ESHS - 2017 Abstracts Book

National Conference on
Environmental Sanitation for

Health Security
27th January 2017
ABSTRACTS
Sponsored by
Department of Science, Technology and Environment (DSTE)

Government of Puducherry
&
Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC)
Cauvery Asset, Karaikal
Organized by
Department of Home Science
Avvaiyar Government College for Women
Karaikal 609 602 U.T. of Puducherry
Environmental Sanitation for
Health Security
27th January 2017
ABSTRACTS
Sponsored by
Department of Science, Technology and Environment (DSTE)

Government of Puducherry
&
Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC)
Cauvery Asset, Karaikal
Organized by
Department of Home Science
Avvaiyar Government College for Women
Karaikal 609 602
U.T. of Puducherry
Environmental Sanitation for Health Security
27th January 2017
Convener
Dr. V. Raji Sugumar

Principal I/c, AGCW, Karaikal.
Organizing Secretary
Dr. Kayalvizhi Balamurugan

Assistant professor of Home Science, AGCW, Karaikal.
Advisory Committee
Mr. M. Dwarakanath
Director, DSTE, Puducherry
Dr. Sasi Kanta Dash

Principal, BGCW, Puducherry
Dr. M. P. Ramanujam
Member, State Council for Higher Education
Govt. of Puducherry
Dr. Kathirvelu Sambandan

Member, State Expert Appraisal Committee
Assistant Professor of Botany, AGCW, Karaikal
Dr. Natesan Payer Nadimuthu

Coordinator - IQAC
Assistant Professor of Botany, AGCW, Karaikal
Organizing Committee
Mrs. D. Dhanalakshmi
Associate Professor of Home Science, AGCW, Karaikal
Dr. D. Brighty
Assistant Professor of Home Science, AGCW, Karaikal
College Preamble
In the year 1972, an exclusive higher education Institution for women was established in the
name of Sangam Poetess Avvaiyar by the Government of Puducherry at Karaikal as
Avvaiyar Government College for Women. The College was started with Pre-University
Courses in Arts and Science and later it has evolved as post graduate College. Now it has 10
UG and 3 PG Programmes under the affiliation of Pondicherry University and with the total
strength of more than 1250 students, mostly belonging to rural and socially deprived
population. The college is also granted under 2(f) and 12(B) status by the University Grants
Commission. It is one of the oldest colleges in Karaikal and accredited at B grade by the
NAAC.
The Department
The Department of Home Science was established in the year 1995. The Department offers
B.Sc degree in Home science. The department has well qualified faculty members and
infrastructure facilities. The faculty members are undertaking Government funded projects.
About the Conference

The Swatch Bharath mission introduced by Honourable Prime Minister of India is the
testimony to the importance given to the environmental sanitation and health security.
Sanitation is the hygienic means of promoting health through prevention of human contact
with the hazardous wastes as well as the treatment and proper disposal of sewage or waste
water. Hazards can emerge from physical, biological or chemical agents. Wastes that can
cause health problems include human and animal excreta, solid wastes, sewage, industrial
effluents and agricultural residues. Environmental sanitation is a major public health issue in
India. Environmental sanitation envisages promotion of health of the community by
providing clean environment and breaking the cycle of disease. It depends on various factors
that include hygiene status of the people, types of resources available, employment of
innovative and appropriate technologies according to the requirement of the community,
socio-economic development of the country, cultural factors related to environmental
sanitation, political commitment, social factors including behavioral pattern of the
community, legislative measures adopted, and others. In India, awareness on sanitation issues
are less and this requires lot of sensitization programmes. This conference is an attempt to
address these issues and to draw up an action plan to have safe environment and optimum
health for sustainable development.
Programme
27-01-2017
09.00 to 10 AM : Registration
10.00 to 11.25 AM : Inaugural session at Conference Hall, AGCW
10.00 AM Invocation : Students of Home Science, AGCW
10.10 10.20 AM Welcome Address : Dr. Kayalvizhi Balamurugan

Organizing Secretary ESHS 2017
Asst Professor of Home Science, AGCW, Karaikal
10.20 10.30 AM Presidential Address : Dr. V. Raji Sugumar
Principal I/c, AGCW, Karaikal.
10.30 10.40 AM Inaugural Address : Shri P.Parthiban, I.A.S.,
District Collector, Karaikal
10.40 10.50 AM Special Address : Mr. M. Dwarakanath
Director, DSTE, Puducherry
10.50 11.00 AM Special Address Mr. Kulbir Singh
Executive Director - Asset Manager
ONGC, Karaikal
11.00 11.15 AM Keynote Address : Dr. M. P. Ramanujam
Member, State Council for Higher
Education, Govt of Puducherry
11.15 11.25 AM Vote of Thanks : Dr. D. Brighty
Assistant Professor of Home Science
AGCW, Karaikal
11.25 11.40 AM Tea Break
11.45 12.15 PM Invited Lecture -1

Green Initiatives against Climate Change At Home and Away
Dr.M. P. Ramanujam
Member, Commission on Education and Communication, UNDP,
Puducherry - 605 008
Sanitation & Health
Dr. Sonali Sarkar
Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate
Medical Education & Research (JIPMER), Puducherry-605 006
Microbes - Their Diversity & Relevance in Environment Health
Dr. Kumerasan Vadivelu
Department of Plant Science, Bharathidasan Government
College for Women (Autonomous), Puducherry 605003
1.15 2.00 PM Lunch Break

Hospital Waste Management
Dr.Manju Bala Dash
College of Nursing, Mother Theresa Postgraduate and Research
Institute of Health Sciences, Indira Nagar, Puducherry - 605006
Health and Environment An outlook
Dr. R. Jagan Mohan
Department of Food Product Development, Indian Institute of
Crop Processing Technology, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India.
Solid Waste Management in terms of Environmental
Sanitation and Health
Dr. Kathirvelu Sambandan
Dept of Plant Science, Avvaiyar Govt College for Women,
Karaikal - 609 602, U.T of Puducherry.
3.30 4.00 PM Poster Session
4.00 4.45 PM Valedictory Function

4.00 4.10 PM Welcome Address Dr.D.Brighty
Asst professor of Home Science,
AGCW, Karaikal
4.10 4.20 PM Presidential Address Dr.A.Kalyana Sundaram
HOD of Physics, AGCW, Karaikal
4.20 4.45 PM Valedictory Address Dr. C. Rettinassababady
Professor of Pathology, PAJANCOA
& RI, Karaikal
4.45 4.55 PM Vote of Thanks Dr. Kayalvizhi Balamurugan
Organizing Secretary ESHS 2017
CONTENTS
Invited Presentations
1. Keynote address 01
M. P. Ramanujam
2. Sanitation and Health 02
Sonali Sarkar
3. Hospital Waste Management 07
Manju Bala Dash
4. Health and Environment An outlook 08
R. Jagan Mohan and P. Vasantha Kumari
5. Microbes: their diversity and relevance in environmental health 09
Kumaresan Vadivelu
6. Solid Waste Management in terms of Environmental Sanitation and Health 10
Kathirvelu Sambandan
I. Agriculture and Environment
7. Comparative Study on Rapid Composting Methods of Machine Harvested Rice 11

Straw
L. Aruna, G. R. Karuna Prabu, R. Keerthana, P. Sethupathi, M. Rajakumaran
and R. Mohan
8. Isolation and Characterization of Multifunctional Plant Growth-Promoting 13
Rhizobacteria from Thiruvarur District
G. Manimekalai
9. Studies on Improve Survivability and Shelf Life of Carrier Using Liquid 14
Inoculation of Bacillus subtilis
M. Kannahi and G. Manimekalai
10. A Brief Outlook on Agricultural Wastes and Agricultural Pollution 15
S. Gayathri
11. Environment Friendly Agriculture 16
J. Sherly
12. Biochemical and Molecular Characterization of Different Bacillus sp. from the 17
Rhizosphere Soil of Ocimum basilicum
Basobi Mukherjee and N. Uma Maheswari
13. Effective Microorganisms (EM) in Waste Water Treatment and its Effect on the 18
Growth Parameters of Vigna radiata in Klt series of Thiruvarur District, Tamil
Nadu, India
Victoria, J and Uma Maheswari, N
14. Diversity of Bacillus species form Thanjavur and Thiruvarur District in Tamil 19
Nadu
T.Kirupa and N.Umamaheswari
15. Encapsulation of Soil Bacteria for Bacteriocin Production 20
M. Gangadevi and J. Victoria
16. Optimization of Glucoamylase using Aspergillus fumigates under Soild State 21
Fermentation
A.Aruna and R. Mangalanayaki
17. A Comprehensive Study of Antagonistic Effect of Pseudomonas Species 22
against Fungal Diseases of Banana
R.Vinitha and G. Mangalanayaki
18. Organic Fertilizers for Safe Environment 23
S. Chindamany
19. Organic Farming 24
B. Arthi
II. Environmental Pollution
20. Coal Dust Pollution: Can Fungi be Remedy? 25

V. Vembarasi and N. Nadimuthu
21. Potential Removal of Resin and Tannin from Effluent of Paper Industry by 26
Immobilized Microalgae
K. K. Sivadasan, Naseeha and C.P Ravindran
22. Pollution of dyeing industries in Tamil Nadu - An economic analysis 27
T. Sivasakthi Devi and C. Ramasamy
23. Decolorization of Textile Effluent using Petrol Bunk Soil Isolated Microbial 28
Consortia
S. Dharmarajan
24. Pollution Management and Environment Health 29
L. Kavinilavu
25. Biodegradation of Textile Dyes and Effluents 30
A.Lavanya
26. Air Pollution: Causes, Effects and Control of Air Pollution 31
R. Baratha Devi
27. Health and environmental effects of air pollution 32
K. Sundarapandian and S. Azhwar
III. Solid Waste Management
28. Effect of Kitchen Waste Compost Application on the Growth and Yield of 33
Tomatoes
P. Mohamed Nisha and V. Raji Sugumar
29. Solid Waste Management in India - Effects and Methods 34
B.Rajalakshmi
30. Biodegradation of Oil Contaminated Soil by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 35
R. Anbukarasi And M. Kannaki
31. E-Waste Management - an Impending Challenge of the Future with respect to 36
Environmental and Health Safety
S. Subhasree
32. Conversion of Agricultural Wastes into Sugar by Bacillus Subtilis 37
P. Saranya and N. Uma Maheswari
33. Effect of Different Bio-Composting Techniques on Physico-Chemical and 38
Biological changes in Organic Waste
B. Prabha and G. Manimegalai
34. Isolation and Identification of Methyl Parathoin Degrading Bacteria 39
R. Radha and M. Kannahi
35. Studies on Effective Microorganism Combine with Vermicompost and their 40
Effect on paddy (Oryza sativa L.)
K. Ahilandeswari and R. Priya
36. Solid Waste Management 41
M.Buvana
IV. Food & Environment
37. Food Handlers Leads to Cause Food Borne Diseases 42

R. Arulmozhi and M. Kannahi
38. Dietary Assessment of Phillipino Girls 43
C. Anitha and Vasantha Esther Rani
39. Spices and Condiments the functional ingredients 44
D. Dhanalakshmi
40. Grading of Agricultural Food Products using Image Processing Classification 45
Algorithms
N. Minni and N. Rehna
41. Effect of Cauliflower Greens Poriyal Supplementation on Blood Haemoglobin 46
Levels of Anaemic Adolescent Girls
R. Kaviyarasi and J. Abirami
V. Health and Environment
42. Comparative Studies on Impact on Climate Change on Dengue Incidence in 47

South India, Tamil Nadu
P.Senthilkumar, S. Pradeepa and K.K.Kavitha
43. Environmental sustainability in hospitality industry - The Hours Need 48
S.AlameluMangai and Rajiny Chanolian
44. Environmental Sanitation 49
B. Meenatchi
45. A Case for the Sustainable Development in the U.T of Puducherry 50
A. Irudayaraj
VI. Conservation of Natural Resources & Green Environment
46. Impact of Forest on Environment 52

M. Venkatraman and M. S. Marichamy
47. Medicinal Value of Estuarine Mangrove Ecosystem - A Review 53
D. Brighty
48. Eco- Friendly Environment- Thrust of the Hour 54
Rajiny Chanolian and Malarvizhi Ravi
49. Impacts of Urbanization on Environment 55
N. Rajarajeswari
50. Screening of Antagonistic Actinomyces From Marine Sediments Of Muthupet 56
Mangroves
M. Pradheebha and G. Manimegalai
51. Water Resources Management 57
M. Prabavathy
52. Causes and Effects of Global warming 58
S. Rathnavathi
VII. Environmental Education
53. Non - Formal Environmental Education for Health Security 59

Kayalvizhi Balamurugan
54. Environmental Education towards Sustainable Development 61
S. Vijayalakshmi
55. Towards Green Libraries 62
P. K. Bijitha
56. E-Learning on environmental education 63
X. Mercy
Presentation ESHS - 2017

