GRADERS

1918 grader
 WHAT IS GRADER ?
A grader, also commonly referred to as a
Road Grader, a Blade, a Maintainer, or a
Motor Grader,, is a Construction Machine
with a long blade used to create a flat surface.
Typical models have three Axles,
Axles with the
Engine and Cab situated above the rear axles at
one end of the vehicle and a third axle at the
front end of the vehicle, with the Blade in
b t
between.
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 WHAT IS GRADER ?
Certain countries,, for example
p in
Finland, almost every grader is
equipped with second blade that is
placed on front of the front axle.
The grader's purpose is to "finish
grade" (refine,
grade (refine set precisely) the "rough
rough
grading" performed by heavy equipment
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How does it look like?

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How does it look like?

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How does it look like?

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 Major Part of A Grader
Prime Mover (Engine) Transmission System

Tandem Drive Hydraulic System

Operator’s
p Cabin Moldboard
Circle Assembly Draw Bar
Steering System Blade
Main Frame Attachments

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 GRADER STRUCTURES

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 GRADER STRUCTURES

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 Major Structures, Drawbar,
Circle and Moldboard

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Main Frame
y This a rigid steel structure capable of bearing loads of the 
complete equipment .
y Front Frame Structure is generally formed with structural 
carbon steel tube.  Welded structures are also used.
b l b ld d l d
y Advanced fabrication technology significantly reduces the 
number of weld joints, which more evenly distributes stress 
l d  Th  
loads. The result is a robust machine that delivers the 
l  i     b   hi   h  d li  h  
durability.
y Rear Frame Structure is generally box‐sectioned hitch 
d i  h l   i t t i  l d   d 
design helps resist torsion loads and ensure structural 
  t t l 
durability. The integrated bumper ties the rear frame 
together as a single, solid unit, so the frame can withstand 
heavy duty applications such as ripping and winging snow.
heavy‐duty applications such as ripping and winging snow

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Engine

yIt is power source of the equipment
yMost commonly internal 
M t  l  i t l 
combustion diesel fueled engines 
g
are used to supply adequate power 
to the equipment.
to the equipment

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Transmission System

y Acts as interface between the 
engine and the equipment.
i   d th   i t
y Most important components 
of the system are
y Clutch or Torque converter
y Gear box or Power shift 
transmission
y Final drive 
y Wheels
y Hydrostatic Drive system

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 Tandem Drive System

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Circle Assembly

y A notched tilting rack is provided to allow the blade to 
be tilted forward or backward with relation to the 
circle knees.
y The circle is rotated at 360° with the help of a pinion 
powered by the engine‐ hydraulically or mechanically.
y One‐piece forged steel circle is built to stand up to 
hi h 
high stress loads and provide structural durability. The 
 l d   d  id   l d bili  Th  
front 240° of circle teeth are hardened to reduce wear 
and ensure component reliability.

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 Moldboard & Blade
y The optimal curvature and large throat clearance help 
move material quickly and efficiently. Heat‐treated 
  t i l  i kl   d  ffi i tl  H t t t d 
moldboard rails, hardened cutting edges and end bits, 
and large diameter bolts assure reliability and longer 
g y g
service life. The moldboard side shift cylinder is 
positioned on the left side to eliminate snow wing 
i t f
interference.
y The blade link bar design extends the possibilities for 
moldboard positioning  most beneficial in mid‐range 
moldboard positioning, most beneficial in mid‐range 
bank sloping and in ditch cutting and cleaning.

