paper is to trace and evaluate the series of cases, in which the
Supreme Court has played a positive role in curbing environmental pollution caused by
tanneries25.

Ganga pollution cases

1. M. C MEHTA VS U.O.I (KANPUR TANNERIES CASE)26.

The story of this court ruling began in 1985 in the pilgrimage city of Haridwar, along the Ganga;
a matchstick tossed by a smoker resulted in the river catching on fire for more than 30 hours, due
to the presence of a toxic layer of chemicals produced by a pharmaceutical firm (Mehta 2009). In
response to this incident, environmental lawyer and social activist M.C. Mehta filed a writ
petition in the SC charging that government authorities had not taken effective steps to prevent
environmental pollution of the waters of the Ganga. The scale of the case - the whole 2,500-km
stretch of the river - proved to be intractable. So the Court requested Mr. Mehta to narrow down
his focus and he chose the city of Kanpur, despite neither being from the city nor living there. In
Mehtas words, It (Kanpur) was in the middle of the Ganga basin; the reddish colour of the
pollution made the pollution highly salient, and the city seemed representative of many other
cities in the Ganga Basin. (Mehta 2014)27.

For more than 100 years, Kanpur has been a major centre for Indias tannery industry. Most of
the tanneries are located in the neighbourhood of Jajmau, which lies outside the main city on the
southern bank of the Ganga. The leather industry is highly polluting; the processes of washing,
liming, fleshing, tanning, splitting and finishing involve a large number of chemicals. One tonne
of hide generally leads to the production of 20-80 m3 of turbid and foul-smelling wastewater,

24
Ibid
25
Ibid
26
ALL INDIA REPORTER
27
THE HINDU.COM

12 | P a g e
including chromium levels of 100400 mg/l, sulfide levels of 200800 mg/l, high levels of fat
and other solid wastes, as well as significant pathogen contamination. Pesticides are also often
added for hide conservation during transport (Cheremisinoff 2001). Tannery effluent is generally
characterised by its strong colour (reddish or dull brown), high levels of biochemical oxygen
demand (BOD), high pH, and large amounts of dissolved solid wastes28.

The 8-10 respondents in Mr. Mehtas petition included all 75 tanneries of the Jajmau district the
Union of India, the Chair of the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), the Chair of the Uttar
Pradesh State Pollution Control Board (SPCB), and the Indian Standards Institute. The petition
also claimed that the Municipal Corporation of Kanpur was not fulfilling its responsibilities. The
Court subsequently bifurcated the petition into two parts. The first dealt with the tanneries of
Kanpur and the second with the Municipal Corporation. These are now called Mehta I and Mehta
II in legislative digests, and became the "Ganga Pollution Cases" - the most significant water
pollution litigation in the Indian court system29.

-NGT ORDER ON GANGA POLLUTION CASE

In a significant order seeking a fundamental change in strategy in cleaning the river Ganga, the
National Green Tribunal on Thursday directed that 100 meters from the edge of Ganga between
Haridwar in Uttarakhand and Unnao in Uttar Pradesh should be treated as "no construction or no
development zones." The NGT observed that all the government schemes in the past that have
spent hundreds of crores in Ganga cleanup have not only failed but led to an increase in pollution
levels, which is why Ganga now needed a change in strategy30.

It also directed that an environmental compensation of Rs 50,000 be imposed on anybody who is

found dumping any kind of waste in the river31.

In a judgement on advocate MC Mehta's petition against pollution in river Ganga that ran into
543 pages, NGT directed that there will be no dumping or landfill sites of any kind within 500
meters from the edge of the river or any of its tributaries. Its judgement was pertaining to
Haridwar to Unnao stretch. There will be complete prohibition on disposing of municipal solid

28
WWW.MANUPATRA.COM
29
Ibid
30
www.thehindu.com
31
Ibid

13 | P a g e
waste, electronic-waste or bio-medical waste on the floodplains or into Ganga or its tributaries
falling in the same stretch32.

It needs a plan that is "technically feasible, economically viable, and practically executable with
tested modern technology, appropriate technical inputs from the stakeholders, expert institutions
as to performance and planning, free from fundamental errors," while pointing that Rs 2961
crores had already been spent under National Mission for Clean Ganga since 2011. "It remains
undisputed before the Tribunal that no part of river Ganga and its tributaries is free of pollution
as of today. This by itself is a sufficient indicator that the stakeholders must adopt an innovative
approach quite different to the orthodoxical and uncertain approach," adding that NGT in its
judgment is therefore adopting a "hotspot and river basin approach" with focus on "end of
pipeline treatment."

