Familiarization With Matlab: Kandarpa Kumar Sarma

Familiarization with Matlab
Kandarpa Kumar Sarma

Department of Electronics and Communication
Technology, Gauhati University.
Background-
zA Picture Speaks a
Thousand Words
RC in Electronics and Instumentation,

2010 2
Background …
z Matlab is a product of The MathWorks Inc.

z It is an ambitious product, versatile and have
excelled as the most preferred test and
validation software.
z Matlab is derived from two words MATrix
LABoratory.
z MATLAB is an interactive, matrix-based
system for scientific and engineering numeric
computation and visualization.

2010 3
Why Matlab?
z Perform a host of tasks- Mathematical, Statistical,

System-Design, Verification etc.
z Communicate with its predecessors like Fortran and C.
z Strong graphic, library and documentation support.
z Use simulation as a tool of system design by resorting
to the SIMULINK facility.
z Beginners can have a feel of the environment by using
built-in demos.
z Toolbox support.

2010 4
Versions…
z Current is Matlab 2008 –usually run in a client-

server type set-up with internet access and
the PCs having fixed TCP/IPs.
z Cost- for five to ten user keys with about 10
toolboxes with complete documentation- Rs.15
Lakhs.
z Matlab 6 provides most of the useful facilities
and toolboxes required.
z Cost- for five to ten user keys with about 10
toolboxes with complete documentation- Rs.5
Lakhs.
2010 5
Matlab Windows..
z Desktop Logo

2010 6
Matlab Windows..

2010 7
Matlab Windows..
z Command
Prompt

2010 8
Matlab Windows..Menu Bar

2010 9
Toolboxes….

2010 10
Command History…

2010 11
Getting Started with simple
arithmetic..
z Best way is to start from
the command prompt.
z Let a=5, b=10;
z It is an example of
variable assignment. In
C/ C++ such
assignments re possible
only after declaration of
the variables.
z c=a+b;
z c;

2010 12
Data Types Supported……
z Variable-
z integer,
z floating point,
z character,
z strings.

2010 13
Integers….data types…
z Integers are used as unsigned 8-bit

integer. No signs are associated by
definition. The values of a UINT8 range
from 0 to 255. Other such types are
UINT16, UINT32, INT8, INT16, INT32. A
complete list of data types supported can
be obtained by typing
z help datatype at the command promt.

2010 14
Vectors…
z X=[1 2 3 4 5 6 7];
z X(1)=1, 1st element
z X(3)=3
z X(5)=5, 5th element;
z To plot the vector X,
simply type plot (x) in
the command
window. The plot will
be as in fig.

2010 15
More on vectors.
z Let X=1:2:10; It
means assign vector
X values between 1
and 10 at gaps of 2.
z Y=2*X means Y will
be assigned all the
values of X multiplied
by two.

2010 16
Addition of vectors.. They must be of
same length
z Let X1=1:5
z Let X2=1:6
z X3=X1+X2;
z Output will be

2010 17
More on vectors…
z Let X=1:5;
z To square all the
elements in the
vector simply type
Y=X.^2

2010 18
Vectors.. cont
z To change a row
vector to a column
vector, just type X'

2010 19
Vector Multiplication….
z Let X=1:5;
z Let Y=2*X;
z Z=X.*Y; It assigns
the value of the
product between the
vectors X and Y.

2010 20
Use of certain built-in functions.
z To calculate the cosine of a vector X, simply

type cos(X). To plot the value of cos(x), simply
type plot (cos (X)).

2010 21
A few more built-in functions….
z Sin(x) to find the sin of
each of the elements of
the vector X
z Log (x) to find the log of
each of the elements of
the vector X. Also there
is the provision of finding
log base 10.
z exp(X) to find the
exponential of vector X

2010 22
Built-in functions and use
z Mean (X) to find the

mean value of the
vector X
z Sum (X) to add all
the elements in the
vector X.

2010 23
Built-in functions….
z Built-in functions have there own

documentation.
z Accessed by simply typing,
z say for sum, help sum at the command
prompt.

2010 24
Difficulty with using Matlab from
command prompt
z Longer programs cannot be written.
z Previous steps cannot be modified.
z Solution is to use the Matlab editor to
write longer programs.

