6. Explain the causes and objectives of the third Chimurenga?

Introduction:

The Third Chimurenga is the struggle by the people of Zimbabwe to regain possession of the means
of production, e.g. land that had largely been in the hands of the white settlers for more than one
hundred years. This struggle is a follow-up to the First and Second Chimurenga especially of the
latter, which brought about political independence.

Causes of the Third Chimurenga:

The Lancaster House Agreement

Which legalised the maintenance and continued possession of the land by the settlers.

Controlled the legislative competency and sovereignty of the new State through the willing
seller, willing buyer clause, which was not meaningfully implemented.

Britains failure to honour the Lancaster Agreement by not funding the Land Reform.

Continued economic marginalisation of the indigenous people.

The Land Donor Conference of 1998 and failure by the donors to fund the land reform
programme.

White settlers and the British support for the opposition party, which was against the land
reform programme.

Objectives of the Third Chimurenga:

To repossess and re-distribute land among the landless indigenous people of Zimbabwe.

To emphasise the countrys sovereignty and independence.

To fight neo colonialism and remove the vestiges of imperialism.

To gain possession of other means of production.

To encourage the indigenous people to participate in all the business and economic
Activities of the country.

To facilitate the possession of capital with which to start a business.

To translate the victory in armed combat of the Second Chimurenga into a social and
economic victory.

8. Discuss the impact of NGOs in Zimbabwe

Positive (Economic Impact)

Employment creation for locals and externals.

 Project funding.

Improvement in the standard of living.

Providing assistance in times of disasters e.g. drought, floods, earthquakes, cyclones, etc.

Social Impact:

Donation medical equipment and drugs to fight chronic diseases e.g. Aids, Ebola, Sars, etc.

Education on health and hygiene.

Offering educational assistance to orphans and the underprivileged.

Child feeding in rural areas.

Negative Impact:

Sponsoring opposition parties.

Representing the interests of their mother countries.

Dumping products.

Testing of drugs on people.

Encouraging the dependency syndrome of locals.

2. Discuss the meaning and importance of the three Cs of International Relations

Introduction

The three Cs of International Relations are Conflict, Competition and Co-operation.

Conflict

Disagreement sparking diplomatic wrangles between nations.

Serious differences associated with hostilities that may lead to an outbreak of War.

Conflict can be caused by competition and by a scramble for scarce resources.

It may be a result of differences in trade and political relations.

If not resolved, conflict can lead to hostility and Wars, gaps on co-operation, poor relations
and may hinder internal, regional and international development.

Conflict can be resolved through negotiations, compromising, and external intervention.

It can also be resolved through the International Court of Justice through the United Nations
intervention (ICJ).

Competition
 Involves rivalry, struggling and competing for supremacy and resources.

Competition in trade and international sports, in technological development, in space

exploration and in agriculture, etc.

Has led to allegiances, regional blocs and the development of trade routes.

Can lead to development and attainment of targets if managed well

Can also develop into conflict and cause poor relations if not managed properly

Co-operation

Involves collective efforts nations put to the development of States.

A concept of practice used by the principle of interdependence of nations.

Working together to ensure development and to promote peace and security.

Co-operation can also be used to solve problems that know no boundaries e.g. AIDS, Ebola,
Sars and Malaria.

The need to co-operate to resolve problems have led to the formation of regional and
international organisations such as UN, AU, SADC, and NATO etc.

3. Justify Zimbabwes Intervention In Mozambique And In The Democratic Republic Of

Congo.

In Mozambique

Was in response to the request of the Government of Mozambique, which was in a State of
a Civil War.

Long-standing friendship between ZANU (PF) and the Frelimo Government.

To help Mozambique maintain its integrity and sovereignty.

Restore peace in Mozambique and the region.

Protect Mozambique from the destructive and destabilising Activities of the RENAMO or the
MNR.

Protect railway lines, which Zimbabwe used to export her products through Port of Biera and
Maputo.

To prevent RENAMO Activities spilling into the Eastern Zimbabwe.

Zimbabwe Intervention in DRC

In response to an appeal by the DRC government led by Laurent Kabila.

 Together with Angola and Namibia to drive off Rwandan and Ugandan forces which were
attacking the D. R. Congo.

To protect the integrity and sovereignty of the D. R. Congo.

To prevent the division of the DRC into three or more States.

To help restore peace in the DRC since she had not known peace for decades.

To show and express solidarity with the DRC in line with SADC principles and objectives.

5. Identify the three Arms of the State in Zimbabwe and discuss their functions:

Legislature

To legislate / to make laws.

To debate on matters of public interests, national and international issues.

To control government finance.

To monitor administration of line ministries.

To represent the electorate.

Executive

Maintain law and order.

Government and administration.

Protect sovereignty of the State.

Decide on national issues in pursuance with public interest.

Uphold democratic values and leadership.

Judiciary

Put law into practice.

Upholds justice.

Ensures that enacted laws are constitutional.

Guards the fundamental rights and liberties of the people of Zimbabwe.

Ensures peace and social justice in the nation.

10. Discuss The Law Making Process In Zimbabwe

Presentation Of Proposal To Cabinet

 This is the time when proposed law is presented to the cabinet. They will consider its
constitutionality to the nation and present it to the legal advisor of government who is the
Attorney General.

Legal drafting of the Bill by the Attorney General. This is the Stage when the proposal is
drafted in legal terms to a Bill and put in the provision to be addressed.

Consideration by Cabinet Committee chaired by the Minister of Justice Legal and

Parliamentary Affairs. At this Stage, the Draft Bill is considered by the Cabinet to make sure
that it does not violate, adversely affect the Executive Functions and indirectly amend the
Constitution.

Gazetting in the Government Gazette and references to the Parliament Legal Committees.
At this Stage, the Bill is presented for printing and Gazetting for Public Information. It is then
referred to the Parliament Legal Committees, which then thoroughly scrutinise it to ensure
that it is not adverse to Constitutional Provisions.

First Reading

At this Stage the Bill is read in the House with no question being put. It is read for members
information so that they can prepare it in the House of Parliament.

Second Recording

At this Stage the Bill is read and any-adverse reports or questions raised to be considered
and amendments are done forthwith.

Committee Stage

At this Stage, the Bill is considered by various Committees of Parliament to verify any
sections that have an impact on committees put in place such as Public Construction and
National Housing Committee, Public Accounts, Education Committee, etc.

Report

At this Stage, the Bill is reported back in the House for continuous assessment and
subsequent endorsement for it being Constitutional and serving the needs of society.

Third Reading

At this Stage, the Bill is read with questions and agreements being put. It is the last reading
and all members of the House and movers propose its adoption.

The Senate

The Presidential Assent And Enrolment Of The Act

At this Stage, the Bill, upon and agreed to, are adopted and sent to the office of the
President for his signature and upon its Publication in the Government Gazette, it becomes
Law.