M. P. Ramanujam
Member, Commission on Education and Communication, United Nations Environment

Programme (UNEP), Puducherry - 605 008.
One of the major outcomes of the Earth Summit in 1992 was the development of the
groundwork for the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC). In the 20th
session of the Conference of the Parties (10th session of the Conference of the Parties to the
Kyoto Protocol) held in Lima, Peru, the negotiations between 190 countries reached a new
level of realism and understanding about what needs to be done now, over the next 12 months
and into the years and decades to come if climate change is to be truly and decisively
addressed. National Action Plan on Climate Change Indias first National Action Plan on
Climate Change (NAPCC), was released on June 30, 2008. The plan identifies eight core
national missions running through 2017. The plan identifies measures that promote our
development objectives simultaneously yielding co-benefits for addressing climate change
effectively. Ministries with lead responsibility for each of the missions are directed to
develop objectives, implementation strategies, timelines, and monitoring and evaluation
criteria, to be submitted to the Prime Ministers Council on Climate Change. Women are the
home-rulers. Impacts of climate change, such as diseases, drought, floods, extreme weather
events and reduced yield and water scarcity, affect women more than men. Particularly, the
poorest are the most vulnerable. Nearly 70 per cent of the worlds poor are women. Even
though women are therefore disproportionately affected, they are the ones who deal with the
attempts of solution. As they often face difficulties like general accessibility of financial
resources, capacity-building activities and technologies, it often stands in the way of
womens empowerment in general and their role in relation to climate change adaptation and
mitigation in particular. Hence women should be adequately represented in the decision-
making on climate change at all levels.
National Conference on Environmental Sanitation for Health Security, 27th Jan 2017 Page 1
Avvaiyar Govt College for Women, Karaikal, U.T. of Puducherry
Sanitation and Health
Sonali Sarkar
Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education &
Research (JIPMER), Puducherry-605 006
Introduction
Clean, accessible water is essential for healthy living. Though there is sufficient fresh water
on the planet earth to achieve safe water supply for all, due to bad economics or poor
infrastructure, every year millions of people, mostly children, die from diseases associated
with inadequate water supply, sanitation and hygiene. It is not only the health that is affected
but indirectly water scarcity, poor water quality and inadequate sanitation negatively impact
food security, livelihood choices and educational opportunities for poor families across the
world (1). Of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals set by United Nations (UN), numbers
one to six, eight, ten, eleven and seventeen directly or indirectly relate to sanitation.
Water and sanitation scenario in India
As per the UN figures, 1.8 billion people use water sources, which are faecally contaminated.
Around 2.4 billion people lack basic sanitation facilities like latrines or toilets (1). In the
Indian context, though there have been improvements, the scenario remains equally bad. In
NSS 69th round (July- Dec 2012), at all India level, 87.8% households had improved source
of drinking water while 86.9% households in rural and 90.1% households in urban area had
access to improved source of drinking water. The improved source of drinking water included
bottled water, piped water into dwelling, piped water to yard/plot, public tap /
standpipe, tube well/borehole, protected well, protected spring, and rainwater
collection. During 2012, at all India level, 87.8% households had improved source of
drinking water while 86.9% households in rural and 90.1% households in urban area had
access to improved source of drinking water. As per the cencus 2011, in rural India, Hand
Pump/ Tube well (51.9%) was the main source of drinking water followed by Tap (30.8%).
In urban India, Tap water (70.6%) was the major sourcefollowed by Hand Pump/ Tube well
(20.8%). Regarding drinking water facility within premises of the households, at all India
level, 46.6% households had, showing an improvement over 39% in 2001. NSS 2012,
revealed that, in rural areas 46.1% households and in urban areas 76.8% households had
drinking water facility within premises of the households (2).
Sanitation facilities are equally inadequate in India. In World Health Organization and United
Nations Childrens Funds Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000 Report,
sanitation was defined to include connection to a sewer or septic tank system, pour-flush
latrine, simple pit or ventilated improved pit latrine, with allowance for acceptable local
technologies. As per this definition, NSS 2012 report showed that 59.4% and 8.8%
households in rural India and urban India respectively had no access to sanitation. According
to census 2011, the percentage of households with no latrine reduced to 53.1% from 63.6% in
2001. Census 2011 also revealed that, in rural areas 69.3% households had no latrine facility,
whereas in urban areas the corresponding figure was 8.6% (2).
In addition, UNICEF has brought to focus certain facts related to water and sanitation in
India, which are pertinent to the health and welfare of the people, like (3)
1. Women, who have to collect the drinking water, are vulnerable to a number of unsafe
practices.
2. Only 13 per cent of adult males collect water.
3. Sixty seven per cent of Indian households do not treat their drinking water, even
though it could be chemically or bacterially contaminated.
4. Only 53 per cent of the population wash hands with soap after defecation, 38 per cent
wash hands with soap before eating and only 30 per cent wash hands with soap before
preparing food.
5. Only 11 per cent of the Indian rural families dispose child stools safely. 80 per cent
childrens stools are left in the open or thrown into the garbage.
6. Only 6 per cent of rural children less than five years of age use toilets.
Impact of poor water and sanitation in India
Why we so bothered about water sanitation and hygiene are is because these three are linked
to each other and more importantly, young children bear a huge part of the burden of diseases
resulting from the lack of hygiene. Still water and sanitation- related diseases remain among
the major causes of death in children under five; globally more than 800 children die every
day from diarrhoeal diseases linked to poor hygiene (1). Morbidity and mortality due to
waterborne diseases in India have not declined commensurate with increase in availability of
potable water supply (4). United Nations in India reports that every year nearly 200,000 (2
lakh) children die due to severe dehydration (5). In addition to causing death directly,
children weakened by frequent diarrhoea episodes become more vulnerable to malnutrition
and opportunistic infections such as pneumonia. About 48 per cent of children in India are
suffering from some degree of malnutrition. Diarrhoea and worm infestation are two major
health conditions that affect school age children impacting their learning abilities (3).
Economic impact of poor sanitation
It was estimated that inadequate sanitation cost India almost $54 billion or 6.4% of the
country's GDP in 2006. Over 70% of this economic impact or about $38.5 billion was health-
related, with diarrhea followed by acute lower respiratory infections accounting for 12% of
the health-related impacts (6). Evidence suggests that all water and sanitation improvements
are cost-beneficial in all developing world sub-regions (7).
It is proven that the Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) interventions significantly
reduce diarrhoeal morbidity. Statistically it has been shown that (3):
1. Handwashing with soap reduces it by 44 per cent

2. Household water treatment by 39 per cent
3. Sanitation by 36 per cent
4. Water supply by 23 per cent
7. Source water treatment by 11 per cent.
Challenges
Even though there have been many programmes for interventions in these areas, not much
has been achieved yet because of many socio-cultural factors. In addition is the problem of
rapid unplanned urbanization. It is recognized that sectoral demands for water are growing
rapidly in India owing mainly to urbanization and it is estimated that by 2025, more than 50%
of the country's population will live in cities and towns. Population increase, rising incomes,
and industrial growth are also responsible (8). The disparity in availability of the water and
sanitation resources and therefore the hygienic practices are cause of the unequal distribution
of morbidity and mortality among the population groups in India, most remarkably between
the rich and the poor. This being one of the major social determinants of health, the High
level Expert Group (HLEG) Report on Universal Health Coverage in India recognized the
urgent and concrete actions addressing the social determinants of health are needed to move
towards greater health equity, bridge gaps and reduce differentials in health by class, caste,
gender and region across the country.
The HLEG recommends that UHC can be achieved only when sufficient attention is paid to
at least the following health- related areas: nutrition and food security, water and sanitation,
social inclusion to address concerns of gender, caste, religious and tribal minorities, decent
housing and a clean environment (9). Therefore, World Health Organization in its document
on Social Determinants of Health emphasizes the primary role of the state in providing water
and sanitation, the services, which are essential to health (10). Government of India realizing
the responsibility, has started many programmes in this direction like Total sanitation
campaign, individual household latrines (IHHL), school sanitation and hygiene education
(SSHE), community sanitary complex, Anganwadi toilets supported by Rural Sanitary Marts
(RSMs), and production centers (PCs). The main goal of the government of India (GOI) is to
eradicate the practice of open defecation. Some challenges that have to be addressed for
solving this huge problem of water and sanitation in India are as follows (4):
1. Prevention of contamination of water in distribution systems,

2. Growing water scarcity and the potential for water reuse and conservation,
3. Implementing innovative low-cost sanitation system
4. Providing sustainable water supplies and sanitation for urban and semi-urban areas
5. Reducing disparities within the regions in the country
6. Sustainability of water and sanitation services.
References
1. UN sustainable development goals [Internet]. Clean water and sanitation: why it matters. [cited
2017 Jan 16].Available from http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/ wp-
content/uploads/2016/08/6_Why-it-Matters_Sanitation_2p.pdf
2. Social Statistics Division, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation Government of
India - Millennium development goals India country report 2015 [Internet]. [cited 2017].
Available from www.mospi.nic.in
3. UNICEF India - Water, Environment and Sanitation [Internet]. ]. [cited 2017]. Available from
http://unicef.in/Story/1125/Water--Environment-and-Sanitation
4. Kumar GS, Kar SS, Jain A. Health and environmental sanitation in India: Issues for
prioritizing control strategies. Indian J Occup Environ Med. 2011 Sep-Dec; 15(3): 9396. doi:
10.4103/0019-5278.93196
5. UN in India. SDG 6: Clean Water And Sanitation [Internet]. [cited 2017]. Available from
http://in.one.un.org/page/sdg-6-clean-water-and-sanitation/
6. Inadequate sanitation costs India $54 billion yearly. [cited 2017]. Available from
http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/inadequate-sanitationcosts-india-54-billion-
yearly
7. Hutton G, Haller L, Bartram J. Global cost-benefit analysis of water supply and sanitation
interventions. J Water Health. 2007; 5:481502.
8. Water supply and sanitation in India. [cited 2017]. Available from:
http://www.searo.who.int/LinkFiles/SDE_trends-ind.pdf .
9. High level expert group report on universal health coverage [Internet]. [cited 2017 Jan 16].
Available from http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/genrep/rep_uhc0812.pdf
10. Closing the gap in a generation Health equity through action on the social determinants of
health [Internet]. [cited 2017]. Available from http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/
10665/43943/1/9789241563703_eng.pdf
Hospital Waste Management

Manju Bala Dash
College of Nursing, Mother Theresa Postgraduate and Research Institute of Health Sciences
Indira Nagar, Gorimedu, Puducherry - 605006
Hospital waste is Any waste which is generated in the diagnosis, treatment or immunization
of human beings or animals or in research in a hospital. Hospital Waste Management means
the management of waste produced by hospitals using such techniques that will help to check
the spread of diseases through. Medical care is vital for our life and health, but the waste
generated from medical activities represents a real problem of living nature and human world.
Improper management of waste generated in health care facilities causes a direct health
impact on the community, the health care workers and on the environment Every day,
relatively large amount of potentially infectious and hazardous waste are generated in the
health care hospitals and facilities around the world. Indiscriminate disposal of BMW or
hospital waste and exposure to such waste possess serious threat to environment and to
human health that requires specific treatment and management prior to its final disposal. The
proper management of biomedical waste has become a worldwide humanitarian topic today.
Although hazards of poor management of biomedical waste have aroused the concern world
over, especially in the light of its far-reaching effects on human, health and the environment.
Now it is a well established fact that there are many adverse and harmful effects to the
environment including human beings which are caused by the Hospital waste generated
during the patient care. Hospital waste is a potential health hazard to the health care workers,
public and flora and fauna of the area. The problems of the waste disposal in the hospitals and
other health-care institutions have become issues of increasing concern. The Government of
India (notification, 1998) specifies that Hospital Waste Management is a part of hospital
hygiene and maintenance activities. This involves management of range of activities, which
are mainly engineering functions, such as collection, transportation, operation or treatment of
processing systems, and disposal of wastes.
Health and Environment An outlook

R. Jagan Mohan and P. Vasantha Kumari
Department of Food Product Development, Indian Institute of Crop Processing Technology,
Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu. Email: jagan@iicpt.edu.in
Humans interact with the environment constantly. These interactions affect quality of life,
years of healthy life lived, and health disparities. The World Health Organization (WHO)
defines environment, as it relates to health, as all the physical, chemical, and biological
factors external to a person, and all the related behaviors. An estimated 12.6 million people
died as a result of living or working in an unhealthy environment in 2012 nearly 1 in 4 of
total global deaths, according to the latest estimates from WHO. Environmental risk factors,
such as air, water and soil pollution, chemical exposures, climate change, and ultraviolet
radiation, contribute to more than 100 diseases and injuries. By focusing on reducing
environmental and social risk factors, nearly a quarter of the global burden of disease can be
prevented. Examples include promoting safe household water storage, better hygiene
measures, safer management of toxic substances in the home and workplace. At the same
time, actions by sectors such as energy, transport and agriculture are required urgently, in
cooperation with the health sector, to address root environmental and social causes of ill-
health that lie beyond the direct control of the health sector.
Microbes: Their Diversity and Relevance in Environmental Health