The bench headed by NGT Chairperson, Justice Swatanter Kumar also directed that while
diverting water from Haridwar to the Ganga canal or even otherwise, the minimum flow in the
main river should not fall below 20% of the average monthly lean season flow. It also directed
UP government to ensure that 86 drains specified in the judgement as well as other major drains
and sewerage lines connecting to Ganga will be dredged, cleaned of sludge and waste removed
within a period of six weeks from Thursday33.

Explaining how past schemes have failed, the judgement said "For instance, the discharge flow
of river Ganga from sewage was 2683.6 million liters per day (MLD) and from the industrial
effluent it is 285.9 MLD in 2009. While as per CPCB in 2012 it was reported to be 6966.3 MLD
from sewage and 501 MLD from industrial effluent34,"

The bench also observed that "violators must realize their consistent defaults,"..."The historical
background of this case demonstrably exhibit fundamental errors in planning, adoption of
technology and implementation of the projects. Deficiencies in the regulatory and supervisory
regimes are writ large from the record of the case." The Tribunal said its directions are based on
the principles of "sustainable development" and the "precautionary principle35." It added that the

32
Ibid
33
www.indianexpress.com
34
Ibid
35
A report of Central Pollution Control Board, Ministry of Environment and Forests Ganga Water Quality Trend,
Monitoring of Indian Aquatic Resources Series, Dec., 2009.

14 | P a g e
right to decent and clean environment is an integral part of Article 21 and by law, the industry is
mandated to adhere to the prescribed standards for discharge of trade effluents.

Among other important directions, NGT directed the creation of a special monitoring cell in the
Uttarakhand and UP Pollution Control Boards for keeping track of water quality, it also directed
creation of supervisory and implementation committees with both senior central and state go
Among other important directions, NGT directed the creation of a special monitoring cell in the
Uttarakhand and UP Pollution Control Boards for keeping track of water quality, it also directed
creation of supervisory and implementation committees with both senior central and state
government officials as members. It ordered that extraction of groundwater by any industry will
be only after seeking permission from the Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA)36. The
bench also allowed state governments to raise money from people if need be to fund Ganga clean
up. "We also grant liberty and in fact, it shall be desirable for every local authority to recover
environmental conservation charges from the public at large or in any case a class of persons
responsible for generating higher sewage," and directed state governments to identify and
demarcate the floodplains in the stretch based on 25 year flood line37.

2. M.C MEHTA VS U.O.I (CALCUTTA TANNERIES CASE)38

This case arose as an extension of Kanpur Tanneries case, consequent to a PIL being filed under
Article 32 of the Constitution. The PIL was initially directed against the tanneries located in the
city of Kanpur, which the Court had dealt with in the previously discussed Kanpur Tanneries
matter. However, during the issuance of the various directions in relation to the Kanpur tanneries
and during the monitoring of the said directions, the scope of the petition was enlarged and the
industries located in various cities on the banks of Ganga were called upon to stop discharging
untreated effluent into the river39.

In the present matter, tanneries in four clusters of Calcutta were posing a major environmental
problem. According to the National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, following
were the conditions prevalent at the site of the Calcutta tanneries:

36
Ibid
37
Ibid
38
www.manupatra.com
39
Ibid

15 | P a g e
(1) There were no treatment facilities for the effluents, waste water drainage and collection
systems, as a consequence of which the untreated waste water, flowing through open drains, was
posing serious environmental, health and hygiene problems;

(2) most of the tannery units were located in extremely congested and thickly populated,
residential areas, affording little scope for the installation or future expansion and modernisation
of effluent treatment plants.

In February 1993, nearly six years after the decision of the Supreme Court in the Kanpur
Tanneries matter, the West Bengal Government informed the Court that the Calcutta tanneries
were being shifted to a new location which was to be fully equipped with pollution-control
devices. However, soon the State Government developed cold feet and sought for extension of
time (3 years) for undertaking the shifting of the Calcutta tanneries. But what remained clear was
that a choice had to be exercised between two alternatives. Either the tanneries were to be
allowed to remain in their present locations but subject to the construction of a common effluent
treatment plant;or they were to shift out to a new government-constructed leather complex, with
all the facilities for treating the effluents40.

The State Pollution Control Board had made it clear that the tanneries had been operating for a
considerable period of time with no regard to environmental pollution control. According to
them, shifting of the tanneries from the present location to another place and construction of
common effluent treatment plants was the only practicable solution to control the environmental
degradation as a whole. The Tanneries Assn. had strenuously contended that they had no
objection in shifting to the new place, provided the State Government gave all the facilities to
them. Thus, essentially what was required to be worked out was the dynamics of accounting the
costs involved in relocation and setting up of the treatment plant41.

