Preparation of pH buffer solutions(AnalChem resources,ex web10-04-1613-08-07docx).

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Preparation of pH buffer solutions

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Phosphate and Acetate buffers

The different names for phosphate salts. Standardization buffers pH 4 and pH 7. Ph range of some buffer systems.
Making up buffer solutions by adding an adjuster solution (acid or base) to a known volume and concentration of a
primary salt solution. Potassium hydrogen phosphate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, disodium hydrogen
phosphate, potassium hydrogen phthalate, sodium acetate,sodium tetraborate, tris aminomethane.
Related link:
Analysis Buffers
For EDTA titrations
For Fluoride (TISAB)
For Determination of Fe.
On this page: Click the links below to jump to the relevant info:
The preparation of pH buffer solutions
acetate buffers
phosphate buffers
solid mixture buffers

Phosphates

Phosphate salts are known by several names and the correct phosphate must be used to prepare buffer solutions.
One phosphate cannot be substituted for another phosphate. Check formula of salt to be certain.

Formula Name of salt Other names

potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate
monobasic potassium phosphate
potassium dihydrogen
KH2PO4 monopotassium phosphate
phosphate
acid potassium phosphate
potassium biphosphate
dipotassium hydrogen orthophosphate
potassium hydrogen dipotassium hydrogen phosphate
K2HPO4
phosphate dibasic potassium phosphate
dipotassium phosphate
tribasic potassium phosphate
K3PO4 potassium phosphate
tripotassium phosphate

Standardization buffers

For pH=7.00 :
Add 29.1 ml of 0.1 molar NaOH to 50 ml 0.1 molar potassium dihydrogen phosphate.

Alternatively :
Dissolve 1.20g of sodium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.885g of disidium hydrogen phosphate in 1 liter volume distilled water.

For pH= 4.00 :

Add 0.1 ml of 0.1 molar NaOH to 50 ml of 0.1 molar potassium hydrogen phthalate .

Alternatively :
Dissolve 8.954g of disodium hydrogen phosphste.12 H2O and 3.4023g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate in 1 liter volume distilled water.

Range of common buffer systems

 Range of common buffer systems

Buffering system Useful buffering pH range @ 25C

Hydrochloric acid/ Potassium chloride 1.0 - 2.2

Glycine/ Hydrochloric acid 2.2 - 3.6

Potassium hydrogen phthalate/ Hydrochloric acid 2.2 - 4.0

Citric acid/ Sodium citrate 3.0 - 6.2

Sodium acetate/ Acetic acid 3.7 - 5.6

Potassium hydrogen phtaalate/ Sodium hydroxide 4.1 - 5.9

Disodium hydrogen phthalate / Sodium dihydrogen orthophospate 5.8 - 8.0

Dipotassium hydrogen phthalate / Potassium dihydrogen orthophospate 5.8 - 8.0

Potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate / sodium hydroxide 5.8 - 8.00

Barbitone sodium / Hydrochloric acid 6.8 - 9.6

Tris (hydroxylmethyl) aminomethane / Hydrochloric acid 7.0 - 9.00

Sodium tetraborate/ Hydrochloric acid 8.1 - 9.2

Glycine/ Sodium hydroxide 8.6 - 10.6

Sodium carbonate/ Sodium hydrogen carbonate 9.2 - 10.8

Sodium tetraborate/ Sodium hydroxide 9.3 - 10.7

Sodium bicarbonate / Sodium hydroxide 9.60 - 11.0

Sodium hydrogen orthophosphate / Sodium hydroxide 11.0 - 11.9

Potassium chloride/ Sodium hydroxide 12.0 - 13.0

Preparing a Buffer Solution

Preparing a Buffer Solution

This page gives tabulated info on the preparation of buffers by mixing adjusters
with a known volume of the primary salt solution, and made up to 200ml with distilled water.

BUFFERS 1.00 - 9.00

Buffer A : Buffer B : Buffer C : Buffer D : Buffer E :

pH 1.0 - 2.2 pH 2.2 - 4.00 pH 4.10 - 5.90 pH 5.8 - 8.00 pH 7.0 - 9.00
50 ml 0.2 M KCl + 100 ml 0.1 M potassium 100 ml 0.1 M potassium . 100 ml 0.1 M 100 ml 0.1 M tris (hydroxymethyl)
mls of 0.2 M HCl hydrogen phthalate + mls of hydrogen phthalate + mls of KH2PO4 + mls of 0.1 aminomethane + mls of 0.1 M
0.1 M HCl. 0.1 M NaOH M NaOH. HCl.
pH mls of 0.2M pH mls of 0.1M HCl pH mls of 0.1M NaOH pH mls of 0.1M pH mls of 0.1 M HCl added
HCl added added added NaOH added
1.00 134.0 2.20 99.0 4.10 2.6 5.80 7.2 7.00 93.2
 1.10 105.6 2.30 91.6 4.20 6.0 5.90 9.2 7.10 91.4
1.20 85.0 2.40 84.4 4.30 9.4 6.00 11.2 7.20 89.4
1.30 67.2 2.50 77.6 4.40 13.2 6.10 13.6 7.30 86.8
1.40 53.2 2.60 70.8 4.50 17.4 6.20 16.2 7.40 84.0
1.50 41.4 2.70 64.2 4.60 22.2 6.30 19.4 7.50 80.6
1.60 32.4 2.80 57.8 4.70 27.2 6.40 23.2 7.60 77.0
1.70 26.0 2.90 51.4 4.80 33.0 6.50 27.8 7.70 73.2
1.80 20.4 3.00 44.6 4.90 38.8 6.60 32.8 7.80 69.0
1.90 16.2 3.10 37.6 5.00 45.2 6.70 38.6 7.90 64.0
2.00 13.0 3.20 31.4 5.10 51.0 6.80 44.8 8.00 58.4
2.10 10.2 3.30 25.8 5.20 57.6 6.90 51.8 8.l0 52.4
2.20 7.8 3.40 20.8 5.30 63.2 7.00 58.2 8.20 45.8
3.50 16.4 5.40 68.2 7.10 64.2 8.30 39.8
3.60 12.6 5.50 73.2 7.20 69.4 8.40 34.4
3.70 9.0 5.60 77.6 7.30 74.0 8.50 29.4
3.80 5.8 5.70 81.2 7.40 78.2 8.60 24.4
3.90 2.8 5.80 84.6 7.50 82.2 8.70 20.6
4.00 0.2 5.90 87.4 7.60 85.6 8.80 17.0
7.70 88.4 8.90 14.0
7.80 90.6 9.00 11.4
7.90 92.2
8.00 93.4