Kumaresan Vadivelu
Department of Plant Science, Bharathidasan Government College for Women (Autonomous),
Puducherry 605003
Microbes that include bacteria, archaea, fungi, algae and protozoa are classified under
different Kingdoms. Some them have their origin around 3,500 million years ago and still
they thrive successfully, although there has been a lot of change in the environmental
conditions. The number of species in each group of microorganisms varies from few
thousands to one lakh. These organisms play major role in the ecosystem functioning. In
human beings perspective there are beneficial as well has harmful microbes. They are known
to cause a number of diseases and also they are helpful to us in a number of ways including in
the agriculture, food and pharmaceutical industries. Their role in health of the environment
and environmental health is discussed.
Solid Waste Management in terms of Environmental Sanitation and Health

Kathirvelu Sambandan
Department of Plant Science, Avvaiyar Government College for Women, Karaikal - 609 602,
U.T of Puducherry. Email : sambandhan@gmail.com
Environmental sanitation aims at improving the quality of life of the individuals and
contributing to social development. This usually includes disposal or hygienic management
of waste, control of disease vectors and provision of washing facilities for personal and
domestic hygiene. A significant number of people worldwide lack access to adequate water,
sanitation, drainage and solid waste disposal services. This not only increases the rate of
diseases and mortality, but also slows down the economic progress of hundreds of millions of
people in developing countries. Over the years there has been a progressive decline in the
level of services in respect of collection and disposal of household, hospital, and industrial
wastes as well as measures for environmental sanitation and public hygiene. Solid waste
management includes all activities that seek to minimize health, environmental, and aesthetic
impacts of solid waste. There are many modern technologies highly useful for sustainable
management of solid wastes in the recent times. Laws and regulations of solid wastes and its
strict implementation at all levels are the basis for Environmental sustainability and public
health. The present work highlights the health impacts of solid waste and modern
technologies of solid waste management in detail.
Keywords: Sanitation, waste management, public hygiene, environmental sustainability
I. AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT
Comparative Study on Rapid Composting Methods of Machine Harvested

Rice Straw
L. Aruna*, G. R. Karuna Prabu, R. Keerthana, P. Sethupathi, M. Rajakumaran and R.
Mohan**
*Department of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru College of
Agriculture and Research Institute, Karaikal 609 603, U.T of Puducherry
**Department of Agronomy, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru College of Agriculture and Research
Institute, Karaikal 609 603, U.T of Puducherry
The rice straw, either usually dumped in the backyard or left in the field uncared or burnt
after the harvest are the usual practice by the farmers in the present day intensive cultivation
strategies. Also, due to the mechanization in the harvest of paddy fields in the present
scenario had reduced the palatability characteristics of the straw and does not suit for feeding
the cattle. In some other places, farmers are burning the harvested paddy straw in the field
itself which greatly increases the Green House Gases (GHS). To overcome these difficulties
and to convert these wastes into useful compost for recycling in a quicker period, various
rapid composting methods have been evolved to help the farming community recycle the
biomass produced as a nutritive investment on the soil with lesser dependence on inorganic
fertilizers and greater achievements of sustainability.
The methods considered for rapid composting are IBS method, ICIRISAT method, Modified
IARI method and Integrated Method. In all these methods, mostly the microbial activators
such as Trichoderma harzianum, Pleurotus, EM solution, nitrogenous rich materials like
Poultry droppings, Green leaf manures such as Pungam, kolinji etc. along with rock
phosphate, urea were used. All the above rapid methods of composting were studied in
comparison with the farmers method for machine harvested rice straw. The composts were
made into a heap of 4 feet height using the machine harvested rice straw by adopting the
procedures prescribed in each of the methods. In farmers method, cow dung slurry is used as
an activator in alternate layers for rice straw heaps. The samples were collected intermittently
on 20th, 30th, 35th, 40th, 45th, 50th, 60th and 70th days after heaping for analysis of various
parameters like pH, colour, nitrogen, organic carbon and C:N ratio. Approximately, 60 per
cent of moisture was maintained throughout the composting process and the turning was
given as per the procedure.
The pH value of the rice straw at the initial stage of compost was at 8.0 which reduces to
acidic pH during the peak decomposition period and regains again to the alkaline pH at the
maturity stage invariably in all the methods. This trend of result was observed in 30 DAH in
IBS method, which was earlier than other methods. Under IBS and IARI method of
composting, the N content of compost gradually increased and reached a peak on 45th DAH.
Thereafter, the N content decreases gradually and attained a nearly constant content at 60
DAH. On contrary, under ICRISAT and Integrated method of composting, the N content
initially declines until 40 DAH and thereafter steadily increased to reach a peak at 50 DAH.
In contrast, invariably in all the methods, the Organic Carbon content got gradually reduced
as decomposition proceeds.
The carbon - nitrogen ratio of the compost sample was in the range of 20-30 at the start of the
compost and reached the value of 14-20 in a month after composting. Further, it narrowed to
lower value of 10 - 15 in 60 DAH. Among the different methods under study, the IBS method
had recorded comparatively faster narrowing down of C:N ratio in a month period of time,
while IARI, Integrated and Farmers method had reached narrower C:N ratio nearly after 50
DAH. From the investigation, it could be concluded that the IBS method of composting is
considered as the rapid composting method for rice straw and provides encouragement to the
farming community with the organic compost recycling in between two consecutive season
crops and reduces the input cost towards the inorganic fertilizers.
Isolation and Characterization of Multifunctional Plant Growth-Promoting

Rhizobacteria from Thiruvarur District
G. Manimekalai
PG and Research Department of Microbiology, S.T.E.T Womens College, Sundarakkottai,
Thiruvarur District, Tamil Nadu. Email: manistet@gmail.com
Biofertilizer is a relatively safer, environmentally friendly and cost-effective approach as an

alternative to reduce chemical fertilizer usage. The selections of bacterial strains with
multiple beneficial characteristics are important to maximize the effectiveness on the host
plant. Due to a fore mentioned interest, several Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacterial
(PGPR) and rhizobial strains were isolated from rice and legume roots, respectively, at three
locations in Thiruvarur District, Tamil Nadu namely Sundarakkottai, Paravakkottai and
Rishiyur . Bacterial isolations were undertaken to select the best isolates which exhibit
multiple beneficial effects to the rice plant. Six bacterial strains namely TS1, TS2, TP3,TP4,
TR5, TR6 were obtained from surface sterilized healthy roots of rice and root nodules from
groundnut . The isolates were tested for morphological and biochemical characteristics. The
selected isolates were then tested for IAA production and other biochemical tests such as
potassium solubilization, hydrolyzing enzymes (cellulase and pectinase) HCN and iron
siderophore productions. The results of in vitro assays showed that all isolates can produce
IAA, while three isolates(TS1,TS2and TR5) screened for their abilities to fix N2 and (TP3
and TR5 ) solubilize phosphate and potassium; two isolates were positive for both tests.
This study has successfully demonstrated the effectiveness of locally isolated PGPR and
rhizobial strains with multiple beneficial characteristics. The result proved to be vital
information in the development of a liquid biofertilizer for rice and leguminous plants; thus
further studies will be done to evaluate the effectiveness of these isolates under glasshouse
and field conditions on growth, tillering and yield of rice.
Keywords: PGPR, rhizobia, N2-fixation, IAA, rice
Studies on Improve Survivability and Shelf Life of Carrier Using Liquid

Inoculation of Bacillus subtilis
M. Kannahi and G. Manimekalai

PG and Research Department of Microbiology, STET Womens College, Sundarakkottai-614016
Mannargudi, Thiruvarur District, Tamil Nadu, India
Biofertilizers are also known as microbial inoculants or bioinoculants. It is a product of

selected, beneficial and live microorganisms which helps to improve plant growth and
productivity, mainly through supply of plant nutrients. Liquid biofertilizer is increasingly
available in the market as one of the alternatives to chemical fertilizer and pesticide .Death of
the organisms in the inoculated seed is one of the important factors contributing the failure of
inoculation response in field condition. The present study was conducted to improve the shelf
life and survivability of inoculant in liquid form. Bacillus subtilis was used as an inoculant
which having phosphate solubilizing capacity Three different treatment like vermiculite,
lignite and liquid inoculants were used for survival of Pseudomonas straita. . Four different
broths were used such as GPS (Glucose peptone broth), PVB (Pikovasky broth), NB
(Nutrient broth) and PSB (Peptone sodiumchloride broth) to prepare liquid bioinoculants.
Upon that liquid inoculant shows high phosphate solubilizing efficiency than other two
treatments and also liquid inoculant show more survivability of Bacillus subtilis than other
two treatments. Based on the results, liquid inoculant is considered as best bioinoculants in
growth of paddy than control and other two treatments.
Key words: Biofertilizer, bioinoculants, Bacillus subtilis
A Brief Outlook on Agricultural Wastes and Agricultural Pollution

S. Gayathri
PG & Research Department of Corporate Secretaryship, Bharathidasan Government College

for Women, Puducherry 605 003
Agriculture of modern days spoils the environment and leads to irreparable, pessimistic
consequences to both the biotic and abiotic components. The main agricultural wastes are the
residues of the crops which were subject to chemical fertilizers and pesticides and the manure
of farm animals which were fed with unnatural diet. When they pile up and cause huge
pollution to the surrounding, difficulty begins as it becomes tough task to rectify. As against
the earlier days natural process of agriculture, the modern day agriculture is aimed at faster
and larger production; compromises in quality and also ignores the long term effect to the
environment. Especially the synthetic chemicals form a greater part of todays agriculture
which is shocking, but the fact being digested for many years. It is said that the agricultural
wastes may account for over 30% of worldwide agricultural productivity. The impulse behind
agricultural pollution are cultivation practices, chemical pesticides and fertilizers,
plasticulture, monocropping leading to infection by insects, weeds and other pests,
contamination of water by animal manure and sediments occurring through runoff during
rains etc. The effects are quiet serious as the health of human beings and animals would
definitely be affected as a cyclical reaction. Aquatic animals and birds may face severe
damages in the first place due to agricultural pollution as they are either directly or indirectly
connected with each other.
Keywords: agricultural wastes, agricultural pollution, impulse, fertilizers, pesticides
Environment Friendly Agriculture

J. Sherly
Department of Horticulture, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru College of Agriculture and Research
Institute, Karaikal - 609 603. U.T. of Puducherry
Green revolution technologies have more than doubled the yield potential of agricultural
crops, especially in Asia. These high input production systems requires massive qualities of
fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation and machines, however, disregard the ecological integrity of
land, forests and water resources, endanger the flora and fauna cannot be sustained over
generations. To a great extent, future food security and economic independence of developing
countries would depend on improving the productivity of biophysical resources through the
application of sustainable production methods, by improving tolerance of crops to adverse
environmental conditions and by reducing crop and post-harvest losses caused by pest and
diseases. In this context, those eco-friendly methods are being considered as environmentally
safe, selective, biodegradable, economical and renewable alternative for use in organic
farming system. Organic farming implies, that the use of organic nutrients and adoption of
natural methods of plant protection in place of fertilizers and pesticides. To the maximum
extent feasible organic farming system rely upon crop rotations, crop residues, animal
manures, legumes, green manures, mineral baring rocks and aspects of biological pest control
to maintain soil productivity and tilth to supply plant nutrients and to control insects, weed
and other pests. Hence, realizing the importance of sustainable agriculture of farming systems
that are environmentally sound, profitable production and maintain the social fabric of the
rural community, this paper was undertaken to establish and enhance rural environment and
agricultural practices.
Biochemical and Molecular Characterization of Different Bacillus sp. from

the Rhizosphere Soil of Ocimum basilicum
Basobi Mukherjee and N. Uma Maheswari
PG and Research Department of Microbiology, Sengamala Thayaar Educational Trust
Womens College, Sundarakkottai-614 016, Mannargudi, Thiruvarur District, Tamil Nadu
Ocimum basilicum commonly known as Basil is one of the promising herb with important
multiple medicinal properties. In the present study, Bacillus sp. possessing multiple plant
growth promoting activities was isolated from the rhizospheric soil of Ocimum basilicum
collected from Gandhi Krishi Vigyan Kendra, University of Agricultural Sciences,
Bangalore, on Luria Bertini media. In Biochemical characterization, Plant Growth Promoting
Rhizobacteria (PGPR) Bacillus sp. was screened for their plant growth promoting activities
like phosphate solubilisation, production of indole acetic acid (IAA), ammonia, hydrogen
cyanide (HCN), catalase, cellulase, biofilm, siderophore and organic acid. Further, species
level identification was done by performing specific tests like Tyrosine agar test and growth
on 3%, 5% and 10% Nacl was checked. These isolates also showed heavy metal tolerance.
Different Bacillus species like Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus
megaterium, and Bacillus sonorensis were identified by doing comparative study using
biochemical characterization. From their PGPR activity, it was concluded that Bacillus
cereus showed maximum amount of PGPR traits, Bacillus sonorensis showed optimum and
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens showed minimum amount of PGPR traits, therefore, Bacillus
cereus is the best plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) with maximum PGPR traits.
In Molecular characterization, 8 Bacillus sp. isolates having multiple plants growth
promoting activities was selected and genomic DNA was isolated from bacterial cultures.
DNA samples from this different Bacillus species were subjected to RAPD analysis to
differentiate them at the species level and the RAPD primer OPG-8 (5/-TCACGTCCAC-3/)
was used for amplifications. The expected ladder was not observed in the result, instead
single amplicon of each isolate were observed therefore, this primer cannot be used for
molecular characterization of different Bacillus species. Further analysis using different
RAPD primers should be tested for ladder formation or molecular characterization.
Keywords: Ocimum basilicum, Bacillus sp., multiple PGPR activities, Tyrosine Agar test,
Heavy metal tolerance
Effective Microorganisms (EM) in Waste Water Treatment and its Effect

on the Growth Parameters of Vigna radiata in Klt series of Thiruvarur
District, Tamil Nadu, India
J. Victoria and N. Uma Maheswari