Kuldip Singh, J., speaking for the Court held that the Calcutta tanneries had been operating in
extremely unhygienic conditions and were discharging highly toxic effluents. Hence the State of
West Bengal and the West Bengal Pollution Control Board were found to be wholly remiss in the
performance of their statutory obligations42. It was said that there was no possibility of setting up

40
SUPREME COURT CASES
41
Ibid
42
Environmental law in India, Gurdip Singh, lexis nexis pub., 2016.

16 | P a g e
common effluent treatment plants at the existing locations of the Calcutta tanneries and thus they
necessarily had to be relocated. This was because the proposed schemes of building a common
effluent treatment plant in the existing premises was neither scientifically sound, nor could it be
done without interfering with the normal life of the residents. The Court further directed that
along with the relocation of the tanneries in a new government acquired site, construction of a
common effluent treatment plant was also to be undertaken out of State funding at the new site43.

3. MD. SALIM VS STATE OF UTTRAKHAND44

The constitution of Ganga Management Board is necessary for the purpose of irrigation, rural
and urban water supply, hydro power generation, navigation, industries. There is utmost
expediency to give legal status as a living person/legal entity to Rivers Ganga and Yamuna r/w
Articles 48-A and 51A(g) of the Constitution of India.. Accordingly, while exercising the parens
patrie jurisdiction, the Rivers Ganga and Yamuna, all their tributaries, streams, every natural
water flowing with flow continuously or intermittently of these rivers, are declared as
juristic/legal persons/living entities having the status of a legal person with all corresponding
rights, duties and liabilities of a living person in order to preserve and conserve river Ganga and
Yamuna. The Director NAMAMI Gange, the Chief Secretary of the State of Uttarakhand and the
Advocate General of the State of Uttarakhand are hereby declared persons in loco parentis as the
human face to protect, conserve and preserve Rivers Ganga and Yamuna and their tributaries.
These Officers are bound to uphold the status of Rivers Ganges and Yamuna and also to promote
the health and well being of these rivers. The Advocate General shall represent at all legal
proceedings to protect the interest of Rivers Ganges and Yamuna. The presence of the Secretary,
Ministry of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvination is dispensed with45.

The Supreme Court froze the status of legal persons accorded to rivers Ganga and Yamuna
by the Uttarakhand High Court in March 201746. A Bench of Chief Justice of India J.S. Khehar
and D.Y. Chandrachud stayed the High Court verdict which held that the rights of the two major

43
Ibid
44
IN THE HIGH COURT OF UTTARAKHAND AT NAINITAL
Writ Petition (PIL) No.126 of 2014
45
www.manupatra.com
46
Ibid

17 | P a g e
rivers shall be equivalent to the rights of human beings and the injury/harm caused to these
bodies shall be treated as harm/injury caused to the human beings47.

47
www.thehindu.com

18 | P a g e
 CHAPTER III
GANGA ACTION PLAN AND NAMAMI GANGE.
-Ganga Today

The Ganga today is more polluted than when the Ganga Action Plan was first initiated by the late
Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi in 1986. The fast shrinking glaciers, dams, barrages, canals and
alarmingly high volume of pollution pose an ever increasing threat to the health and life of the
river. The state of Uttar Pradesh alone is responsible for over 50% of the pollutants entering the
river along its entire journey to the sea. The defilement of the river Ganga begins at Rishikesh
when the river enters the plains. The Ganga river water is brown or black in colour from Narora
to Varanasi during the lean months. At Kanpur the water stinks even during the monsoon when
the river is flooded. Since the launching of GAP, things have gone downhill in a big way in
Kanpur. The amount of filth along and in the river still continues unabated. Polybags are tossed
in publicly and casually; piles of refuse tumble down slopes to the river edge. The river is still
the private garbage dump of industries and individuals alike. During the lean period, the river is
so shallow that one can walk through the black muddy waters of the river48.

The river is littered with human corpses and animal carcasses throughout its course and the sight
is truly offensive, repulsive, irritating, and disgusting and the oily blue-black stench of tannery
waste is unbearable. These are utmost insults to the holiness of the river and any idea of purity.
Today there are more than 50 drains carrying raw sewage to the river Ganga and Yamuna at
Allahabad while there were only 13 drains before GAP was launched in 1986. Every Magh mela,
Ardha-kumbha, and Kumbha, sadhus and saints protest in large numbers against the river
pollution and boycott the ritual bathings49.

Nowhere in Varanasi the Ganga is worth taking a holy dip. The coliform and faecal coliform
count is exceedingly high in the river water. The 84 bathing ghats50 are sandwiched between two
tributaries, Assi and Varuna, which are now huge sewage drains. As the Ganga continues to wind
its way down towards Kolkata she experiences dozens of similar assaults that leave her waters

48
Tare, Dr Vinod. Pulp and Paper Industries in Ganga River Basin: Achieving Zero Liquid
Discharge.ReportCode:14_GBP_IIT_EQP_S& R_04_Ver 1_Dec 2011.
49
Ibid
50
Ibid

19 | P a g e
fetid and filled with toxins and diseases. The situation is the same throughout the length of the
river51.