2010 25
Matlab editor
z It can be started
by simply clicking
the new graphic
in the menu bar.
It starts a new/
blank editor
window.

2010 26
First program in the Matlab
editor..
z clc means clear
screen
z Clear all means
clear all previously
declared variables.
z Close all means
close all previously
opened graphic
windows.

2010 27
First program..
z X=1:10 is a vector
declaration, then
find its cosine
values are
assigned to a new
variable x1 and
then plot. The
figure call opens a
graphic window.

2010 28
First program….
z Nest to save, click the
save icon or go to file
option and use save as..,
create a folder and save
the program by a name.
z To run the program simple
click the run icon after
saving. During run, the
Matlab compiler will itself
prompt to save the
program if not saved by a
name and if no so will also
save all modifications
done there after.

2010 29
Special Values
z MATLAB includes a number of predefined special values.
z Can be used at any time without initializing them.
z Stored in ordinary variables.
z They can be overwritten or modified by a user.
z If a new value is assigned to one of these variables, then that
new value will replace the default one in all later calculations.
>> circ1 = 2 * pi * 10;
>> pi = 3;
>> circ2 = 2 * pi * 10;
Never change the values of predefined variables.

2010 30
Special Values….
z pi: π value up to 15 significant digits
z i, j: sqrt(-1)
z Inf: infinity (such as division by 0)
z NaN: Not-a-Number (division of zero by zero)
z clock: current date and time in the form of a 6-element
row vector containing the year, month, day, hour,
minute, and second
z date: current date as a string such as 16-Feb-2004
z eps: epsilon is the smallest difference between two
numbers
z ans: stores the result of an expression

2010 31
Arithmetic Operators
z addition a+b → a+b

z subtraction a-b → a-b
z multiplication axb → a*b
z division a/b → a/b
z power ab → a^b
z exponential e-a → exp(-a)

2010 32
Relational Operators…
z greater than (with >)

z less than (with <)
z greater than or equal (with >=)
z less than or equal (with <=), and
z not equal (with ~=)

2010 33
Hierarchy of operations
z x=3*2+6/2
z Processing order of operations is important
z parenthesises (starting from the innermost)
z exponentials (from left to right)
z multiplications and divisions (from left to right)
z additions and subtractions (from left to right)
z >> x = 3 * 2 + 6 / 2
z x=9

2010 34
Complex Numbers
Matlab supports complex numbers…
>> i
>> sqrt(-1)
>> j
>> 4 + 6j
>> 4 + 6*j
>> C = 1 – 2i;
>> real(C)
>> imag(C)
>> abs(C)
>> angle(C)*180/pi
2010 35
Matrices
Entering Matrices:
z Enter an explicit list of elements.
z Load matrices from external data files.
z Generate matrices using built-in functions.
z Create matrices with your functions (m-
files).

2010 36
Built-in arithmetic functions
z result = function_name( input );
z abs, sign
z log, log10, log2
z exp
z sqrt
z sin, cos, tan
z asin, acos, atan
z max, min
z round, floor, ceil, fix
z mod, rem
z help elfun help for elementary math
functions
2010 37
Graphs and plots…
Clc;
Clear all;
Close all;
x = 0:pi/100:2*pi;
y = sin(x);
plot( x, y)
xlabel('x = 0:2\pi')
ylabel('Sine of x')
title('Plot of the
Sine Function')

2010 38
Multiple Graphs….
Clc;
Clear all;
Close all;
t =
0:pi/100:2*pi;
y1=sin(t);
y2=sin(t+pi/2);
plot(t,y1,t,y2)
grid on
2010 39
Matrices…..
A = [ 1 6 3 2 1 3;
5 1 0 1 1 8;
9 6 7 1 0 2;
4 1 5 1 4 1]
z Separate the elements of a row with blanks or
commas.
z Use a semicolon, ; , to indicate the end of each row.
z Surround the entire list of elements with square
z brackets, [ ].