PG and Research Department of Microbiology, STET Womens College, Sundarakkottai-
614016 Mannargudi, Thiruvarur District, Tamil Nadu, India
Email: victoriasuthakar@gmail.com
Effective microorganisms (EM) is a commercial biofertilizer that contains a mixture of co-

existing beneficial microorganisms collected from natural environments. Predominantly it
consists of species of photosynthetic and lactic acid bacteria, yeast, and actinomycetes.The
present study was undertaken to determine the efficiency of Effective Microorganisms (EM).
EM was obtained from the office of Ecopro Auroville, Auroshilpam, Tamilnadu, India. The
waste water was collected from the womens hostel of STET womens College,
Sudarakkottai, Mannargudi. The parameters that indicate the waste water treatment process
such as odour, pH, DO, BOD, COD, TDS, TS, TSS, Nitrate and Phosphate were determined
before and after the treatment of wastewater, to observe the efficiency of selected process. .
Soil samples were collected from Thiruthuraipoondi, Thiruvarur District ,Tamilnadu, India
which consists of Kalathur (Klt) soil series ,one of the soil series of Thiruvarur District. The
experimental set up was designed randomly having EM alone (T1), Treated waste water
alone (T2), EM plus Treated waste water (T3) and control (C).All the parameters showed an
elevated level in the raw sewage but after treatment there is a steady reduction after 5, 10, 15
and 20 days of incubation. No reduction was observed in the level of DO. All the parameters
were reduced to tolerable environmental standard. EM treated waste water was utilized for
the cultivation of Vigna radiata. Among the treatments studied, T3 showed the highest results
when compared to other treatments proving the efficiency of EM in recycling of waste water.
Key words: Vigna radiata, effective microorganisms, secondary crop, sewage
Diversity of Bacillus species form Thanjavur and Thiruvarur District in

Tamil Nadu
T. Kirupa and N. Umamaheswari
PG & Research Department of Microbiology, STET Womens College, Sundarakkottai,

Mannargudi 614001 Tamil Nadu Email : kirupa431@gmail.com
Biodiversity refers to the variability of life on earth which includes all the living species of
animals, plants and microorganisms. In the present study soil samples were collected from
different fields. Totally 30 species were identified, 20 from thanjavur district, 10 from
thiruvarur district. Identified species are Bacillus subtilis, B.utilis, B.megaterium,
B.amyloliquefaciens, B.cereus, B.licheniformis, B.coagulans, B.pumilus, B.sonorensis,
B.fumicatus, B.thuringiensis, B.sphaericus, B.mycoides, B.halodurans, B.odysseyi, B.firmus,
B.pseudofirmus, B.lentimorbus, B.olivareus, B.acidicola, B.aerophilus, B.luteus, B.polymyxa,
B.amylolytics, B.circulans, B.mucoides, B.anthracis, B.atrophaeus, B.acidiceler,
B.acidiproducens and B.aeolius. If has been found that more number of genera and species of
microorganisms exist in soil than in any other environment contributing to the nutrient cycle
and maintenance of ecosystem microorganisms play an important role in soil formation, soil
fertility, soil structure and soil improvement.
Keywords: biodiversity, bacillus sp, environment, soil fertility.
Encapsulation of Soil Bacteria for Bacteriocin Production
M. Gangadevi and J. Victoria

Womens College, Sundarakkottai, Mannargudi-614001,Thiruvarur District, Tamil Nadu.
Email: kanidevi10111995@gmail.com
In the present study, soil samples were collected from Peraiyur, Mannargudi, Thiruvarur
District. Isolation of bacteria was done by using serial dilution agar plating technique. The
bacteria were isolated and identified by Grams staining and biochemical tests. The
organisms were confirmed as E.coli and P.aeruginosa by Bergeys Manual of Systematic
Bacteriology. Then the organisms were subjected to immobilization using Na-alginate for
observing the production of bacteriocin. As a result of the immobilization, the bacteriocin
concentration was increased, for both E.coli and P.aeruginosa. The bacteriocin activity and
viability of cells were saved to the end of the fermentation. This allowed the same capsules to
be used in the following three cycle of batch fermentations. Better results were obtained by
using encapsulated organisms and they can be used for long term production of bacteriocin.
This is a cost effective and efficient method for bacteriocin production.
Keywords: serial dilution, Gram staining, bacteriocin, fermentation.
Optimization of Glucoamylase using Aspergillus fumigates under Soild

State Fermentation
A. Aruna and R. Mangalanayaki
PG and Research Department of Microbiology, Sengamala Thayaar Educatonal Trust

Womens College, Sundarakkottai, Mannargudi - 614 001, Thiruvaur district, Tamil Nadu.
Email: arunaraas1695@gmail.com
The present study deals with production and optimization Glucoamylase by Aspergillus
fumigatus under Solid- State Fermentation. Glucoamylase important enzymes which
hydrolyse the starch to produce glucose. So, the amount of reducing sugar that is glucose and
glucoamylase activity was determined by Dinitrosalicylic Acid (DNS), method at 28 C. The
optimum growth conditions for the isolated organisms for glucoamylase production were
studied under varying condition of pH such as 3,5,6,7 and temperature (such as 25 35
45 , and 55 . The maximum production of glucoamyalse occurs at the temperature 35
pH5 substrate concentration is 15g using Aspergillus fumigates under Solid-State
fermentation. The results provided valuable information for the production of Glucoamylase
by Aspergillus fumigates using relatively inexpensive substrate Wheat bran.
Keywords: Aspergillus fumigatus, Dinitrosalicylic Acid, wheat bran
A Comprehensive Study of Antagonistic Effect of Pseudomonas Species

against Fungal Diseases of Banana
R.Vinitha and G. Mangalanayaki
PG & Research Department of Microbiology, Sengamala Thayar Educational Trust Womens
College, Sundarakottai, Mannargudi - 614001, Tamil Nadu.
Email: vinitharavi489@gmail.com
Pseudomonas species was well known for biological control activity against certain
rhizospheric phytopathogenic fungi such as Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus niger,
Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium chrysogenum and Rhizopus species. The pathogenic fungi
were isolated from rhizosphere soil of wilt disease infected banana field. It was identified by
wet mount technique. The antagonist bacteria Pseudomonas species was isolated and
identified by grams staining and biochemical tests. Then the presence of siderophore in the
Pseudomonas was identified by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) technique. In the
antagonist activity the supernatant of Pseudomonas species effectively to kill the all fungal
pathogenic organisms. Although several biocontrol agents including botanicals have been
tried against Fusarium wilt disease, still this lethal disease could not be controlled
completely, besides most of the biocontrol experiments were conducted both under lab
condition or green house conditions and only in few cases, Field experiments were
conducted. There most of the bioagents tested against Fusarium wilt of banana have not yet
registered and reached the end users.
Organic Fertilizers for Safe Environment
S. Chindamany
Department of History, Avvaiyar Government College for Women, Karaikal 609 602, U.T
of Puducherry
The present paper discusses the use of organic fertilizers for safe environment. The
application of organic fertilizer to soil is considered as a good management practices in any
agricultural production system because it improves plant quality and soil fertility. The
application of compost improves the soil characteristics increasing soil productivity and
organic content. Compost application can compensate use of chemical fertilizers, which have
adverse environmental effects. Organic fertilizers are renewable biodegradable, sustainable
and environmentally friendly. It is usually made from plant or animal wastes or powdered
minerals. Examples include manure and compost as well as bone and cottonseed meal.
Organic fertilizers may be processed in a factory or in the case of manure and compost, at a
farm. According to the U. S. Department of Agriculture, there are over 14,000 Organic farms
and ranches in the USA of that amount 50 percent used organic fertilizers such as organic
mulch and compost to fertilize their crops. Organic fertilizers help plants in several ways
whether it is a full scale farming operation or for garden plants. Organic farming and organic
products are becoming very necessary in todays world to control eco-system health and to
impart related human health benefits, world over there is growing demand for organic
produce. The paper also discusses the process of composting. Organic wastes and bio-
fertilizers are the alternate sources to meet the nutrient requirement of crops and to bridge the
future gaps.
Organic Farming
B. Arthi
Presently at Department of Chemical Engineering, SRM University, Katankulathur, Chennai
Organic farming means all kinds of agricultural products are produced organically. This
includes agricultural produce such as grains, meat, dairy, eggs, fibers such as cotton, flowers
and processed food products. Organic farming management relies on developing biological
diversity in the field to disrupt habitat for pest organisms. Organic farming is a holistic
production management which maintains long-term fertility of the soil in a safe and natural
way. Organic farming maintains earths natural balance and does not harm flora and fauna.
Organic farming systems rely on crop rotation, crop residue, animal manure, legume, green
manure and off farm organic waste. It also uses mechanical cultivation, mineral bearing rocks
and aspects of biological pest control to maintain soil productivity, to supply plant nutrients
and to control insects, weeds and other pests. The soil is a living system that develops the
activities of beneficial organisms. organic agriculture has become an agricultural approach
that not only produces safe food but in sound environment. Thus, organic farming means
farming in the spirit of organic or integral relationship between the soil water atmosphere,
plants, soil microbes, waste products from vegetables and animals of which the apex animal
is the human being. The term organic farming can be used for many systems of agriculture.
Traditional farming is that which is not influenced by green revolution. The farming is done
in the same way as forefathers have done. Kitchen gardening is a type of organic farming as
organic manures from kitchen waste is used. Alley cropping is planting trees and crops in
alternate rows so that they give mutual benefit to each other. Bio-intensive agriculture
employs double digging or deep dug beds for intensive garden cultivations. Permaculture
advocates the planting of perennial three crops and employs the environment in planning
farm activities. Organic farming relies on the soils natural fertility enhanced by materials
like compost and vermiculture. Let us go for organic farming and have safe environment and
sound health.
II. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
Coal Dust Pollution: Can Fungi be Remedy?

V. Vembarasi and N. Nadimuthu
Post Graduate Department of Plant Science, Avvaiyar Government College for Women
Karaikal 609 602, U.T of Puducherry
Coal dust, in mines and ports, is known to cause respiratory disorders and various ailments to
the human beings and animals. Besides these, it destructs the habitats to become unsuitable
for any organisms, spoils the beauty of the environment, and reduces the photosynthetic
efficiency of the plants and also poison the adjourning water bodies. A port has been
established at Karaikal and it handles the coal/ lignite at a large. Impacts on environment by
coal handling at this port is poorly understood. The present study on fungiin the soil samples
that were collected adjacent to the port spelled the fact that the fungal density (1.5X10CFU/g)
and diversity (2 species)are less in coal dust accumulated soil samples than the others. It is an
indication that the soil is becoming sterile due to the accumulation of coal dust. But, it is
heartening that the native fungal species viz., Aspergillus niger, A. terreus and Penicillum
chrysogenum have solubilized the coal dust by decreasing the pH, in vitro, when mixed up
with other carbon sources, and therefore they could serve for combating pollution to some
extent.
Potential Removal of Resin and Tannin from Effluent of Paper Industry by

Immobilized Microalgae
K. K. Sivadasan, Naseeha* and C.P Ravindran*
Post Graduate Department of Plant Science, Avvaiyar Govt. College for Women, Karaikal
609 602, U.T of Puducherry
*Mahatma Gandhi Government Arts College, Mahe - 673 311, U.T of Puducherry.
Job chances and income to various levels of government will increase along with industrial
developments and the same time majority of industries are deteriorating water quality of the
nearby water resources through the effluents. Phycoremediation techniques can reduce the
impact of pollution by detoxifying or transforming or volatizing the pollutants through algal
metabolism. The problem of removal of microalgae from the treatment plant can be achieved
by using immobilized microalgae. Even after various treatments on effluent of paper factory
the colour is found to be an unsolved issue. Maximum decolourisation (57%) observed on
12th day at 10% concentration of effluent for the immobilized microalgal consortium with
minimum of 30% on 3rd day. Immobilised Synechocystis salina and gel beads given
maximum of 42% and 34% and minimum of 18% and 12% respectively. When concentration
increases the percentage decolourisation decreases and 100% effluent given maximum
reduction of 10%, 7% and 3% respectively for immobilized mixed microalgal consortium,
Synechocystis salina and gel beads against minimum of 1%, 0.5% and 0%. Maximum
decolourisation of 68% observed in 10% Ceasalpinea sapan decoction by immobilized
Synechocystis salina on 12th day against 46% and 40% by immobilsed mixed consortium and
gel beads. Decolourisation rate also found to be decreasing along with increasing
concentration of decoction. Immobilised Synechocystis found to be reducing maximum resin
and tannin from natural dyes than that of paper industrial effluent and this may be because of
the high levels of chemicals present in the effluent. The rate of reduction of resin or tannin in
terms of colour found to be inversely proportion to concentration showing that high colour
reduce light intensities and hence microalgal metabolism is reducing. The immobilized
microalgal consortium is found to be more potential to remove resin and tannin from the
polluted water with paper industrial effluent.
Keywords: bioremediation, phycoremediation, effluent, tannin, dyes, immobilized microalgal

consortium, Synechocystis salina
Pollution of Dyeing Industries in Tamil Nadu - An Economic Analysis
T. Sivasakthi Devi and C. Ramasamy*