- Ganga Action Plan (GAP)

Inertia in taking action to reduce the level of pollution stemmed largely from a widespread belief
that the Ganga, as a holy river, had the ability to purify all that came into contact with it.
Although there is some scientific evidence for the Ganga rivers high capacity to assimilate (i.e.
biodegrade) a large level of organic waste input, including pathogens, but no river can sustain its
self-purifying power with this kind of over-use, misuse and abuse of its waters.

The Ganga Action Plan (GAP) originated from the personal intervention and interest of our late
Prime Minister Mrs Indira Gandhi who had directed the Central Board for the Prevention and
Control of Water Pollution, now Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to do a comprehensive
survey of the situation in 1979. CPCB published two comprehensive reports which formed the
base for GAP in Oct 1984 but was not presented to the nation formally due to assassination of
Smt Indira Gandhi52.

In Feb 1985, the Central Ganga Authority (CGA) with the PM as Chairman was formed, with an
initial budget of Rs 350 crore to administer the cleaning of the Ganga and to restore it to pristine
condition by our late PM Sh Rajiv Gandhi. In June 1985, the Ganga Project Directorate (GPD)
was established as a wing of the Department of Environment. GAP was launched on June 14,
1986 by Sh Rajiv Gandhi at Varanasi53.

In August 2009, the Union government re-launched the Ganga Action Plan with a reconstituted
National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA). Under the notification, dated February 20,
2009, the government gave the river the status of a National River. The objective was to ensure
abatement of pollution and conservation of the river. The key difference between the first Ganga
Action Programme and now, is the recognition that the entire basin of the river has to be the
basis for planning and implementation. It is not enough to plan for one citys pollution, without

51
Ibid
52
K. Jaiswal, Rakesh. Ganga Action Plan-A critical analysis, (May, 2007).
53
Ibid

20 | P a g e
considering the impact of the pollution on the downstream area. It is accepted that the plan for
pollution control must take into account the need for adequate water in the river its ecological
flow54.

Failure of the GAP

The Ganga Action Plan launched in 1986 by the Government of India has not achieved any
success despite expenditure of approximately 2,000 crore rupees. Even though the government
claims that the schemes under the Ganga Action Plan have been successful, ground realities tell a
different story. The failure of the GAP is evident but corrective action is lacking. GAP has been
dubbed variously as Ganga Inaction Plan, Pumps and Pipes scheme, a Colossal FailureMedia
report that there are GAPING HOLES in GAP and its a shocking tale of official apathy and
corruption ... All the money has gone down the drain,

People are quick to offer their opinion of why GAP has been doomed to failure.
Mismanagement, corruption, and incompetence all rank high on the lists of accusations. The
GAP I was extended as GAP II from 1993 onwards covering 4 major tributaries of Ganga,
namely, Yamuna, Gomti, Damodar and Mahananda. The program was further broad-based in
1995 with the inclusion of other rivers and renamed as National River Conservation Plan
(NRCP). Ganga could not be cleaned but 34 other rivers have been taken up for cleaning with the
same failed model of GAP55.

Various explanations abound as does speculation and apportionment of the blame for this failure.
In the last 21 years, leadership and staff of GAP have come and gone, often without any vision
and commitment. There have been reviews and monitoring from time to time at different levels
but the problems identified were never addressed and the decisions taken were never enforced.
The lower level officials most often were unfamiliar with the work done by previous groups56.

GAP needs a critical examination, a thorough review and a complete overhaul. It has become so
infamous and stale that it needs to be done away with completely. A new plan with a fresh name,
more real and practical objectives, concrete action plans is needed to restore the health of the

54
Ibid
55
Ibid
56
Ibid

21 | P a g e
river Ganga. A committed, visionary, dynamic and practical man needs to be given the charge of
cleaning and restoring the ecological health of river Ganga. Serious and honest efforts are
needed. Casual approach and cosmetic efforts will only worsen the condition of river Ganga57.

Objective of GAP

The objectives of the GAP were broad: to abate pollution and improve water quality, to
conserve biodiversity and develop an integrated river basin management approach, to conduct
comprehensive research to further these objectives, and to gain experience for implementing
similar river clean up programs in other polluted rivers in India. A plan of action was developed
in order to achieve these objectives, those actions that addressed the major, direct causes of
pollution in the Ganga were identified as core sector schemes, and those that address indirect
sources or sources deemed to be direct but of a lower impact were called non-core sector. Core
sector schemes included the interception and diversion of domestic wastewater including the
construction and rehabilitation of sewers and pump houses, while non-core sector schemes
consisted of the installation of crematoria, river front development and aesthetic improvement,
implementation of low cost sanitation systems, and miscellaneous activities such as water quality
monitoring, research programmes, and identification and management of waste from grossly
polluting industries58.

