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Linerboard
(flat facing)
Medium
(fluted wavy)
. Corrugated Board
a. Single Face
one medium
one liner board
(for protective wrapping)
b. Single Wall
(Double Face)
one medium
two liner boards
. Corrugated Board
c. Double Wall
two mediums
three liner boards
d. Triple Wall
three mediums
four liner boards
Direction: Machine Direction
Cross Direction ----flute direction
. Corrugated Board
3. Flutes
Profile: arches with proper curve---- the strongest way to span space
Flutes as arches--- resist bending and pressure, support weight, as cushion.
Proper curve: between U and V (Also has its advantages)
Flutes also as a insulator to protect sudden temperature changes
Vertical linerboard provides strength; protects from damage.
Several standard shapes
(A,B,C,E,F) ,
Contrast:
A-flute ---- the largest profile
B-flute ----smaller than A
C-flute ----between A and B
E-flute ---- smaller than B
F-flute ---- micro-flute
New flute---Macro-flute
. Corrugated Board
Thickness
Flute Flutes/ m Flutes/ ft Factor *Not including facings;
*
A 100~120 30~36 4.67 mm 1.54
1foot = 0.3047999m
Take-up factor is the
B 145~165 44~50 2.46 mm 1.32 length of medium per
C 120~140 36~42 3.63 mm 1.42 length of finished
corrugated board
E 280~310 86~94 1.19 mm 1.27
Described: the component of grammage or basis weight, from outside to inside
eg. corrugated board 205/127C/161----Outside liner = 205grams;
Medium = 127 grams, formed to C-flute;
Inside liner = 161grams
. Corrugated Board
The most commonly used linerboard grades, based on Mullen burst test grading.
5. Corrugating Adhesive
The corrugating machine forms the medium into a fluted pattern and bonds it
to the linerboard facings , usually with a starch-based adhesive
1) A starch-based adhesive applied at about 10 to 14 grams per square
meter.
2) Requirements : not tolerant high moisture and loses strength quickly.
3) When higher resistance is needed, starches can be modified or
supplemented by the addition of various polymeric materials.
4) Weather-resistant adhesive would maintain box properties at a
somewhat higher level for a longer period.
5) Water-resistant adhesive would be required for those applications where
the finished container will be in actual contact with water for periods of
time, and the coating or waxed should be treated
. Corrugated Board
6. Board Manufacture
Corrugating machine is made up of a set of stations that take the appropriate
linerboards and mediums, shape the flutes, join fluted medium to linerboards.
Precondition
medium with heat
and steam
Pretreated
linerboards to the
same temperature
and moisture
Brass fingers
Manufacture:
Adhesive --- On the other side of the medium to glue outer linerboard.
Final heating and cooling section --- Between two long , flat belts.
Trimming edges--- Slit board to required width and length and stack
Balanced construction--- Outer and inner have identical grammage.
Upgrading only one liner may gain performance.
Unbalanced constructions --- more problems with board wrappage.
Heavier liner is placed on the outside for better printing and on the
inside for better compression strength.
. Properties and Tests
A-flute originally specified, not commonly use. almost 5 mm (1/4 in.) Occupies
more space, has significantly greater deflection before bearing a load when
compressed. The thicker section give it the highest top-to-bottom compression
strength. A-flute has the lowest flat crush resistance
B-flute is used where box stacking strength is not required. B-flute's has high flat
crush strength when supporting heavy goods.
C-flute --- 10% better stacking strength than the same weights of B-flute
E- and F-flutes are not used in shipping containers but rather are
replacements for thicker grades of solid paperboard. Can be considered if a
folding carton design calls for boards thicker than 750(30 point). Also be used
to replace paperboard for heavier or special protective primary packs as
primary container while in distribution. Such as small tools, hardware, small
appliances, and housewares
. Corrugated Boxes
2. Box Style
Many standard box styles can be identified in three ways: by a descriptive
name, by an acronym based on that name, or by an international code
number. For example, a Regular Slotted Container could also be referred to
as an RSC or as #0201.
There are many standard corrugated box styles: Slotted Boxes, Telescope Boxes,
Folders, Rigid Boxes (Bliss Boxes), Self-Erecting Boxes and Interior Forms
3. Manufacturer's joint
A flat piece of corrugated fiberboard, which has been cut, slotted and
scored, is called box blank. For some box styles, in order to make a box,
the two ends of the box blank must be fastened together with tape,
staples or glue. The place where these two ends meet is known as the
manufacturer's joint.