Department of Agricultural Economics, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru College of Agriculture &
Research Institute, Karaikal 609 603, U.T of Puducherry
*
Former Vice Chancellor, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore - 641 003, Tamil
Nadu
Effluents discharged by several industries, particularly the textile and dyeing industry, have
led to severe pollution of surface and groundwater sources and soils, which have ultimately
affected the livelihood of the poor. Environmental problems in the agricultural sector
caused by dyeing industrial pollution in Karur district have been discussed in this study.
The study had used the pollution averting expenditure Approach to evaluate the value loss
of land value, farm income. The significant variables were used viz., farm income and
distance between farm and polluted river have been found significant in deciding the value
of polluted lands. The pollution averting expenditure incurred by the farmers increases with
increase in the intensity of pollution. It is mainly the farm income that determines the
pollution averting expenditure.
Key words: externality, dyeing industry, pollution averting expenditure.
Decolourization of Textile Effluent using Petrol Bunk Soil Isolated

Microbial Consortia
S. Dharmarajan
Department of Botany, Thiru Vi Ka Government Arts College, Thiruvarur 610 003, Tamil
Nadu, India Email: dharmarajansingaravelu@gmail.com
Currently, water pollution is a major threat to the society due to the toxic chemical dyes used
in the textile industries for colourization. They were directly released to the environment and
pollute the river water and ecosystems. In this work, the microbial consortia were used to
treat the textile dye effluent for decolorization. The petrol bunk soils contain various groups
of bacterial species with heavy metal resistant genes and they are capable to break the toxic
complex dye compounds into simple non toxic, colourless products. The soil was collected
from the Indian oil petrol bunk, Nagapattinam and the isolated microbial species were
screened against textile dye effluent for decolourization. The spectrophotometry was
confirmed our decolourization of textile effluents and various parameters like pH, effluent
concentration and inoculums size has been optimized. The various growth curve parameters
for microbial consortia are also optimized. The microbial consortia were screened against
various biochemical tests and identified as Bacillus sp., Bacillus sp. and Alkaligens sp. The
bacteria consortium gave highest decolourisation of 69.86% for Bacillus sp and 72.75% for
Bacillus sp and 78.86% Alkaligens sp. within 48 hours in shaking cultures. These results
showed that, the microbial consortia had highest tendency towards decolourisation and in
future, this could be applicable to large scale industries for decolourization of textile
effluents.
Pollution Management and Environment Health

L. Kavinilavu
Mother Theresa Post Graduate and Research Institute of Health Sciences, Puducherry
Over the last several years, developing countries and stakeholders have expressed an urgent
need for increased support on pollution management in order to respond to the magnitude of
the threat to human health and economies. Pollution is sometimes invisible or silent, but it is
often incredibly deadly. Responding to pollution is a challenge that is solvable in the near
term to save lives and unlock economic opportunity through action at the local, national,
regional and global levels. The World Bank established a Pollution Management and
Environmental Health (PMEH) program to respond to this demand from clients and
stakeholders. The program was officially launched on Global Citizen 2015 Earth Day (April
18, 2015) in Washington, D.C. The PMEH program, backed by a new multi-donor trust fund,
builds upon the knowledge of World Bank experts as well as internal and external
stakeholders and partners Support client countries to significantly reduce air, land and water
pollution levels through pollution management planning and investment to improve health
Generate new knowledge on pollution and its health impacts in urban, rural and marine areas
Promote awareness on this issue among policymakers, stakeholders and the public. The
PMEH program will initially run from 2015 to 2020 and focus primarily on air quality
management in countries facing rapid urbanization and strong needs for pollution abatement
measures, but also tackle water and land pollution.
Biodegradation of Textile Dyes and Effluents

A. Lavanya
Department of Home Science, Seethalakshmi Ramaswami College, Trichirappalli, Tamil
Nadu. Email: adithyalav@gmail.com
Dyes are natural and xenobiotic compounds that make the world more beautiful through
coloured substances. However, the release of coloured wastewaters represents a serious
environmental problem and a public health concern. Colour removal, especially from textile
wastewaters, has been a big challenge over the last decades, and up to now there is no single
and economically attractive treatment that can effectively decolourise dyes. In the past years,
notable achievements were made in the use of biotechnological applications to textile
wastewaters not only for colour removal but also for the complete mineralization of dyes.
Different microorganisms such as aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes
have been found to catalyse dye decolourisation. Moreover, promising results were obtained
in accelerating dye decolourisation by adding mediating compounds and/or changing process
conditions to high temperatures. This paper provides a critical review on the current
technologies available for decolourisation of textile wastewaters and it suggests effective and
economically attractive alternatives.
Air Pollution: Causes, Effects and Control of Air Pollution
R. Baratha Devi
Department of Computer Science, Avvaiyar Government College for Women, Karaikal 609
602, U.T of Puducherry
Air pollution occurs when the air contains pollutants such as gases, fumes and dust in harmful
amounts. Air pollution can be harmful to the health of humans and animals if left unchecked.
Air pollution may result in negative effects such as global warming, respiratory and heart
complications, acid rain, destruction of the Ozone layer and destruction of natural habitats.
Fossil fuels produce high levels of carbon. Carbon is quite toxic and causes a negative effect
to the environment. Burning agricultural products and spraying chemicals on crops are just a
few of the things that cause air pollution. The toxicity of such chemicals may remain present
in the air for a long period of time causing negative effects to wildlife and other vegetation. In
the process of manufacturing products, factories end up emitting high quantities of toxic
fumes. These fumes may cause acid rain and destroy the Ozone layer. Detergents, air
fresheners and painting supplies have toxic substances which are deposited into the air. As
human beings extract minerals and other substances from the earth, the use of heavy
machinery is common. This activity releases dust and other chemicals into the air causing
massive pollution. Several attempts are being made worldwide on personal, industrial and
governmental levels to curb the intensity at which Air Pollution is rising and regain a balance
as far as the proportions of the foundation gases are concerned. This is a direct attempt at
slacking Global warming. It is a series of innovations and experiments aimed at alternate and
unconventional options to reduce pollutants. Air Pollution is one of the larger mirrors of
mans follies, and a challenge need to overcome to see a tomorrow.
Health and environmental effects of air pollution
K. Sundarapandian and S. Azhwar*

Presently at Department of Commerce, Perunthalaivar Kamarajar College of Education,
*Presently at Department of Physical science, Perunthalaivar Kamarajar College of
Education, Karaikal 609 605, U.T of Puducherry
Air pollution is one such form that refers to the contamination of air, irrespective of indoor
and outside. The sustainment of all living things is due to a combination of gases that
collectively form the atmosphere. The imbalance caused by the increase or decrease of the
percentage of these gases can be harmful for survival. Global warming, a direct result of the
increased imbalance of gases in the atmosphere has come to be known as the biggest threat
the contemporary world has top overcome in a bid for survival. The atmosphere has several
built-in self cleaning processes such as dispersion, gravitational setting, flocculation,
absorption, rain washout and so on, to cleanse the atmosphere. Control of contaminants at
their source is a more desirable and effective method through preventive or control
technologies. It is proved that a man can live for 30 days, without food and a man can live at
least for 3 days without taking water. Since the world is polluted fully in all forms i.e. water,
soil, air, etc., One cannot recover any thing shortly but it can be prevented. The environment
provides everything to us to live happily and peacefully. We must protect our environment
for our future generation.
III. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Effect of Kitchen Waste Compost Application on the Growth and Yield of

Tomatoes
P. Mohamed Nisha and V. Raji Sugumar*
Department of PG Studies and Research in Home Science, JBAS College for Women,
Chennai 600 018
*Department of Home Science, Avvaiyar Government College for Women, Karaikal 609
602, U.T of Puducherry
The disposal of household solid waste and its management is one of the major problems
being faced by people. The task of handling this varied nature of waste is cumbersome
process and this has created an emergency to minimize the waste at the household level itself
using certain sustainable method. Kitchen waste constitutes a huge quantity of household
solid waste and 60% of it is organic in nature. These kitchen wastes on decomposition in
proper manner give good organic manure to plants and also benefits the environment. Hence,
a pot trial experiment was conducted for a period of 90 days to assess the effect of kitchen
waste compost on the growth and yield parameters of tomato plant (Solanum lycopersicum
Lam.). The experiment was carried out with two treatments and three replications. The plant
growth parameters such as germination index (%), shoot length (cm), number of flowers,
leaves, leaf area (cm) and root length (cm) were studied. The yield parameters such as
number of fruits and fruit weights were also studied. Result obtained from parameters studied
indicated that the application of kitchen waste compost had significantly improving effects on
better germination index, growth and development of tomatoes. The present study gives an
idea of recycling kitchen waste into organic manure which is economically and
environmentally suitable and also maintenance of soil environment.
Keywords: solid waste management, kitchen waste, composting, growth, yield, tomato
Solid Waste Management in India - Effects and Methods

B. Rajalakshmi
PG & Research Department of Corporate Secretaryship, Bharthidasan Government College
for women, (Autonomous), Pondicherry
Scientific management of solid waste is a grave challenge faced by most modern societies.
Solid waste management is a polite term for garbage management. As long as humans have
been living in settled communities, solid waste, or garbage, has been an issue, and modern
societies generate far more solid waste than early humans ever did. Fast-paced industrial
growth, recent construction boom, increasing population & rapid urbanization, and vastly
improved lifestyle & unsustainable consumption pattern have all contributed to this
burgeoning waste problem. Waste management or Waste disposal is all the activities and
actions required to manage waste from its inception to its final disposal. This includes
amongst other things, collection, transport, treatment and disposal of waste together with
monitoring and regulation. It also encompasses the legal and regulatory framework that
relates to waste management encompassing guidance on recycling etc.
Biodegradation of Oil Contaminated Soil by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

R. Anbukarasi and M. Kannaki
PG and Research Department of Microbiology, Sengamalathayar Educational Trust Womens
College, Sundarakkottai, Mannargudi - 614001, Thiruvarur District, Tamil Nadu
Email: anbukarasiravi96@gmail.com
Oil contamination is one of the major problems in the current environment pollution. None of
the available conventional disposal methods are environmental friendly. Biological methods
have been well reviewed and acknowledged for degradation of oil contaminated waste. An
indigenous microbial consortium was developed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa , isolated from
various oil contaminated sites, which could biodegrade different fractions of total petroleum
hydrocarbon (TPH) of the oily waste to environment friendly and products. The said
consortium was applied on field scale at different oil refineries in india and successfully
biodegrade of different types of oily waste. The biodegrade soil was non-toxic and natural
vegetation was found to be grown on the same. Biodegradation technology has helped
various oil industries for the management of their hazardous oily wastes in environment
friendly manner.
Keywords: biodegradation, oily waste, microbial consortium
E-Waste Management - an Impending Challenge of the Future with respect

to Environmental and Health Safety
S. Subhasree
Department of Physical Education, Perunthalaivar Kamarajar College of Education, Karaikal
At present, e-waste has become one of the fastest growing waste streams in India. However,
e-waste is a crisis not only of quantity but also of environmental and human health. This
study attempts to analyze and review the e-waste management and their challenges especially
in the Indian scenario. E-waste are nothing but unwanted electrical and electronic equipments
like computers, mobiles, home appliances, televisions, medical equipments etc,. Uncontrolled
burning of electronic waste are causing problems. The toxicity of some of the substances like
mercury, cadmium, lead, cathode ray tubes are posing environmental and health challenge.
The disposal of e-waste in unorganized sector are mostly handled by women and children
without any safety precautions in India which poses a great threat on their health causing lots
of diseases and also on the environment causing pollution. Many countries including India
are setting up legal frame work on e-waste; however how to implement these policies and
measures effectively is still a key point. With rapidly increasing usage of electronic and
electrical equipments day by day, we are facing potential environmental threat. E-waste
management has made great progress, but the illegal transboundary still exist and we are
having serious challenges of e-waste issues. Here an attempt has been made to throw light on
health issues of e-waste and how they could be managed effectively.
Conversion of Agricultural Wastes into Sugar by Bacillus Subtilis