Role of Municipalities

The pollution of rivers and the existence of unsanitary conditions in large towns is on several
accounts. River Action Plans can be considered as one of the several inputs that are needed to
keep the towns and rivers clean. Other inputs like management and handling of garbage and
slums, regular operation & maintenance of sewerage systems and provision of adequate number
of toilets for the masses to minimise the practice of open defecation, minimisation of use of
rivers for cattle wallowing etc. are the primary responsibilities of the respective local self-
governments. Unless, concurrent measures are taken to address all these issues, full benefits of
the river Action Plans cannot be realised59.

57
Ibid
58
International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 3, Issue 4, April 2013 4
ISSN 2250-3153
59
Ibid

22 | P a g e
Delay in completion

Initially it was expected that the program would be completed in 6-7 years. However, it has been
delayed considerably due to following reasons:

Being the first program of its kind and magnitude, there was lack of experience both at the
central and the state levels.

There were inordinate delays in land acquisition for major schemes of sewage treatment and
pumping stations. The ministry has been taking up these matters at appropriate levels in the State
Government on a regular basis. All these problems have since been resolved60.

Litigations and court cases resulted in considerable delays.

Two sites of major projects were under encroachment for a long period.

The schemes of some of the sewage treatment plants had to be tendered several

times. There were contractual problems also.

Externally aided components were delayed considerably due to initial formalities between the
governments.

Diversion of funds by State Governments resulted in delayed release of central funds.

Limitations

Notwithstanding the delay in completion of the program, the implementation of pollution

abatement schemes has been by and large satisfactory. However, certain major limitations have
surfaced which are as given below:

States particularly Bihar and UP are unable to provide timely and adequate funds for O&M of
assets created under GAP61.

In Bihar, O&M has been grossly inadequate. The State Government has neither been able to
provide funds nor the required power on a continuous basis for O&M of assets like STPs62,

60
Ibid
61
Ibid
62
Ibid

23 | P a g e
pumping stations, crematoria etc. Thus, the operation of nearly all the assets has practically come
to a halt.

O&M of conveying sewers and intermediate pumping stations has been grossly neglected in
UP. As a result, despite the facilities being available, raw sewage is still finding its way into the
river at several places63.

Erratic and poor availability of power for operating the pumping stations, STPs and crematoria
is a major bottleneck in UP. Although, for such installations dedicated power supply had been
provided for, this has not been adhered to by UPSEB. As a result, in the event of power failures,
raw sewage finds its way into the river and the treatment plants are adversely affected.

O&M of facilities like toilets and bathing ghats has been neglected in general by the local
bodies. Local bodies have also failed in discharging other civic functions in GAP towns.

The stretch of the river from Farrukhabad to Varanasi in general and Kanpur in particular is
very critical in terms of the availability of the minimum flow in the river. At Kanpur, the
pollution load from both the municipal as well as industrial sources is significantly large and the
dilution capacity of the river is severely limited. As a result, the desired improvement in the river
water quality has not been achieved at Kanpur64.

It has been possible to minimize the organic pollution (which is indicated by BOD) reaching
the river through the GAP. However, there has been only incidental reduction in the microbial
pollution (which is indicated by the coliform counts). The present methods available to treat the
microbial pollution are either hazardous to human health or cost intensive. Research projects
have been commissioned to develop indigenous and appropriate cost effective technology65.

However, disposal of treated/untreated sewage only partly contributes towards the microbial
pollution of the river. A large amount of this pollution is contributed by such activities as open
defecation, cattle wallowing, mass bathing, garbage and carcass dumping. Such sources of
pollution are difficult to tackle66.

63
K. Jaiswal, Rakesh. Ganga Action Plan-A critical analysis, (May, 2007).
64
Ibid
65
Ibid
66
Ibid

24 | P a g e
 The acceptance of electric crematoria has been slow in UP and Bihar. Due to non-availability
of power and funds, these facilities are virtually defunct in UP and Bihar.

Corrective measures

Following steps have been taken by Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOE&F) to improve
the implementation of GAP and NRCP:

Standing Committee of NRCA chaired by MOE&F to facilitate more frequent progress review.

Project Advisory Committee to visit and inspect project areas and suggest measures for
improved implementation, O&M and involvement of public in the program.

Chief Ministers to hold quarterly progress review with local MPs, MLAs and representatives of
local bodies67.

Identifying and issuing directions to defaulting industries to set up ETPs within 3 months or
close down.

Due to unsatisfactory O&M of GAP assets in Bihar and some towns of UP, further grants to the
State Government have been stopped. Directions have also been issued by CPCB to State
Pollution Boards to initiate action against the local bodies/government departments responsible
for non-operation of GAP assets.