2010 40
Matrices….. A=Magic(4)
A = [16 3 2 13
5 10 11 8
9 6 7 12
4 15 14 1]
A1=sum (A)
A2=sum(A')'
A3=sum(diag(A))
A4=fliplr(A)
A5 = sum (diag (fliplr(A)))
Fliplr-Flip matrix in left/right
direction.

2010 41
Matrix.. Subscripts
A =
16 3 2 13
5 10 11 8
9 6 7 12
4 15 14 1
z The element in row i and column j of A is

denoted by A(i,j), for example A(4,2) is 15.
z The ith row is denoted by A(i,:) and
z The jth column is denoted by A(:,j), for example
A(3,:) is [9 6 7 12].

2010 42
Generating Matrices
z rand() Uniformly distributed random elements
z randn() Normally distributed random elements
R = randn(3,5)
R=
1.0668 0.2944 -0.6918 -1.4410 0.0593
-1.3362 0.8580 0.5711 -0.0956 0.7143
1.2540 -0.3999 -0.8323 1.6236 -1.5937

2010 43
Matrix operations…
z Clc;
z Clear all; B=inv(A)
Warning: Matrix is close to singular or
z Close all; badly scaled. Results may be
inaccurate. RCOND = 1.306145e-017.
z A=magic(4);
B=
z B=inv(A) % to
calculate the 1.0e+014 *
inverse of matrix A. 0.9382 2.8147 -2.8147 -0.9382
2.8147 8.4442 -8.4442 -2.8147
-2.8147 -8.4442 8.4442 2.8147
-0.9382 -2.8147 2.8147 0.9382

2010 44
Matrix operations…eigen values
z To find an
approximation to the
eigen values of a
matrix eig(A); C=eig(A)
z C=eig(A) is a vector C=
containing the eigen
34.0000
values of a square 8.9443
matrix A. -8.9443
0.0000

2010 45
Vectors and Matrices.. Multiplication
& Addition
z Multiplicationand addition of vectors and
matrices must follow strict rules.
z You add A row vector cannot be added
to a column vector.
z For multiplication the number of columns
must be equal to the number of rows

2010 46
& Addition…..
z >> v = [1 2 3]‘
z Ans v = 1 2 3
z >> b = [2 4 6]‘
z Ans b = 2 4 6
z >> v+b
z Ans = 3 6 9
z >> v-b
z ans = -1 -2 -3

2010 47
& Addition…..
z v*b is not permitted.
z A display will come as
z ??? Error using ==> *Inner matrix
dimensions must agree.
z >> v*b‘
z ans = 2 4 6 4 8 12 6 12 18
z >> v'*b
z ans = 28

2010 48
Matlab and Calculus.... Differentiation
zA built in function diff can be used. DIFF-

Difference and approximate derivative.
z DIFF(X), for a vector X, is [X(2)-X(1)
X(3)-X(2) ... X(n)-X(n-1)].
z DIFF(X), for a matrix X, is the matrix of
row differences,
[X(2:n,:) - X(1:n-1,:)].

2010 49
Matlab and Calculus.... Differentiation…..example
zh = .001;
z x = 0:h:pi;
z diff(sin(x.^2))/h
z It means differentiation of sin x2 w.r.t h
for given values of h and x.

2010 50
Matlab and Calculus....
Differentiation…..example
z INLINE function- INLINE Construct

INLINE object. INLINE(EXPR) constructs
an inline function object from the
MATLAB expression contained in the
string EXPR. Examples:
z g = inline('t^2') gives g (t) = t^2
z g = inline('sin(2*pi*f + theta)') gives
g (f, theta) = sin(2*pi*f + theta)
2010 51
Differentiation…..example
z >> syms x, (SYMS Short-cut for

constructing symbolic objects.)
z f=inline('x^3', 'x')
z diff (f(x))
z ans = 3*x^2

2010 52
Differentiation… use of Dsolve
z DSOLVE is Symbolic solution of ordinary

differential equations.
z DSOLVE('eqn1','eqn2', ...) accepts symbolic
equations representing ordinary differential
equations and initial conditions.
z By default, the independent variable is 't'.