P. Saranya and N. Uma Maheswari
PG and Research Department of Microbiology, Sengamalathayar Educational Trust
Womens College, Sundarakkottai, Mannargudi -614001,thiruvarur Dsitrict, Tamil Nadu.
E.mail: saranyapichu2015@gmail.com
The objective of this study was to determine the influence of natural wastes as substrates such
as sugarcane bagasse and wheat bran to develop the high sugar content by Bacillus Subtilis.
The organism was isolated from soil and identified based on the cultural morphological
characteristics. The isolated colony was confirmed as Bacillus Subtilis. This organisms was
used for the sugar production. The natural wastes such as sugarcane bagasse and wheat bran
were subjected to the cellulolytic action of the intact cells of Bacillus Subtilis grown in 5%
wheat bran medium in presence of glucose as major carbon source. Sugarcane bagasse and
wheat bran have pH 3,4 and temperature 28C, 30C respectively. In the present study, highest
moister content (80.4%) ash content (20.3%), cellulose (40.5%), carbohydrate (60.2%),
protein content (11.6%), total sugar (40.6%) and reducing sugar (40%) was noted in
sugarcane bagasse. Maximum sugar was produced due to the degradation of cellulose present
in natural wastes by cellulose produced organism such as Bacillus Subtilis
Key Words: rice straw, Bacillus subtilis, sugar, cellulose, glucose, protein, ash
Effect of Different Bio-Composting Techniques on Physico-Chemical and

Biological changes in Organic Waste
B. Prabha and G. Manimegalai
P.G and research Department of Microbiology, Sengamala Thayar Educational Trust

Womens College, Sundarakkottai, Mannargudi 614 001, Tamil Nadu, India
Email: Prabhabalraj1996@gmail.com
Cow dung, molasses, rice bran, tea powder, coconut juice, panchagavya, Cow urine, is an
agro industrial by product, which is considered as a waste in the cow factory of India.
Pollution created by the improper management and due to polyphenol leaching and its
resistance for natural degradation has become an important social and environment issue.
Naturally cow dung is rich in potash but low in nitrogen and Phosphorus. It has very high
lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose and C:N ratio which makes composting process difficult and
slow. Hence, an attempt was made for the effective conversion by biological treatments using
different techniques and decomposing agents and enriched by natural additives. The cow
dung composted with mushroom Pleurotus sajo caju (T3) showed the superior results of pH
(6.81) and EC(1.04) where as high values of BD (0.14), porosity (79.86) and WHC (576)
obtained in vermicomposted cow dung (T8) and their values were closely parallel to the
values of above treatment and vice versa. The maximum values of various macro nutrients
like NPK, Ca, Mg and micro nutrients such as Zn, Fe and Cu were found in mushroom (T2,
T3 and T4) and vermicomposted cow dung (T8) and closely followed by other treatment. The
various macro (NPK) and micronutrients (Zn, Cu, Fe) were enriched in cow dung, molasses,
rice bran, tea powder composted by basidiomycete fungus Pleurotus chrysosporium and
Pleurotus sajor caju and in vermicomposting by Eudrilus eugeniae and Eisenia fetida.
Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Pleurotus sajor caju showed highest reduction of lignin,
cellulose, hemicelluloses and C : N ratio. Vermicomposting technique proved to be able
decomposer of molasses when amended with 20% of cow dung, Organic waste composting
by white rot fungus P.chrysosporium and Pleurotus sp. were found to be able decomposer of
lignin and cellulose. Biocomposted product can be used efficiently in organic manure for
agriculture fields like, growing roses, medicinal plants, vegetables, etc.,
Keywords: cow dung, molasses, rice bran, tea powder, coconut juice, panchagavya
Isolation and Identification of Methyl Parathoin Degrading Bacteria

R. Radha and M. Kannahi
PG and Research Department of Microbiology, SengamalaThayaar Educational Trust

Womens College, Sundarakkottai, Mannargudi-614001, Tiruvarur District, Tamil Nadu,
India. Email: radharammsc@gmail.com
Degrading organisms has been isolated from a vegetable soil site. Pesticide consumption
causes, pollution of groundwater, surface water and soil. Its use is increasing at an alarming
rate, for increasing the agricultural yield. Their extensive use exerts profound and deleterious
effects on wildlife populations and humans. Methyl parathion (MP) is one such pesticide
which is widely used throughout the world to protect the crops from chewing and sucking
insects such as aphids, boll weevils and mites, this pesticide is highly toxic and its residues
remain in the environment .The present study was thus aimed to isolate a soil bacteria by
enrichment technique capable of degrading the concerned pesticide thereby reducing its
toxicity by utilizing it as a source of carbon and energy. A total 10 strains were isolated from
the soil, of these, only one strain was found to be potential, which was identified as
Achromobactersp and used for further studies. The degrading bacteria was isolated and
identified from vegetable soil area. Compared with other organisms Enterobacter gave better
degradation of methyl parathion.
Keywords: Methyl parathion, microbial degradation, Enterobacter
Studies on Effective Microorganism Combine with Vermicompost and

their Effect on paddy (Oryza sativa L.)
K. Ahilandeswari and R. Priya
PG and Research Department of Microbiology, Sengamalathayar Educational Trust Womens
College, Sundarakkottai, Mannargudi -614001,Thiruvarur District, Tamil Nadu
Email: anbukarasiravi96@gmail.com
Plant growth promoting ability of pseudomonas and Bacillus in individual form and
combined form with vermicompost were assessed to anayse the effect of combination of
biozertilizer and vermicompost, the selected biofertilizer and vermicompost were applied to
plant in combined form (T1,T2) and individually (T3,T4). The plant growth was monitored
and measured in term of height of shoot and root. Percentage of phytotoxicity and vigor index
were calculated and compared with uninoculated plants. Among the isolates, pseudomonas
combined with vermicompost showed maximum phytotoxicity and vigor index followed by
Bacillus combined with vermicompost biofertilizer and vermicompost alone also provide
better result.
Keywords: biofertilizer, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, vermicompost, phytotoxicity.
Solid Waste Management

M. Buvana
College of Nursing, Mother Theresa Post Graduate and Research Institute of Health Sciences,
Puducherry 605 006
Solid waste also includes hazardous waste generated by various industries. Municipal Solid
Waste (MSW) can further be classified into biodegradable waste (such as food and kitchen
waste); recyclable materials (such as paper, glass, bottles, metals and certain plastics) and
domestic hazardous waste (such as medication, chemicals, light bulbs and batteries). Solid
waste management is one of the major challenges faced by many countries around the globe.
Inadequate collection, recycling or treatment and uncontrolled disposal of waste in dumps
can lead to severe hazards, such as health risks and environmental pollution. In India the
segregation of waste is almost negligible. Municipal Solid Waste is dumped in a mixed form
in an unscientific manner on open waste land or low lying areas even near creeks, forests,
rivers, ponds and other ecological sensitive regions. This practice is commonly known as
Open dumping/haphazard dumping and does not meet the norms of disposal specified in the
MSW Rules. Besides this, it leads to formation of secondary pollutants like Hydrogen sulfide,
methanethiol and other Hydro sulfurous gaseous pollutants reacting with bacteria present in
the waste in the presence of moisture and temperature. Methane, which is one of such toxic
gases produced, leads to fire hazards. In metropolitan cities where the land cost is on high
rise, by filling such mixed garbage in the low lying area near the creek and bringing it to a
ground level helps the builders to construct the buildings for both residential and commercial
houses and ignoring the adverse impact of garbage reaction underneath.
IV. FOOD & ENVIRONMENT
Food Handlers Leads to Cause Food Borne Diseases

R. Arulmozhi and M. Kannahi
Womens College, Sundarakkottai, Mannargudi 614 001, Tamil Nadu.
Email: kannahiamf@gmail.com, amozhi72@gmail.com
Food borne diseases continue to be a major global health problem and are the leading causes
of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Food handlers play a major role in the
transmission of food borne pathogens via hands. Bacteria are single-celled organisms which
multiply by cell division, under appropriate environmental conditions. The conditions that
influence bacterial growth are the food itself, acidity, time, temperature, oxygen, and
moisture. Most bacteria need nutrients to survive. They obtain these nutrients from food.
Bacteria grow best in food that is neutral to slightly acidic (acidity is measured by pH).
Microorganisms have different acidity (pH), temperature, and oxygen requirements for
optimal growth. Bacteria need time to grow and they grow rapidly between 41F and 140F.
Bacterial growth is slowed at temperatures below 41F and limited at temperatures above
140F. Some bacteria require oxygen to grow (aerobic), some grow when there is no oxygen
(anaerobic), and some can grow with or without oxygen (facultative). Bacteria will grow
when food and water is available. If water is bound or tied up with, for example salts or
sugars, it is not available to be used by bacteria. This concept of available water is referred to
as water activity (Aw). Molds are a multi-cellular fungi that reproduce by fruiting bodies that
break and release thousands of microscopic mold spores, each capable of growing under the
right conditions. Molds can send roots into the food to provide nourishment to the spore.
Molds prefer damp, dark environments for optimal growth and they grow readily on almost
any food, as well as walls, ceilings, and other areas of high moisture. Some molds
produce toxins that can cause illness. Viruses are the smallest known organisms. They cannot
multiply in foodthey need a human host. Viruses are transmitted to food from infected
people. Parasites include worms and protozoa. They cannot multiply in food; they multiply in
a host cell.
Key words: morbitity, mortality, health problem, food safety and human host
Dietary Assessment of Phillipino Girls

C. Anitha and Vasantha Esther Rani*
Department of Home Science, Seethalakshmi Ramaswami College, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu
*PG Department of Home Science with Biotechnology, Fatima College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu
The following investigation was undertaken to study the nutrition pattern of selected adolescent
girls in India and Philippines between the age group of 17 to 19. A diet survey provides
information about dietary intake patterns of specific foods consumed and estimated nutrient
intakes. In this recall method of oral questionnaire diet survey was used. The intake of each food
item by the respondent was assessed in both the countries which were very varied and they
pertained to their culture, tradition and practices. The number of countries developing or revising
their own food guide pyramid illustrations has been increasing. To devise food guidance systems
appropriate for each nation, many countries have applied research regarding their national food
supply, food consumption pattern, nutritional status, and nutritional standards for the
development of their individual food guides. This study reveals the fact that there are differences
in the shapes of food guide illustrations and food grouping. However, the core recommendation
for individual to consume large amounts of grains, vegetables, and fruits with moderate intake of
meat, milk and dairy products was consistent in all the international food guide illustrations
included in the study. This is important in considering the prevalence of the high protein diet in
American culture. None of the countries examined to date recommend a high protein diet as a
healthy eating pattern for their population. This information should be considered when
counseling clients that are confused about whether to consume a high protein or high complex
carbohydrate diet. Although experts in the field have suggested that recommendations may vary
because of the differences in dietary pattern and cultures, it is perhaps more beneficial to consider
the similarities in these recommendations. While the individual food recommendations vary
between countries, the recommended food patterns emphasizing high carbohydrates foods are
similar. Dietitians working with diverse cultural groups in this country might find it helpful to use
the US Food Guide Pyramid as a food choice guide, in addition to emphasizing cultural foods
(ADA, 2005). The best nutrition advice to keep adolescent healthy includes encouraging her to:
Eat a variety of foods
Balance the food you eat with physical activity
Choose a diet with plenty of grain products, vegetables and fruits
Choose a diet low in fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol,
Choose a diet moderate in sugars and salt
Choose a diet that provides enough calcium and iron to meet their growing body's requirements.
Spices and Condiments the Functional Ingredients

D. Dhanalakshmi
Department of Home science, Avvaiyar Government College for Women, Karaikal 609
602, U.T of Puducherry. Email: dhuruvandhana@yahoo.in
Spices and condiments are not just valuable in adding flavour to foods but also their presence
of antioxidant activity helps to preserve foods from oxidative deterioration and increasing
their shelf-life. The functional role of spices influence many body functions from stimulation
of chemo senses via their taste, aroma and pungency to their actions on surface membranes,
skin and mucosae to their actions on varied system such as cardiovascular, respiratory,
autonomic metabolic and physiological effects.
Objective: To study the usage of spices and condiments among the selected respondents and
to highlight the functional role of those spices and condiments.
Methodology: A study was carried out among the homemakers (n=200) of rural and urban
region of Puducherry. The information regarding usage and functional role of spices and
condiments were gathered by using self-administered questionnaire from the selected
respondents.
Results: The study found that, turmeric, pepper, cumin, ginger, chilli, garlic, fenugreek and
asafoetida were commonly used spices among the homemakers in Puducherry. More than 70
percent of the respondents were conscious about the functional role of spices.
Finding of the study indicated that, pepper was commonly used spices for upper respiratory
tract infections, turmeric as a blood purifier, chilli stimulates the appetite, fenugreek, onion
and garlic helps to blood lower cholesterol levels. To achieve nutritional and health
improvements in an individual, it would be more appropriate to include functional foods in
our daily diet.
Grading of Agricultural Food Products using Image Processing

Classification Algorithms
N. Minni and N. Rehna*
Department of Computer Science, Avvaiyar Government College for women Karaikal, U.T
of Puducherry. Email: minnimca@yahoo.co.in
*Department of Computer Science, SSS Shasun Jain College for women, T.Nagar, Chennai,
Tamil Nadu. Email: rehnamca@yahoo.com
Image processing nowadays plays a vital role in automation in several domains like medical
science, remote sensing, agriculture, environmental science, special science etc. In this paper,
we present a survey of grading the agricultural products using image processing. A model for
the automatic grading of food products is suggested by analyzing their quality. Digital image
processing along with classification and neural network algorithms has enabled grading of
various things. One of prominent area of its application is classification of agriculture
products and especially grading of seed or cereals and its cultivators. So with the help of
image processing algorithms, we have proposed a model to detect the type of deficiencies in
the food products. The essential features such as shape, size, color, texture and mass are used
to grade the quality of the products.
Keywords: Image Processing, Classification, Grading, Neural Network
Effect of Cauliflower Greens Poriyal Supplementation on Blood