The State Governments have been asked to furnish income and expenditure statements as well
as increase in revenue collection during the past 5 years by the respective local bodies of Action
Plan towns. This will indicate the capacity of local bodies to support O&M costs of river
cleaning program.

Issuing directions for involvement of local communities in O&M of non-core schemes.

Setting up Citizens Monitoring Committees and Divisional Project Monitoring cells in Action
Plan towns68.

67
Ibid
68
Ibid

25 | P a g e
 - NAMAMI GANGE YOJANA
Water pollution problem, especially of river water, has been rising continuously because of
industrialization along the river stretches, open defecation and many other issues. This problem
is manifested in dire state of Ganga river. Efforts have been made in this regard since 1985 with
the launch of Ganga Action Plan. In 2014 the present government started Namami Gange
Mission to ensure clean Ganga69.

In view of the shortcomings in the approach followed in earlier Programme for cleaning river
Ganga, it was felt necessary that a new holistic approach based on river basin as the unit of
planning and institutional redesign needs to be adopted. Further in 2014, Namami Gange
(Integrated Ganga Conservation Mission / Programme under National Ganga River Basin
Authority) programme was introduced. Namami Gange mission, envisaged as an umbrella
programme, aims at integrating previous & currently ongoing initiatives by enhancing efficiency,
extracting synergies and supplementing them with more comprehensive & better coordinated
interventions70.

As on 30th June 2016, 97 projects has been sanctioned under Namami Gange programme
(including the existing projects sanctioned under NGRBA programme) in 53 towns at an
estimated project cost of Rs 8588.21 Crore. Out of these 12 projects are sanctioned exclusively
under new components of Namami Gange programme with a sanctioned cost of Rs 351.42
Crore. Out of 97 projects, 32 are completed71.

Vision

The Vision for Ganga Rejuvenation constitutes restoring the wholesomeness of the river defined
interms of ensuring AviralDhara (ContinuousFlow), NirmalDhara (UnpollutedFlow)
,Geologic and ecological integrity72.

69
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES, RIVER DEVELOPMENT & GANGA REJUVENATION
LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO. 801ANSWERED ON 21.07.2016
70
Ibid
71
Ibid
72
Ibid

26 | P a g e
The main focus areas of Namami Gange are:

Expanding coverage of sewerage infrastructure in 118 urban habitations on banks of Ganga.

Making ZLD (Zero Liquid Discharge) mandatory

Rationalized water tariff to encourage reuse

Real time water quality monitoring.

Enforcing River Regulatory Zones on Ganga Banks

Rational agricultural practices, efficient irrigation methods

Restoration and conservation of wetlands

Ensuring ecological rejuvenation by conservation of aquatic life and biodiversity

Promotion of Tourism and Shipping in a rational and sustainable manner

Knowledge Management on Ganga through Ganga Knowledge Centre73.

The break-up of the projects are given below:

Sewerage and Sanitation: 58 project are sanctioned to create 808.23 MLD new STP and
rehabilitation of 1089.00 MLD of STP and laying / rehabilitation of 3627.15 Km sewer network.
Out of these 7 projects are completed which created 126.5 MLD of STP and laid 833.24 km of
sewerage network74.

River Front Development (RFD): 28 RFD projects which include creation of Ghats,
Crematoria, Public and River interface and promenade. Out of these 24 project are completed.

3 projects on Water quality monitoring of river Ganga

2 projects on Ganga Knowledge Centre;

1 projects on Educating Schools and communities for conserving habitat of Ganga River
Dolphin;

73
Ibid
74
Ibid

27 | P a g e
 1 projects on DPR preparation for Forestry Intervention for river Ganga. Completed.

1 project on Assessment of Water Quality and Sediment Analysis to understand the special
property of river Ganga;

1 project on Assessment of fish & fisheries of the Ganga river system for developing suitable
conservation & restoration plan

1 project on Rural Sanitation initiatives for Ganga Rejuvenation in Jharkhand-UNDP

1 projects Biodiversity Conservation and Ganga Rejuvenation given to WII.

Recognizing the scale of the problem Government of India is constantly trying to find out new
mechanisms for the success of Namami Gange programme which aims to ensure 'nirmal and
aviral Ganaga' by curbing flow of industrial pollutants, solid waste and sewage water, promoting
organic farming in Ganga Basin region and many other activities.

These new initiatives are:

'Swachh Ganga- Gramin Sahbhagita' initiative. Plan is to involve Panchayats in ensuring Nirmal
and Aviral Ganga in 5 years. Initially 1600 hundred villages will be covered, later on all the
villages will be covered. Promotion of medicinal plants and livelihood, treatment of rural solid
waste and rural sanitation etc are some of the activities which are to be implemented through
active participation of Panchayts75.