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Moldboard & Blade

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Drawbar
y The A‐frame drawbar features a tubular 
g g g p
design for high strength and optimum 
durability.
y It is placed between the front part of the 
main frame and the circle.
y It is connected with a ball and socket joint to 
the main frame  and supports the circle 
assembly  moldboard  blade  
assembly, moldboard, blade. 
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Steering System

y It is either mechanical or hydraulic operated 
q p
to steer the equipment to the desired 
direction.
y These days hydraulic steering system is 
widely used because of easy  and 
comparatively light to drive. 
y It is either front wheel steer or all wheel 
steer  
steer. 
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Integrated Electronic Solutions

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 Modern Operator Station

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 ATTACHMENTS
To add additional versatility to the motor
ggrader with attachments designed
g just
j for
special application.
Increases the scope of works.
works
Best use of investment.
R d
Reduce Idle
Idl time
i off equipment
i
Quality products
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ATTACHMENTS

Dozer blade
The front-mounted Dozer Blade is used for bulldozing
jobs such as displacing gravel piles, small stump
removal, fallen rock clearance from road shoulders
and other blading applications where access with the
grader moldboard may be difficult.
Parallel linkage maintains blade angle at all depth.
depth
Boxed beam blade support provides excellent blade
rigidity.
g y Offers full hydraulic
y control usingg lever.
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ATTACHMENTS

Ripper/Scarifier
The Ripper/Scarifier mounts to the rear frame and is designed
for breaking up asphalt or other hard-pack aggregates prior to
blading.
Effective for uniform mixing of coarse and fine material,
improving compaction of road surfaces.
surfaces
Parallel tooth ensures consistent ripping depth throughout the
working range and provides consistent material break
up/mixing of aggregates.
Full hydraulic control.

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ATTACHMENTS
Front mounted Scarifier
The Front
Th F Mounted
M d Scarifier
S ifi mounts to the h nose plate
l
and is designed to break up compacted material, asphalt
and rocky subgrade.
subgrade
Simplifies scarifying applications against curbs, walls
or near other obstacles
obstacles.
Parallel action ensures even penetration of all teeth at all
working depths.
V-shaped design permits efficient material flow.

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ATTACHMENTS

Mid -mount Scarifier

The Mid Mount Scarifier mounts behind the front axle and
is designed
g to break upp compacted
p material,, asphalt
p and
rocky subgrade.
Provides optimum cutting capability and excellent visibility
to the attachment.
Tilt adjustment accommodates various working
applications.
li ti
Hydraulic control using lever.
V shaped design permits efficient material flow.
V-shaped flow
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ATTACHMENTS
BLADE BOWL
Consists
C i off two sideboards,
id b d a spreader d bar,
b cutting
i
edge and a bottomless blade bowl.
Thi attachment
This tt h t is
i usedd in
i roughh earthen
th roads
d where
h
hole are to be filled.
Cutting edge cuts the high spots at the same time the
material is stored in the bowl with the help of
moldboard and sideboards.
The material is filled when the holes comes through.

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ATTACHMENTS

Push block
The Push Block is mounted to the grader nose plate and
performs two basic functions: as a counterweight to
maintain grader balance when a rear Ripper/Scarifier is
installed, and as a push point in applications where a
grader is used as a push vehicle
vehicle.
Extends beyond the front tires to provide ample clearance
duringg pushing.
p g
Can be easily mounted and removed to facilitate the use of
other front mounted attachments.

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ATTACHMENTS

BLADE STABILIZER
Hydraulically operated skid plate
M
Mounted d bbehind
hi d the
h moldboard.
ldb d
Dampens the blade when rhythmic bounce is
created
t d due
d to t hard
h d cut.
t
Serves as a third point of suspension.

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ATTACHMENTS
SLOPER
Basically two kinds
kinds- for (a) shoulder works and
(b) ditch works.
((a)) Extension of the normal blade to reach over
a berm or embankment for cutting
((b)) Extension to reach the ditch to clean and
shape.
Operator works from the road.
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 ATTACHMENTS
ELEVATING GRADER
This attachment with a cutting disc, material is fed into
conveyor.
The material either loaded to a truck or spread over the
ground.
U d to elevate
Used l the
h road d bbed,
d clean
l andd reestablish
bli h
ditches, strip material from road side berm, de-silting
irrigation cannel etc.
etc
Highly productive.