Haemoglobin Levels of Anaemic Adolescent Girls
R. Kaviyarasi and J. Abirami
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, S.T.E.T. Womens College, Mannargudi, Tamil Nadu
Adolescence is the transition period between childhood and adulthood. Adolescence is

characterized by the growth spurt, a period in which growth is very fast. The hemoglobin level of
the adolescence 11-14g/dl. The fresh cauliflower leaves contains 4o mg/100g of iron. Prevention
of anemia in adolescents is important as they are the future mothers. Among the green leafy
vegetables cauliflower greens (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) which has a high amount of iron.
The study was carried out with the following objectives:
To gather general information and socio economic status of the subjects.
To study food habits and dietary pattern of the subjects.
To prepare cauliflower greens poriyal (food waste as a functional food for
Environmental safety).
To supplement cauliflower greens poriyal to the selected samples.
To assess the anthropometric measure of the subjects.
To measure the hemoglobin level before and after supplementation.
Methodology: The present study was carried at Pattukkotai in Thanjavur district to anemic
adolescent girls (16 to 18 years). 100 subjects of anemic adolescent girls were selected for this
study. Anthropometric Assessment Biochemical Assessment clinical Assessment, Dietary pattern
and nutritional assessment were identified to the anemic adolescent girls. Twenty sub-samples
were selected for the supplementation of greens poriyal for a period of 90 days. Questionnaire
method was used to collect data regarding general information, life style pattern of the subjects,
health status of the subjects, assessment of nutritional status of the subjects etc., Hemoglobin
level was estimated before and after supplementation of Cauliflower greens poriyal.
Findings: The mean blood hemoglobin of the sample before supplementation was found to be
8.3mg/dl and mean blood hemoglobin of the sample after supplementation was found to be
12.9mg/dl. The study was concluded that supplementation of cauliflower greens will certainly
help to overcome anemia and thereby improve the Hb level of the adolescent girls. People must
be sensitized the functions of cauliflower leaves to improved the Hb level as well as to save the
environment.
Key Words: cauliflower greens, blood hemoglobin level, nutritional status, Adolescent girls.
V. HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT
Comparative Studies on Impact on Climate Change on Dengue Incidence

in South India, Tamil Nadu
P. Senthilkumar, S. Pradeepa and K.K. Kavitha
Department of Environmental & Herbal science, Tamil University, Thanjavur 623010,
Tamil Nadu
As per Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Changes (IPCC) Third Assessment Report,

about 3.8C rise in temperature and 7% change in precipitation (increase as well as decrease)
are projected by the year 2080 (IPCC 2001). The fourth Assessment Report of IPCC (2007)
also projects rise in temperature up to 4C and sea level rise up to 0.59 m by the year 2100.
Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India has taken initiatives to assess the
vulnerability due to climate change in different sectors, like agriculture, geology, hydrology,
forestry, energy, health, etc and possible adaptation measures. India is afflicted with six
major vector borne diseases (VBDs), namely malaria, dengue, chikungunya, filariasis,
Japanese encephalitis and leishmaniasis of which malaria ranks at number one with about
1.48 million cases and 1173 deaths. As per NVBDCP, in 2007, cases and deaths due to
Japanese encephalitis, dengue and visceral leishmaniasis were 4022/963, 5534/69 and 44001/
189 respectively. Around 60,000 suspected cases of chikungunya were also reported in 2007.
The present project focused to analysis and finding the Impact on Climate Change on Denue
incidence in South India, Tamil Nadu on the basis of previous research report and review
papers and data collected from meteorological stations and previous year climate reports.
Climate Change and Infectious Diseases, proposes a way to identify the indirectinteractions
and mechanisms, recognize the research gaps, and integrate the research tobetter understand
the whole system of climate change and infectious diseases. Climatechange not only brings
ecological changes such as an alteration in the range andabundance of a species, but also
biological and social changes. Predicting climatic factors for possible dengue out break and
take precaution for mosquito control as well as precaution for dengue viruses. Using
Geographic Information Systems to control dengue spread.
Keywords: climate change, vector borne disease, dengue
Environmental Sustainability in Hospitality Industry - The Hours Need

S. AlameluMangai and Rajiny Chanolian
PG & Research Depart of Home Science, Bharathidasan Government College for Women,
Puducherry -03
Hospitality industry is the second largest industry. Hotels, like every industry are dependent
on natural resources; and have a significant negative environmental impact. Hence its vital
that the hospitality industry understands that responsible hospitality is not an oxymoron but a
way of being, to potentially drive change in the current state of environment even as they
generate economic wealth. The focus of this paper is to provide an insight into the process of
implementing sustainability practices in general and specifically about environmental
initiatives in hospitality. The hotel industry has been showing their responsibility towards
sustainability by employing green practices in their daily operations and focusing on using
renewable energy, and recycling waste. With recyclable pens, jute folders and hangers made
of sawdust in the guest rooms, they have to go beyond the conventional sustainable practices
and encourage sustainability by involving in-house guests. The hotels should show their
commitment to sustainability indicators like social, economic, and environmental concerns
and communicating about the same to their customers. With the help of sustainability
measures, hotel practitioners can think beyond providing the attractive physical features and
create an elegant atmosphere. Sustainability can be used as an asset to improve the brand
loyalty of the customers. In a developing nation like India, one of the driving forces for the
hotel companies to start sustainability initiatives was compliance; however, now, the
companies are using these sustainable practices in branding and developing a competitive
advantage.
Environmental Sanitation
B. Meenatchi
Puducherry 605 006
Environmental sanitation encompasses the control of environmental factors that are

connected to disease management. Subsets of this category are solid waste management,
water and waste water management treatment and noise and pollution control. Environmental
sanitation includes treatment and disposal of human, industrial and animal waste, along with
the control of disease vectors and the provision of restroom facilities for personal hygiene.
For environmental sanitation to be effective, these practices must be instituted on a
community and individual basis. When sanitation conditions are poor, water quality
improvements may have minimal impact regardless of amount of water contamination. If
each transmission pathway alone is sufficient to maintain diarrheal disease, single-pathway
interventions will have minimal benefit, and ultimately an intervention will be successful
only if all sufficient pathways are eliminated. However, when one pathway is critical to
maintaining the disease, public health efforts should focus on this critical pathway.
Environmental sanitation is a major public health issue in India. Recent interventional studies
on environmental sanitation in India highlighted the importance of prioritizing control
strategies. Research related to the appropriate cost-effective intervention strategies and their
implementation in Indian context is a big challenge. There is various intervention strategies
related to environmental sanitation in India and emphasizes to prioritize it according to the
need of country. Implementation of low-cost sanitation system with lower subsidies, greater
household involvement, range of technology choices, options for sanitary complexes for
women, rural drainage systems, IEC and awareness building, involvement of NGOs and local
groups, availability of finance, human resource development, and emphasis on school
sanitation are the important areas to be considered.
A Case for the Sustainable Development in the U.T of Puducherry
A. Irudayaraj
Department of Economics, Avvaiyar Govt College for Women, Karaikal 609 602, U.T of
Puducherry.
The exploding population in India in general and in Puducherry in particular poses challenges
for sustainable development. The decadal growth of Population shows that Puducherry U.T
has a high growth rate when compared to Indias growth. Migration is the main reason for a
high decadal growth in spite of comparatively low birth rate. Population growth and
economic development are contributing to environmental calamities in India and in
Puducherry. It results in heavy pressure on land, land degradation, forest, habitat destruction,
loss of bio diversity and ever increasing demand for energy. The final outcomes are air
pollution, global warming, climate change, water scarcity and water pollution. The density of
population is increasing in Puducherry over the years. A tremendous pressure is placed upon
land and natural resources to support over population. Urbanization and industrialization have
given birth to greater environmental problems. Over 30 per cent of urban Indians live in
slums. Out of 3245 towns and cities, only 21 have partial or full sewage. The environmental
consequences of urban growth are considerable. Cities and towns are the prolific users of
natural resources and generators of waste. The urban ways of living contribute to more
pressure on resources. The growth of urban population in Puducherry shows an enormous
increase.
In our country the majority of people are directly dependent on the natural resources for the
basic needs of food, fuel, shelter and fodder. Due to this, the forest in India has been
shrinking. The vast areas that were once green stand today as wastelands and most wild
genetic stocks have been disappearing from nature. Many projects have made damage to the
flora and fauna. Community waste industrial effluents and chemical fertilizer and pesticides
have polluted our surface water and affected the quality of ground water. The growing urban
agglomeration with increasing industries has exerted pressures on environment. In
Puducherry, the land for non agricultural purposes has increased. The rapid urbanization has
converted vast agricultural lands as layouts for proposed houses, jeopardizing the livelihoods
of rural farmers and greenery of Puducherry.
India faces high burden of disease because of lack of environmental sanitation and safe
drinking water, under nutrition, poor living conditions and limited access to preventive and
curative health services. Lack of education, gender inequality and explosive growth of
population contribute to increasing burden of disease. Health care delivery services in the
U.T of Puducherry have been encouraging. However, attention is needed in the improvement
of some health indicators. Puducherry has produced an estimated waste of 450g per day per
person. The lack of improper liquid and solid waste management leads to the poor
sanitation conditions. Lapses in segregation at source, storage, collection, treatment and
disposal can lead to the pollution of soil, water and air causing health problems. A good
system of regulation is fundamental to successful public health outcomes. It reduces the
exposure to disease through enforcement of sanitary codes, water quality monitoring, and
hygiene and food safety. The mass movement involving students, officials, public etc in
Puducherry started recently could ensure the U.T as garbage free and clean. Now the whole
Government machinery is geared up to make Puducherry clean and free from open air
defecation.
VI. CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES &

GREEN ENVIRONMENT
Impact of Forest on Environment

M. Venkatraman and M. S. Marichamy
Department of Horticulture, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru College of Agriculture and Research

Institute (PAJANCOA & RI), Karaikal - 609 603, U.T. of Puducherry
Natural resources play a significant part in our lives. It will be really difficult to imagine the
world without the natural resources. The globe without natural resources will be the as the
globe without nature. The resources not only add to our lives, they serve the realm of
progress. Renewable natural resources can be replenished in a short period of time like air,
water and sunlight forests etc. Non-renewable natural resource, those resources which cannot
be replenished short period of like minerals (coal, petroleum, natural al gas, metals etc.)
because they take millions of years to be formed. As the human population is continuously
growing the consumption of natural resources is also increasing. With the increasing
industrialization and urbanization of the modern human society, the use of all the resources is
rising. If they are not properly used and well managed, a serious scarcity will result.
Therefore conservation of the natural resources is our commitment. Forests are an important
part of the environment, because trees clean the air and keep the atmosphere cool. We cannot
live without plants, because the oxygen need for breathing is produced by plants.
Keywords: natural resources, renewable and non-renewable, forests
Medicinal Value of Estuarine Mangrove Ecosystem - A Review

D. Brighty
Department of Home Science, Avvaiyar Government College for Women, Karaikal
India has a rich heritage of knowledge on plant based drugs both for use in preventive and
curative medicine. A country like India is very much suited for development of drugs from
medicinal plants. A large number of these plants grow wild and exploited especially for use
in indigenous pharmaceutical houses. Some of these plants produce valuable drugs which
have high export potential. The use of plants and plant products as medicines could be traced
as far back as the beginning of human civilization. Mangrove plants have been used in
folklore medicines and extracts from mangrove species have proven inhibitory activity
against human, animal and plant pathogens. The present review deals with the
pharmacological activity of mangrove medicinal plants. Several species of mangrove produce
bioactive compounds that may control microbial growth. Also, preliminary studies have
demonstrated that the mangrove plant extracts have antibacterial activity against pathogenic
bacterial strains. Mangrove extracts can also be the possible sources of mosquito larvicides,
antifungal, antiviral, anti-cancer and anti-diabetic compounds.
Keywords: mangroves, medicinal plants, pathogenic microorganisms, drug Resistance
Eco- Friendly Environment- Thrust of the Hour