Liquid adhesives are most often used to join the two surfaces. Often
there is a glue tab, extending along one end of the box blank. The tab
can be joined to either the inside or the outside of the box. If there is no
tab, the box must be joined using tape. Not all boxes have manufacturers
joints; for example, the bliss box does not.
. Corrugated Boxes
1. Application
a. The Uniform Freight Classification (UFC) and National Motor Freight
Classification (NMFC) were established to categorize articles for
shipment via common carrier with respect to value, density, fragility,
and potential for damage to other freight.
b. The classifications specify the conditions under which specific articles
can be shipped and at what rates. When shipping by rail, refer to UFC.
When shipping by truck, refer to NMFC. UFC rule 41 and NMFC item
222 are the most frequently used in describing corrugated packaging.
c. There are four basic steps for determining authorized packaging:
1. Fully identify the product.
2. Select the proper governing classification.
3. Use the "Index to Articles" to find the applicable item number.
4. Consult the proper article to find the required packaging.
. Carrier Rules
Figure 4.11 Box manufacturer's certificates using burst test and ECT values
. Carrier Rules
1. McKee formula
a. Stacking strength is defined as the maximum compressive load (pounds
or kilograms) that a container can bear over a given length of time,
under given environmental/ distribution conditions without failing.
b. The ability to carry a top load is affected by the structure of the
container and the environment it encounters, and the ability of the inner
(primary) packages and the dividers, corner posts, etc. to sustain the
load.
c. The simplest and most common corrugated transport packages are
regular slotted containers (RSCs, Box Style 0201) in which the
corrugation direction is typically vertical-parallel to top- bottom
stacking forces.
d. Compression strength of regular slotted containers is a function of:
Perimeter of the box (two times length plus two times width)
Edge crush test of the combined board
Bending resistance of the combined board
Aspect ratio (L:W) and other factors
. Stacking and Compression
Where:
BCT = RSC top-to-bottom box compression strength, kN/m2(lbf/in.2 or Psi)
ECT = edge crush test, kN/m (lbf/in.)
Dx,Dy = flexural stiffnesses of combined board in the machine direction and
cross direction, kN/m(lbf/in.)
BP = inside box perimeter, m (in.)
. Stacking and Compression
The McKee formula can only be applied to RSCs, and only those with a
perimeter-to-depth ratio no greater than 7:1.
McKee also created a simpler formula based on caliper of the
combined board instead of bending stiffness:
BCT=5.87ECT (TBP)1/2 (4.2)
Where: T = caliper of combined board, m (in.)
Solving for ECT, the simplified McKee formula is:
ECT = BCT /[5.87 (T BP)1/2] (4.3
. Stacking and Compression
3. Compression Requirement
If the compression strength and distribution environment is known, the
effective stacking strength of any given RSC can be reasonably estimated.
If the distribution environment, container dimensions and flute profile are
known, a compression requirement can be estimated. This can be of great
value, because once a compression requirement is determined, the ECT
requirement can be determined (and, therefore, board combination options as
well).
[Example] A box of 0.5 m 0.25 m 0.30 m outside dimensionswill
have 12 kg, stacked 3 m high in the warehouse. Boxes will be arranged in an
interlock pattern and will be required to hold the load for 180 days at 80%
R.H.. The pallets are in good condition; there will be no overhang. What
should the required compression strength of the box be ?
. Stacking and Compression
1). Determine maximum number of boxes above bottom box: 3 /0.30 -1= 8
2). Determine load on bottom box: 812 kg = 96 kg
3). Determine Environmental Factor by multiplying together all factors
that apply:
180 days, 0.50
80% R.H. 0.68
Interlocked stack 0.50
Multiplier product(Environmental Stacking Factors) 0.17
4). Determine required box compression strength:
BCT = anticipated load/stacking factor=96 kg/0.17=564 kg
Now that the actual compression strength is know, this value can be
plugged into the McKee formula (4.3), and the required edge crush test
(ECT) value of the corrugated board can be calculated.
. Stacking and Compression
4. Compression Solutions
Following are a variety of approaches to increase compression and
stacking strength. The most efficient and cost-effective approach will
depend on the product, package size and distribution environment.
Stronger liners and medium(s)
Load sharing
Increase the number of corners
Change corrugation direction
Dimensions: Depth, Length to width, Perimeter, Panel size
Multiwall corrugated fiberboard
Partitions, inserts and interior packaging
Lamination
Treatments, impregnations and coatings