BONES AND MUSCLES OF FACE AND SHOULDER

Bones:
A bone is a rigid organ that constitutes part of the vertebral skeleton. Bones
support and protect the various organs of the body, produce red and white
blood cells, store minerals and also enable mobility. Bone tissue is a type of
dense connective tissue. Bones come in a variety of shapes and sizes and have
a complex internal and external structure.

Bones of face:
The facial skeleton serves to protect the brain; house and protect the sense
organs of smell, sight, and taste; and provide a frame on which the soft tissues
of the face can act to facilitate eating, facial expression, breathing, and speech.
The primary bones of the face are the mandible, maxilla, frontal bone, nasal
bones, and zygoma. Facial bone anatomy is complex, yet elegant, in its
suitability to serve a multitude of functions. These facial bones form the face
by completing the orbits.
1. Mandible:
The mandible is a U-shaped bone that forms the lower jaw, and its easily
palpated.
2. Vomer:
The thin vomer joins the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone to form part
of the nasal septum. Its located in the midline of the skull, with the choanae,
or posterior nasal openings, on either side.
3. Maxillae:
Two maxillae form the upper jaw. Alveolar processes form sockets for the
teeth, and the palatine processes form the roof of the mouth. The tops of the
maxillae form the inferior parts of the orbits, and they each have an opening
just below the orbit called the infra-orbital foramen.
4. Zygomatic bones:
The zygomatic bones form the lateral sides of the orbits and the cheekbones.
5. Nasal bones:
The two small nasal bones form the bridge of the nose. They meet the frontal
bone at the nasion and join the maxillary bones laterally.
6. lacrimal bones:
Orbit between the ethmoid and maxilla bones. A small groove called the
lacrimal fossa houses the lacrimal sac. The lacrimal sac is the dilated portion of
the nasolacrimal duct that conveys tears from the eyes to the nasal cavity.
7. Palatine bones:
The palatine bones form the posterior portion of the roof of the mouth, part of
the orbits, and part of the inferior wall of the nasal cavity.
8. Inferior concha bones:
The inferior conchae are two bony plates that extend along the lateral wall of
the nasal cavity. The inferior conchae, along with the middle and superior
conchae of the ethmoid bone form the nasal turbinates
 BONES OF SHOULDERS:
The human shoulder is made up of three bones: the clavicle (collarbone),
the scapula (shoulder blade), and the humerus (upper arm bone) as well as
associated muscles, ligaments and tendons
1. Clavicle:
The clavicle is the only bony attachment between the trunk and the upper
limb. It forms the front portion of the shoulder girdle and is palpable along
its entire length with a gentle S-shaped contour. The clavicle articulates at
one end with the sternum (chest bone) and with the acromion of the
scapula at the other. This articulation between the acromial end of the
clavicle and the acromion of the scapula forms the roof of the shoulder.

2. Scapula:
The scapula is a large, flat triangular bone with three processes called the
acromion, spine and coracoid process. It forms the back portion of the
shoulder girdle.

3. Humerus:
The humerus is the long bone in the upper arm. It is located between the
elbow joint and the shoulder. At the elbow, it connects primarily to the ulna,
as the forearm's radial bone connects to the wrist.
MUSCLES:
The muscular system is responsible for the movement of the human body.
Attached to the bones of the skeletal system are about 700 named muscles
that make up roughly half of a persons body weight.

Muscles of face:
Your face has about 43 muscles in it. All of these muscles are used for
things like:
Chewing
Seeing
Facial expressions
Talking
Of all these muscles, the largest group is associated with the mouth. They
are the ones that allow you to open and close your mouth, move your lips
and the corners of your mouth and all the movements needed to do things
like whistle, smile, and talk and eat. Some of the major muscles used in
chewing are the buccinator and masseter muscles. These muscles help move
food from the front of the mouth back to the throat. The masseter is the
strongest jaw muscle - it helps move the jaw bone up and down as you
chew. Think of it like this: the masseter is massive, and massive things are
strong.
But they don't work alone. The movement of chewing is also aided by
smaller muscles called the temporalis and pterygoid muscles. They help
move your bottom jaw back and forth and from side to side. If you put your
 hand on the side of your cheek, then move your jaw like you are grinding
your teeth, you can feel the temporalis muscles.
Now, if you move your jaw from left to right, you can feel the pterygoid
muscles. They are located behind your teeth and underneath some of the
more superficial muscles of your face. If you're a dinosaur fan, you know
that pterodactyls have large jaws.

Muscles of shoulders:
The shoulder has about eight muscles that attach to the scapula,
humerus, and clavicle. These muscles form the outer shape of the
shoulder and underarm. The muscles in the shoulder aid in a wide range
of movement and help protect and maintain the main shoulder joint,
known as the glenohumeral joint.
The largest of these shoulder muscles is the deltoid. This large triangular
muscle covers the glenohumeral joint and gives the shoulder its rounded-
off shape. One important function of the deltoid is preventing joint
dislocation when a person carries heavy objects.
Other muscles that aid in shoulder movement include:
Infraspinatus:
This rotator cuff muscle helps with the raising and lowering of the upper
arm.
Triceps brachii:
This large muscle in the back of the upper arm helps straighten the arm.
Pectoralis major:
This large fan-shaped muscle stretches from the armpit up to the
collarbone and down across the lower chest region.
Pectoralis minor:
The smaller of the pectoralis muscles, this muscle fans out from the
upper ribs up to the shoulder area.
Teres major:
This muscle helps rotate the upper arm.
Biceps brachii:
Commonly known as the bicep muscle, this muscle rests on top of the
humerus bone. It rotates the forearm and also flexes the elbow.
Latissimus dorsi:
This flat rectangular muscle of the back helps the arms rotate as well as
move away and closer to the body.
Subscapularis:
This is a large triangular muscle near the humerus and collarbone. It helps
rotate the humerus.
Supraspinatus:
This small muscle is located at the top of the shoulder and helps raise the
arm away from the body.