Rajiny Chanolian and Malarvizhi Ravi
PG and Research Department of Home Science, Bharathidasan Government College for
Women (Autonomous), Puducherry. Email: rajbal2014@gmail.com
Environmentally friendly or environment-friendly, (also referred to as eco-friendly, nature-

friendly, and green) are sustainability and marketing terms referring to goods and services,
laws, guidelines and policies that claim reduced, minimal, or no harm upon ecosystems or the
environment. The simplest way to define what being eco friendly means is to say that it is the
act of living with intent. The intent is focused on not creating harm to environment, and to
prevent as much harm from occurring to the environment through your interactions with it. It
goes beyond an idea and extends to actual practices that influence how communities,
businesses and individuals conduct themselves. There are three basic stages to becoming eco-
friendly, they are 1. Learning to consume items that cause minimal environmental harm. 2.
Discovering the extent of carbon footprint and acting to lessen that footprint on the
environment. 3.Striving to support others that work to live and produce eco-friendly and
sustainable communities. Some of the ways to be eco-friendly is to follow the three Rs
Reduce, Reuse and Recycle, conserve water and electricity, plant more trees, drive less walk
more, buy energy efficient products, prevent littering, develop home / kitchen and organic
garden, say no to plastics/ smoke causing agents and finally join environmental groups and
practice to educate your neighbours and friends. The thrust is there will be little left of the
planet for future generations to survive upon. Fortunately for us it is not too late to make a
difference.
Impacts of Urbanization on Environment
N. Rajarajeswari
Department of Biological science, Perunthalaivar Kamarajar College of Education, Karaikal,
U.T of Puducherry
Urbanization refers to general increase in population and the amount of industrialization of a

settlement. It includes increase in the number and extent of cities. It symbolizes the
movement of people from rural to urban areas. Urbanization happens because of the increase
in the extent and density of urban areas. Due to uncontrolled urbanization in India,
environmental degradation has been occurring very rapidly and causing many problems like
land insecurity, worsening water quality, excessive air pollution, noise and the problems of
waste disposal. This paper emphasizes on the effect of urbanization on environmental
components.
Screening of Antagonistic Actinomyces From Marine Sediments Of

Muthupet Mangroves
M. Pradheebha and G. Manimegalai
P.G and research Department of microbiology, Sengamala Thayar Educational Trust
Womens College, Sundarakkottai, Mannargudi 614 001 Tamil Nadu
Email:Pradheedaisy95@gmail.com
In the present study has been made to attempt to isolate the actinomycetes from marine
sediments of Muthupet mangroves and found the antagonistic activity of selected isolates.
From the five isolates, two dominant isolates were identified based on their morphological
and biochemical characteristics. They were confirmed as Streptomyces sp. And Nocardia sp.
The selected two isolates were subjected to screening of antagonistic activity against the test
pathogens by cross steak method. Then the antimicrobial compounds of active actinomycetes
were extracted and tested fir its antagonistic activity by well diffusion method. Streptomyces
exhibit antagonistic activity B.subtilis (15mm) followed by P.aeruginosa (10mm),
E.coli(11mm), K. pneumonia (13mm). Minimum antibacterial activity was noted in Nocardia
against B.subtilis (12mm) followed by P.aeruginosa (7mm), E.coli (8mm) K.pneumoniae
(11mm). Of these two isolates Strepomyces effectively inhibits selected pathogens B.subtilis
(18mm), P.aeruginosa (16mm), K.pneumoniae (15mm), E.coli (14mm). Hence, it is
suggested that the two isolated from the sediments of the Muthupet mangroves possessing
bioactive properties are worth investigating in details in further for isolating the bioactive
compounds for human welfare.
Keywords: Actinomycetes, Streptomyces, Marine sediments
Water Resources Management

M. Prabavathy
Puducherry 605 006
Water is an essential resource for all life on the planet. Of the water resources on Earth only
three percent of it is fresh and two-thirds of the freshwater is locked up in ice
caps and glaciers. Of the remaining one percent, a fifth is in remote, inaccessible areas and
much seasonal rainfall in monsoonal deluges and floods cannot easily be used. Water is
becoming scarcer and having access to clean, safe, drinking water is limited among countries.
At present only about 0.08 percent of all the worlds fresh water is exploited by mankind in
ever increasing demand for sanitation, drinking, manufacturing, leisure and agriculture. Due
to the small percentage of water remaining, optimizing the fresh water we have left
from natural resources has been a continuous difficulty in several locations worldwide. Much
effort in water resource management is directed at optimizing the use of water and in
minimizing the environmental impact of water use on the natural environment. The
observation of water as an integral part of the ecosystem is based on integrated water
resource management, where the quantity and quality of the ecosystem help to determine the
nature of the natural resources. For water as a resource, this is particularly difficult since
sources of water can cross many national boundaries and the uses of water include many that
are difficult to assign financial value to and may also be difficult to manage in conventional
terms. Examples include rare species or ecosystems or the very long term value of
ancient groundwater reserves.
Causes and Effects of Global Warming

S. Rathnavathi
Department of History, Avvaiyar Government College for Women, Karaikal- 609 602, U.T
of Puducherry
The two predominant greenhouse gases are water vapours and carbon-dioxide which are
controlled by the hydrological cycle and by global carbon cycle combine together to have a
long range impact on global climate. In other words, bio-geochemical cycle in nature
balances the ecosystem and maintains a content temperature on earth. However, observations
reveal an increase of 0.5c temperature and 5 to 10 cm rise in sea level over the period of 100
years for a doubling of the CO2 concentration. The excess warmth may lead to a greater
amount of evaporation thereby precipitation. The air and surface of earth may grow warmer
and at the same time, stratosphere may become cooler. This cooling slows down ozone
destroying reaction, shifting the balance towards greater ozone concentrations. Some of the
harmful effects of global warming are climatic change/weather extreme, raise sea level,
change in crop patterns and agriculture protection, effects on ecosystem and biodiversity,
effects on human health and so on. Some of the steps to be taken to control the climate
change by cutting the emission of CO2 by reducing the usage of fossil fuel and investing in
energy conservation measures and utilizing renewable energy sources wiz. wind, solar, hydro
power, etc. The present work highlights causes, harmful effects and control measures of
global warming.
VII. ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION
Non - Formal Environmental Education for Health Security

Kayalvizhi Balamurugan
Department of Home Science, Avvaiyar Government College for Women, Karaikal 609
602, U.T. of Puducherry
Non-Formal Environmental Education is the best programme to deal environmental

problems. In any educational situation we need to answer four questions: Who is to be
taught? What is to be taught? How will teach? Who will teach?. To answer the first question,
it is designed for any age group motivated to participate in social, economic, cultural
development of the rural community. Coming to the second question, the point of start in
non- formal learning is always meeting their long felt needs in term of knowledge and
practices with missionary, enthusiastic and humanistic approach. This approach may bring
desirable changes in the community. To create a safe environment scenario, the unfelt needs
of environmental education have to be sensitized by the people as felt need. This is the basis
for non-formal education. The environmental education may include the following
objectives:
Creation of awareness of the problem
Providing knowledge to deal with the problem
Increasing public participation and involvement in solving environmental problems
Broad recognition of the fact that we are all responsible for helping to solve
environmental problem
Increasing the purchasing power by initiating income generating activities should be
included.
For the third question, there is a need to emphasize effective teaching methods in extension
teaching. Effective teaching methods involves hearing, seeing and doing appropriate methods
such as home visits, demonstrations, exhibits, indigeneous folk songs, drama, street plays,
mass media like radio, TV can be selected to educate. The answer to the last question is that
the numbers to be taught are very large. Therefore every agency that comes into contact with
people could be used. For examples NSS, CSS, Agriculture & Home Science Extension
services, NGOs, research & developmental programmes, mass media etc. All members in
agency should be trained and educated with regard to safe environment. Monitoring and
inbuilt evaluation is necessary. The success will heavily depend on the support of policy
makers, the politicians and the administrators. We need to convince them of the urgency of
our macro and micro plans and then implementation that we can go ahead with the
transference of environmental know-how into every day practice for the benefit of our
population and to create economically stable, environmentally sound strong India.
Environmental Education towards Sustainable Development

S. Vijayalakshmi
PG and Research Department of Corporate Secretaryship, Bharathidasan Government
College for Women, Puducherry - 605 003.
Environmental education means the educational process dealing with mans relationship with
his natural and cultural surroundings and as such it includes the relationship of population,
resource allocation and depletion, conservation, energy and technology and urban and rural
development and planning to the total biosphere. Nowadays, environmental education has
become an integral part of the strategy of eco development, environmental improvement and
protection as well as prevention of environmental degradation. The main basic aim of this
environmental education is to enable individuals and communities to understand the complex
nature of the natural and built in environments resulting from the interaction of their
biological, physical, social, economic and cultural aspects and to acquire knowledge, values,
attitudes and practical skills to participate in a responsible and effective way in anticipating
and solving socio-economic problems and in the management of the quality of the
environment. Environmental education cultivates the ability to recognize uncertainty,
envision alternative scenarios, and adapt to changing conditions and information. This
knowledge, skill, and mindset translate into a citizen, who is better equipped to address its
common problems and take advantage of opportunities, whether environmental concerns are
involved or not. This paper depicts the need for environment education in India and how it
has influenced the attitude and behavior of people towards the protection of our mother earth.
The study is based on the secondary data collected through newspapers and journals.
Key words: environment education, protection, degradation, sustainability.
Towards Green Libraries

P. K. Bijitha
College library, Perunthalaivar Kamarajar College of Education, Nehru Nagar, Karaikal
The concept of Green Libraries emerged in early 1990s but gained momentum only in
2000s. Now most of the libraries in India as well as abroad are trying to make the space more
environment friendly through various environment friendly techniques. The green library
concept involves construction of eco-friendly library buildings, transforming the existing
library facilities to environment friendly ways, providing green library services and bringing
environment friendliness within the library. This paper brings out the importance of green
libraries, identifies the various standards of green libraries in India and analyses the major
green library initiatives at national and international level. The paper concludes mentioning
various techniques and methods through which the green libraries can be made possible by
environment friendly materials and equipments, energy conservation and waste management.
E-Learning on Environmental Education

X. Mercy
presently at Department of Computer Science, Avvaiyar Government College for Women,
The Internet is a technological development that has the potential to change not only the way
society retains and accesses knowledge but also to transform and restructure traditional
models of higher education, particularly the delivery and interaction in and with course
materials and associated resources. Utilizing the Internet to deliver eLearning initiatives has
created expectations both in the business market and in higher education institutions. Indeed,
eLearning has enabled universities to expand on their current geographical reach, to capitalise
on new prospective students and to establish themselves as global educational providers.
Environmental education is the need of the hour to have safe and sound health. This poster
will highlight the implementation of e-learning on environmental education into higher
education, including the objective, content and method of delivery. This will certainly create
the impact on society.

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National Conference on

Environmental Sanitation for

Department of Science, Technology and Environment (DSTE)

27th January 2017

Department of Science, Technology and Environment (DSTE)

Dr. V. Raji Sugumar

Dr. Kayalvizhi Balamurugan

Dr. Sasi Kanta Dash

Dr. Kathirvelu Sambandan

Dr. Natesan Payer Nadimuthu

About the Conference

10.10 10.20 AM Welcome Address : Dr. Kayalvizhi Balamurugan

11.45 12.15 PM Invited Lecture -1

2.00 2.30 PM Invited Lecture -4

4.00 4.45 PM Valedictory Function

I. Agriculture and Environment

7. Comparative Study on Rapid Composting Methods of Machine Harvested Rice 11

II. Environmental Pollution

20. Coal Dust Pollution: Can Fungi be Remedy? 25

III. Solid Waste Management

IV. Food & Environment

37. Food Handlers Leads to Cause Food Borne Diseases 42

V. Health and Environment

42. Comparative Studies on Impact on Climate Change on Dengue Incidence in 47

VI. Conservation of Natural Resources & Green Environment

46. Impact of Forest on Environment 52

53. Non - Formal Environmental Education for Health Security 59

Green Initiatives against Climate Change At Home and Away

Member, Commission on Education and Communication, United Nations Environment

Sanitation and Health

Water and sanitation scenario in India

Impact of poor water and sanitation in India

Economic impact of poor sanitation

1. Handwashing with soap reduces it by 44 per cent

1. Prevention of contamination of water in distribution systems,

Hospital Waste Management

Health and Environment An outlook

Microbes: Their Diversity and Relevance in Environmental Health

Solid Waste Management in terms of Environmental Sanitation and Health

Keywords: Sanitation, waste management, public hygiene, environmental sustainability

I. AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT

Comparative Study on Rapid Composting Methods of Machine Harvested

Isolation and Characterization of Multifunctional Plant Growth-Promoting

Biofertilizer is a relatively safer, environmentally friendly and cost-effective approach as an

Keywords: PGPR, rhizobia, N2-fixation, IAA, rice

Studies on Improve Survivability and Shelf Life of Carrier Using Liquid

M. Kannahi and G. Manimekalai

Biofertilizers are also known as microbial inoculants or bioinoculants. It is a product of

Key words: Biofertilizer, bioinoculants, Bacillus subtilis

A Brief Outlook on Agricultural Wastes and Agricultural Pollution

PG & Research Department of Corporate Secretaryship, Bharathidasan Government College

Keywords: agricultural wastes, agricultural pollution, impulse, fertilizers, pesticides

Environment Friendly Agriculture

Biochemical and Molecular Characterization of Different Bacillus sp. from

Effective Microorganisms (EM) in Waste Water Treatment and its Effect

J. Victoria and N. Uma Maheswari

Effective microorganisms (EM) is a commercial biofertilizer that contains a mixture of co-

Key words: Vigna radiata, effective microorganisms, secondary crop, sewage

Diversity of Bacillus species form Thanjavur and Thiruvarur District in

PG & Research Department of Microbiology, STET Womens College, Sundarakkottai,

Keywords: biodiversity, bacillus sp, environment, soil fertility.

Encapsulation of Soil Bacteria for Bacteriocin Production

M. Gangadevi and J. Victoria