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Introduction
Objectives
To investigate on the head loss caused by pipe friction associated with the flow of
water through the different sizes and roughness of pipes.
Learning Outcomes
The frictional resistance as fluid flows along a pipe creates a continuous loss of
energy or total head as the fluid moves downstream. The head loss due to vicious
effects in straight pipes is named as the friction head loss or the major head loss.
The head loss in a circular pipe running full due to friction can be estimated using
the following equation:
4 (i)
=
2
Where
(ii)
=
= (iii)
The Reynolds Number, Re determines whether the flow is laminar or turbulent. For
typical flows in smooth pipes, laminar flow conditions correspond to Re < 2000,
while turbulent flow corresponds to Re > 4000. For the laminar/turbulent regime,
the Reynolds Number, Re ranges from 2000 to 4000.
In addition, the types of flow that exist in a pipeline are called laminar flow at the
higher velocities, when hf is proportional to the velocity, v and turbulent flow at
2
higher velocities when hf is proportional to v . However, for the transition phase in
between two types of flow, there is no definite relationship. The parameter that
affects the flow inside the pipes and the friction loss experienced is the friction
factor. For fully developed laminar flow, the friction factor can be described as
follows:
16 (iv)
=
While for fully developed turbulent flow, the friction factor can be calculated from
the following equation:
2 (v)
=
4
Where
hf = Friction head loss (m)
f= Dimensionless friction factor
L= Length of pipe (m)
-1
v= Velocity of flow (ms )
d= Internal diameter of pipe (m)
-2
g= Acceleration due to earths gravity = 9.81 ms
3 -1
Q= Discharge of flow (m s )
2
A= Cross sectional area of pipe (m )
Re = Reynolds Number
-3
p= Density of fluid (kgm )
-2 -1 -1
= Dynamic viscosity of fluid (Nsm or kgm s )
Apparatus:
i. Pipe Friction Apparatus
ii. Vernier Caliper
Procedures:
WAYS AND MEANS i. Record the internal diameter of each test pipe
ii. Switch on the pump of the apparatus
iii. Open the valve to prime the pipe network with water.
iv. Open and close the appropriate valves to obtain flow through the
required test pipe.
v. Measure the discharge using the volumetric flow rate meter.
vi. Measure the head loss between the tapping of the required test pipe
using the head loss meter.
vii. Get enough data points on different flow rates and head loss for
different types of pipes.
The group will be required to prepare and submit the technical report of the
laboratory results showing the data taken, analysis carried out and at least one
RESULTS
sample calculation. You are also required to discuss the results obtained. The
technical report should be submitted one week after the experiment is conducted.