./. BUFFERS 08 - 13
 BUFFERS 08 - 13

Buffer F: pH 8.0 - 9.10 Buffer G : Buffer H : Buffer I : Buffer J :

pH 9.2 - 10.80 pH 9.60 - 11.00 pH 10.90 - 12.00 pH 12.00 - 13.00
100 mL 0.025 M 100 mL 0.025 M 100 mL 0.05 M 100 mL 0.05 M 50 mL 0.2 M KCl +
Na2B4O7.10H2O (borax) Na2B4O7.10H2O (borax) NaHCO3 + mls of Na2HPO4 + mls of volume indicated (in
+ mls of 0.1 M HCl. + mls of 0.1 M NaOH. 0.1 M NaOH. 0.1 M NaOH. mL) 0.2 M NaOH.
pH mls of 0.1M HCl pH mls of 0.1M NaOH pH mls of 0.1M pH mls of 0.1M pH mls of 0.2M
added added NaOH NaOH NaOH added
added added
8.00 41.0 9.20 1.8 9.60 10.0 10.90 6.6 12.00 12.0
8.10 39.4 9.30 7.2 9.70 12.4 11.00 8.2 12.10 16.0
8.20 37.6 9.40 12.4 9.80 15.2 11.10 10.2 12.20 20.4
8.30 35.4 9.50 17.6 9.90 18.2 11.20 12.6 12.30 25.6
8.40 33.2 9.60 22.2 10.00 21.4 11.30 15.2 12.40 32.4
8.50 30.4 9.70 26.2 10.10 24.4 11.40 18.2 12.50 40.8
8.60 27.0 9.80 30.0 10.20 27.6 11.50 22.2 12.60 51.2
8.70 23.2 9.90 33.4 10.30 30.4 11.60 27.0 12.70 64.4
8.80 19.2 10.00 36.6 10.40 33.0 11.70 32.4 12.80 82.4
8.90 14.2 10.10 39.0 10.50 35.6 11.80 38.8 12.90 106.0
9.00 9.2 10.20 41.0 10.60 38.2 11.90 46.0 13.00 132.0
9.10 4.0 10.30 42.6 10.70 40.4 12.00 53.8
10.40 44.2 10.80 42.4
10.50 45.4 10.90 44.0
10.60 46.6 11.00 45.4
10.70 47.6
10.80 48.5

Acetate buffer solutions pH 3 - 6

Make up the following solutions
(1) 0.1M acetic acid
(2) 0.1M sodium acetate (tri-hydrate) (13.6g / l)
Mix in the following proportions to get the required ph
vol. of 0.1M vol. of 0.1M
ph
acetic acid sodium acetate
3 982.3 mls 17.7 mls
4 847.0 mls 153.0 mls
5 357.0 mls 643.0 mls
947.8 mls
6 52.2 mls

Phosphate buffer solutions ph 7 - 11

Make up the following solutions
(1) 0.1M disodium hydrogen phosphate (14.2g / l)
(2) 0.1M HCl
(3) 0.1M NaOH
Mix in the following proportions to get the required ph

ph vol. of phosphate vol. of 0.1M HCl vol. of 0.1M NaOH

7 756.0 mls 244 mls
8 955.1 mls 44.9 mls
9 955.0 mls 45.0 mls
10 966.4 mls 33.6
11 965.3 mls 34.7
 Addition of acid or base to a salt pH 3 - 11

Here, the primary salt is a solid and is weighed out in grams. A measured amount of 0.1M HCl or NaOH is added,
4
then made up to 1 liter to give the relevant buffer solution .

Salt mixture
pH
Dilute each mixture to 1 liter solution with distilled water
3 10.21g potassium hydrogen phthalate and 223ml of 0.10M HCl
4 10.21g potassium hydrogen phthalate and 1ml of 0.10M HCl
5 10.21g potassium hydrogen phthalate and 226ml of 0.10M NaOH
6 6.81g potassium dihydrogen phOsphate and 56ml of 0.10M NaOH
7 6.81g potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 291ml of 0.10M NaOH
8 6.81g potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 467ml of 0.10M NaOH
9 4.77g sodium tetraborate and 46ml of 0.10M HCl
10 4.77g sodium tetraborate and 183ml of 0.10M NaOH
11 2.10g sodium bicarbonate and 227ml of 0.10M NaOH

1. The Physical and Theoretical Laboratory, Oxford University.

2. "Electrolyte solutions" Robinson, R. A., and Stokes, R. H., 2nd ed., rev. London, Butterworths, 1968.
3. "Practical chemistry" J. Lambert and T.A. Muir, 3rd. Ed. Heineman, London.
4. pdf file, www.bc.ca/bcsc/resources/ (Canadian Teachers Federation).