MOU has been signed between 8 ministries to ensure co-ordinated implementation of 21 action
plans under Namami Gange through multi sectoral activities. Some of the activities that will be
taken up are:

a. HRD ministry to facilitate IITs for developing and undertake pilot projects for implementing
Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) system for four types of industrial pollution covering tanneries,
chemical, pharma and textile industries76,

I. Under 'Unnat Bharat Abhiyaan' encourage IITs and NITs to adopt villages to implement the
projects for solid/liquid waste management and open defecation free status.

75
Ibid
76
Ibid

28 | P a g e
II. support it in spreading necessary awareness/environmental literacy to common masses about
environment/natural resources conservation, river rejuvenation, sanitation and hygiene and
conservation of biodiversity in various 'Gram Panchayats' of the districts covered under
'Saakshar Bharat' programme.

b. The ministry of AYUSH will take up promotion of medicinal plants in the Ganga catchment
areas

c. Ministry of Youth Affairs will involve sports persons to form young group to take up activities
related to Ganga cleaning.

d. Development of eco-tourism around Ganga by the tourism ministry by providing suitable

amenities and transport facilities to avoid unwarranted pollution from tourism activities.

e. The Rural Development Ministry to develop clusters of villages under 'Shyama Prasad
Mukherjee Rural Mission' (SPMRM) along the banks of Ganga by dovetailing other ongoing
programmes77.

f. Ministry of shipping will take initiative and necessary efforts for sustainable shipping/river
transport infrastructure in River Ganga without damaging the eco-system and biodiversity.

g. The ministry of drinking water and sanitation will prioritise initiatives in establishing Open
Defecation Free (ODF) 'gram panchayats' along the banks of Ganga.

Earlier initiatives:

Agreement between Ministry of Railway and Water Resource Ministry to use treated waste
water from the Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) and Effluent Treatment Plants (ETPs) located in
Ganga and Yamuna river zones for the non-potable purpose of railways.

Such initiatives will ensure participation of all the stakeholders and thus better synergies in
implementation. But these steps need to be complemented with steps that try to engrain the
sustainable development as part of our life and livelihood so that in future we don't need such
humongous initiative to restore the pristine purity of our holy rivers78.

77
Ibid
78
Ibid

29 | P a g e
 CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS.

CONCLUSIONS:
The river Ganga suffers from myriad problems. Most significant ones beings the lean flow
during summer season due to dumping of untreated or partially treated sewage from the city and
toxic waste from industrial units in to the river. The Ganga river in Uttar Pradesh demands
treatment of sewage and minimum ecological flow for survival as a river. Since a river is a living
ecosystem and therefore the ultimate goal should be to protect the functioning of the river
ecosystem. An assessment of flow as well as wastewater is necessary. Central Pollution Control
Board, Ministry of Environment And Forests standard parameters for Ganga river water is useful
for drinking and outdoor bathing .The standard set by Central Pollution Control Board is the
value of river water pH in between 6.5 to 8.5, D.O. 0.5 mg/l or more and BOD 5 days 20C is, 3
mg/l or less .The class of water is designated as 'B' on most of the stations

The following other conclusions are drawn out:

The Ganga river water is alkaline in nature. The pH of river water was as per the desirable
limits of BIS of WHO standard at all ghat except at Siddhnath ghat.

The study reveals that from Bithoor ghat to Siddhnath ghat the water samples shows a
considerable variation in the concentration of Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen
Demand, Nitrate, Phosphate and Chromium metal. These variations may be due to the change in
the volume of industrial waste being added to the river at different sampling Ghats.

Chromium metal in river water was recorded highest in the industrial belt Siddhnath ghat. The
High Chromium content observed in Siddhnath ghat is due to the discharge of tannery
wastewater from the town into the river.

It is alarming that the pollution in river Ganga is escalating over the years in this stretch at
Jajmau town due to tannery effluent discharged along the river, continuous immersion of idols of
God, Goddess and Tazias are among other remarkable factors. The pollution level of the river is
on the rise and can cause serious problem in near future. From this study of the surface water

30 | P a g e
quality of the river, it is observed that the water of Ganga is fast losing its quality from Bithoor to
Siddhnath ghat.

The correlation analysis on water quality parameters revealed that all parameters are more or less
correlated with each other Pearsons Correlation matrix. It is observed that some of the
parameters do not have significant correlation between them indicating the different origin
source of pollution. The correlation study and correlation coefficient values can help in selecting
a few parameters which could be frequently measured to determine the status of water quality
regularly. This will help the regulatory bodies to issue a warning on the deteriorating water
quality and taking steps to implement control measures correlation between them indicating the
different origin and source of pollution.

Thus it can be concluded that the water of the river Ganga.

