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Power factor improvement by connecting a capacitor in parallel to the load

Initially let us consider that the load connected in an AC circuit be of RL type.

Fig.

Let the total current in the circuit be denoted by I 1 and suppose that the power factor of the
circuit in present condition be denoted by cos ∅1, i.e.

Condition-I

Total current = I1
Power factor = cos ∅1
Applied voltage = V
Phasor diagram for the above said condition will be as shown in Fig.

Fig.

Condition-II

When a capacitor is connected in parallel to the given load, as shown in fig. , the new power
factor will be, say, cos ∅2.
Fig.

In such conditions,

Total current = I2
Current through the load = IL
Current through the capacitor = IC
New improved power factor = cos ∅1
Applied voltage = V
When we connect a capacitor in parallel,
 Voltage remains same.
 Power taken by the load remains same
 Current through the load remains same.
 Current taken from the supply will reduce (i.e. I2 becomes smaller then I1).
 As we connect the capacitor in parallel, the phase angle between the supply voltage (V)
and the total circuit current (I2) will reduce (as shown in phasor diagram of Fig. ) and
hence power factor will improve.

Fig.
It is clear from the phasor diagram that the active component of both total currents remains
same i.e.
I 1 cos ∅1 =I 2 cos ∅ 2 (1)
I 1 cos ∅ 1
Or I 2=
cos ∅ 2
(2)
The current through the capacitor (IC) can be determined as follow:]
AB=I 2 sin ∅2 (3)
BC=I C (4)
AC=I 1 sin ∅1 (5)
Also AC = AB + BC (6)
Or BC = AC – AB (7)
From equations (3), (4) and (5), equation (7) will become
I C =I 1 sin ∅ 1−I 2 sin ∅2
The rating of the capacitor will be given as follow:
V =I C X C
V 1
XC = =
I C ωC
IC
Or C=
ωV
Problem
An inductive coil of (6 + j8) Ω impedence is connected to 100 V, 50 Hz AC supply. It is desired
to improve the power factor of the supply current to 0.8 lagging by connecting a capacitor in
parallel of the coil. Determine the cvalue of the capacitance.
Solution:
Condition-I. When the coil is connected alone in the circuit
Impedance Z =R + jX L =6+ j8=10 ∠ 53. 13o
o
V 100 ∠0
I= = o
=10∠−53 . 13o
Current, Z 1 10 ∠53 .13 A
Power Factor = cos( φ1 )=cos(53. 13o )=0 .6 (Lagging )
As ∅ 1=53.13o
Hence sin ∅ 1= 0.799

Condition-II. When the capacitor is connected across the coil


Power Factor = cos( φ2 )=0 . 8( Lagging)
As ∅ 2= 36.87o
Hence sin ∅ 2= 0.6
The new total current in the circuit will be
I 1 cos ∅ 1
I 2=
cos ∅ 2
10 × 0.6
Or I 2= =7.5 A
0.8
Current through the capacitor will be
I C =I 1 sin ∅ 1−I 2 sin ∅2
IC = 10 × 0.799 – 7.5 × 0.6 = 3.49 A
Capacitor rating will be
IC 3.49
C= = =111.1 μF Ans.
ωV 100× 2 π ×50

Problem
A single phase induction motor operates on 230 V, 50 Hz AC power supply and takes 22 A at
0.76 power factor lagging.
It is desired to raise the power factor to 0.92 (lagging) by connecting a capacitor in parallel.
Determine:
(a) The new supply current
(b) Current through the capacitor
(c) Capacitance of the capacitor
(d) kVAR of the capacitor.
Solution:
Condition-I. When the motor is connected alone in the circuit
Current, I1 = 22 A
cos( φ1 )=0 . 76( Lagging )
As ∅ 1=40.536o
Hence sin ∅ 1= 0.65

Condition-II. When the capacitor is connected across the motor


cos( φ2 )=0 . 92( Lagging )
As ∅ 2= 23.074o
Hence sin ∅ 2= 0.392
(a) The new total current in the circuit will be
I 1 cos ∅ 1
I 2=
cos ∅ 2
Or
22× 0.76
I 2= =18.174 A Ans.
0.92
(b) Current through the capacitor will be
I C =I 1 sin ∅ 1−I 2 sin ∅2
IC = 22 × 0.65 – 18.174 × 0.392 = 7.076 A Ans.
(c) Capacitor rating will be
IC 7.076
C= = =97.928 μF Ans.
ωV 23 0 ×2 π ×50

(d) kVAR of the Capacitor


= V IC
=230 × 7.076
= 1.627 kVAR Ans.

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