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ATTACHMENTS

GRADER SCRAPER
Consists of bowl, apron, and ejector, all
h d li ll operated.
hydraulically t d
Cuts the material, store in the bowl and dump it
to required
req ired site.
site
Can cut “V” and flat bottom ditches built farm
terraces construct and maintain banks,
terraces, banks dams,
dams
rebuild roads, clean ditches, and culverts, cuts
sslopes,
opes, remove
e ove ssnow.
ow.
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ATTACHMENTS
DISC HARROW
Rear mounted harrow
Series of Circular blades are banked together
and mounted .
Loosens, pulverizes and blends material.
Generally used in combination with Scarifier.

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All Wheel Steer All Wheel Drive
Costlier
Have more traction resulting more output
Tractive effort = weight on driving wheels ×
tractive co-efficient between wheel rims, or
tyre and the ground. (two identical
machines of equal weight and same ground,
all wheel drive machine produces approx.
1/3rd more tractive effort).

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All Wheel Steer All Wheel Drive
Turning radius is reduced. Provides sharp turning.
Work efficiency high in bad ground condition
Can work in slippery ground or wet ground.
Blade reach is higher.
Rear wheel tyre
y marks can be minimized due to
pulling power in the front wheel.
Greater mass can be moved to longer distance.
Maneuverability is greater provides workability
in difficult conditions.
conditions
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WALK AROUND INSPECTION

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 GRADER APPLICATIONS
Graders may be used for:
Uses of lean wheels:
a) Cutting drains
a)) To counteract side thrust
b) B k bbattering
Bank tt i
b) To assist in turning
c) Forming roads
c) To maintain control of the
d) Levelling
grader when working on a
e) Mixing materials slope.
f)) Scarifying
y g
The fi
Th five basic
b i cutst are :
g) Light ripping
a) Marking cut
h) Windrowing
b) Ditching cut
i) Minor excavations
c) Move the windrow
j) Snow Plow
d)) Spread
p the windrow
k) Trenchh Cutter & Filler
ill
e) Battering ( bank slope )
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 THE FIVE BASIC CUTS

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 THE FIVE BASIC CUTS Cont…

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 GRADER APPLICATIONS
C
Cont…
Aids to production:
a) Where possible, commence each run or pass on level
ground.
b) Set the blade when stationary to obtain the best blade
position.
c) Make finer adjustments on the move.
d) Where possible, do not run over windrows.
e) Keep windrows flowing clear of the wheels.
f) Two light cuts are better than one heavy cut.
g) Make use of lean wheels and articulation.
h) Pl
Place windrows
i d where
h they
th may be b reached.
h d
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Normal Blade Positions

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 Covering Large Area

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 Spreading Materials

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 Blade Pitch

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 Sloping High Bank

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 Grading in Reverse

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Ditching or Ditch Cleaning

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Sloping During Ditch Cutting

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 Ditch Cutting

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 Backfill

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Eliminating Unnecessary Turns

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 EARTH OR GRAVEL ROAD SHOULDER
MAINTENANCE
In some instances when maintaining
shoulders of these types of roads where
shoulders have been worn or washed away
by heavy traffic or rain ( 1) , some additional
material will be required .
This material is required to reform the
shoulder to the correct width and shape (2) .
The shoulders are usually scarified to assist
the bonding of the material. (3)
The added material is windrowed over the
shoulder and down the slope toward the
drain ( 4) .This is initially elevated to allow
for compaction.
After compaction the new shoulder is recut
to desired shape and width (5).
An surplus
Any s rpl s material is removed
remo ed or worked
orked
along the road for use on the next section (
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6) .
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 Q
Questions
ti
?

? ?

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 THANKS
FOR
ATTENTION
Satya Narayan Shah
B.Sc. In Mechanical Engineering (India)
MS in Manufacturing Engineering & Management (UK)

Contact: er.snshah@gmail.com

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