RECOMMENDATIONS:

It was concluded that water quality of the Ganga river has been affected adversely by man's
activities by overcrowding accompanied by inadequate treatment or non-existent sanitation and
also by unregulated enormous discharge of waste waters into water system. It was observed that
50 to 70% of pollutants load of water is from domestic sewage. So obviously it is of no use to
apply strict laws to industries only. Municipalities are given free hand to allow discharge of
domestic wastes into water without any treatment. During our study we observed that the water
pollution in Ganga river has become a huge problem, because of the population explosion and
also due to the phenomenal growth in agricultural & industrial activities. The effluent discharge
from the industry in localized areas due to this water pollution is creating situations which are
dangerous to health. Thus the pollution in the river affects the economy of state as well as of
country in several ways.

River Ganga water is the principal resource for the inhabitants of Bithoor to Jajmau region and is
used for different purposes such as drinking, washing, bathing, irrigation and industries. The
river water has huge religious, cultural and aesthetic values in this region. So, the river water has
direct connection with health, environment and ecology and development. Therefore, the river
quality classification and monitoring with this method is essential for planning and policy
making as well as for the preservation and improvement of the river water quality.

31 | P a g e
The problem of water pollution in the Ganga river can be minimized by adopting the following
techniques.

Reutilization, Recycling, Renovation and recharge of the industrial Effluent should be done.
Water consisting of industrial effluents, domestic sewage, sludge of municipal and other
pollutants should be given some sort of treatment before getting mixed into the surface water of
Ganga.

Sulabh Shauchalay (Public urinals and lavatories should be constructed near all the bathing
ghats. These should be provided with adequate arrangements for proper disposal of waste water.
Public should be educated to use them properly and not to pollute the water of the river.

Permat ghat has Electric crematorium for burning of dead bodies, there should be provision of
waste water treatment plants [WWTP] to avoid pollution and eutriphication.

All the drains discharging waste water, agriculture waste and industrial effluents should be
diverted into main sewage system and sludge released by municipal bodies must be chemically
and biologically treated before final disposal into rivers.

Proper garbage collection system & disposal arrangement should be provided on both banks of
the river and, so that garbage is not dumped in the river. Garbage, corpses, solid organic wastes
etc. must be banned from being dumped into fresh water of river Ganga

Adequate scientific methods should be developed so as to determine the pollution levels at

source itself so that the exact effect of pollutants can be identified beforehand.

All the toxic metallic elements like chromium coming from the tanneries & other industries
should be chemically treated before such wastes are released into water.

32 | P a g e
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

BOOKS
1. Environmental and pollution laws in India, Justice T.S. Dobia, lexis nexis publication,
2017.
2. Environmental law in India, Prof. P. Leelakrishnan, lexis nexis pub., 2016
3. Environmental law in India, Dr. A.K. Tiwari, 2006
4. Environmental law, S.R.A. Rosdar, lexis nexis pub., 2016
5. Environmental law in India, Gurdip Singh, lexis nexis pub., 201679
6. Indian constitutional law, Dr. M.P. JAIN, Lexis NEXIS PUB., 7TH EDITION.

WEBSITES
1. WWW.MANUPATRA.COM
2. WWW.LEGALSERVICEINDIA.COM
3. WWW.INDIANKANOON.COM
4. WWW.THEHINDU.COM
5. WWW.INDIANEXPRESS.COM

ARTICLES
[1] Tare, Dr Vinod. Pulp and Paper Industries in Ganga River Basin: Achieving Zero Liquid
Discharge.ReportCode:14_GBP_IIT_EQP_S& R_04_Ver 1_Dec 2011.
[2] K. Jaiswal, Rakesh. Ganga Action Plan-A critical analysis, (May, 2007).
[3] A report Status Paper on River Ganga State of Environment and Water Quality, National
River Conservation Directorate Ministry of Environment and Forests Government of India,
Alternate Hydro Energy Centre Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, (August, 2009).
[4] Singhania, Neha. Pollution in River Ganga. Department of Civil Engineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Kanpur. October, 2011.
[5] Das, Subhajyoti. Cleaning of the Ganga. Journal Geological Society of India, Vol.78,
pp.124-130, August 2011.
[6] A report of Central Pollution Control Board, Ministry of Environment and Forests Ganga
Water Quality Trend, Monitoring of Indian Aquatic Resources Series, Dec., 2009.

33 | P a g e
[7] A report of Water Resources Planning Commission, Report on Utilisation of Funds and
Assets Created through Ganga Action Plan in States under Gap, May, 2009.
P-HN\JOURNALSN
1. ALL INDIA REPORTER
2. SUPREME COURT CASES

LEGISLATIONS

1. THE CONSTITUTTION OF INDIA, P.M BAKSHI, UNIVERSAL PUBLICATION.

2. NATIONAL GREEN TRIBUNAL ACT, 2010
3. WATER (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION)ACT, 1974.

34 | P a g e