2010 53
Differentiation… use of
Dsolve…..example
z dsolve ('Dx = -a*x') returns
ans = exp(-a*t)*C1
z The letter 'D' denotes differentiation with
respect to the independent variable, i.e.
usually d/dt. A "D" followed by a digit
denotes repeated differentiation; e.g., D2
is d^2/dt^2.
z Initial conditions are specified by
equations like 'y(a)=b' or 'Dy(a) = b'
2010 54
Differentiation… use of
Dsolve…..example
z For the equation xy’ + 1=y, the dsolve
symbolic ODE can be written as
dsolve('x*Dy + 1 =y', 'x') which returns
ans = 1+x*C1
z Y = dsolve('Dy = y^2*(1-y)') returns Y =
t+1/y-log(y)+log(-1+y)+C1=0

2010 55
Dsolve…..example
z dsolve('Df = f + sin(t)', 'f(pi/2) = 0')

z dsolve('D2y = -a^2*y', 'y(0) = 1, Dy(pi/a) = 0')
z S = dsolve('Dx = y', 'Dy = -x', 'x(0)=0', 'y(0)=1')
z S = dsolve('Du=v, Dv=w, Dw=-u','u(0)=0,
v(0)=0, w(0)=1')
z w = dsolve('D3w = -w','w(0)=1, Dw(0)=0,
D2w(0)=0')
z y = dsolve('D2y = sin(y)'); pretty(y)

2010 56
Calculus with Matlab…..Use of
Solve
z SOLVE Symbolic solution of algebraic
equations.
z solve ('p*sin(x) = r') chooses 'x' as the
unknown and returns ans = asin(r/p)
z [x,y] = solve('x^2 + x*y + y = 3','x^2 - 4*x + 3 =
0') returns
x= [ 1]
[ 3]
y = [ 1]
[ -3/2]
2010 57
Integration using Matlab …. Use of
INT
z INT Integrate.
z Example:
syms x x1 alpha u t;
A = [cos(x*t),sin(x*t);-sin(x*t),cos(x*t)];
int(1/(1+x^2)) returns ans = atan(x)
z Example: int(‘x^2’, ‘x’) returns ans =
1/3*x^3

2010 58
INT….
z For definite integration-
z syms x, int(exp(-x^4), 0, 1) returns ans =
int(exp(-x^4),x = 0 .. 1). For its numeric
integration quadl() can be used.
z QUADL- Numerically evaluate integral,
adaptive Lobatto quadrature.
z Q = QUADL(FUN,A,B) tries to approximate
the integral of function FUN from A to B to
within an error of 1.e-6 using high order
recursive adaptive quadrature.

2010 59
INT and QUADL….example
z syms x, int(exp(-x^4), 0, 1);
z quadl(vectorize(exp(-x^4)), 0, 1) returns
ans = 0.8448
z Other forms of use of QUADL are
z Q = quadl('1./(x.^3-2*x-5)',0,2);
z F = inline('1./(x.^3-2*x-5)');
Q = quadl(F,0,2);

2010 60
Multiple integration using Matlab
z For expressions of the following type
π 2π
f ( x, y ) = ∫ π∫ ( x cos
0
y + y sin x )dydx
dblquad maybe used for numerical double integration

2010 61
Multiple integration using
Matlab….example
z Q = dblquad(inline('y*sin(x)+x*cos(y)'),
pi, 2*pi, 0, pi) which returns Q = -9.8696

2010 62
Initializing with Keyboard Input
z The input function displays a prompt

string in the Command Window and then
waits for the user to respond.
z v1= input( ‘Enter an input value: ’ );
v2 = input( ‘Enter data: ’ );
v3 = input( ‘Enter data: ’ ,`s`);

2010 63
Matlab- Simulink
z Tool for modeling, simulating, and analyzing
dynamic systems.
z Linear and Nonlinear systems,
z Configured in continuous time, sampled time,
or a mixture
z Signals can be fed to static and dynamic
blocks.
z Results can be observed in scopes, displays
or can be saved to a file.
z Data can be connected from one block to
another, can be branched, multiplexed etc.
2010 64
Resources in Simulink
z Simulink facility
can be invoked
by typing
simulink in
the command
window

2010 65
Continuous block set ….
z Continuous
time domain
operations

2010 66
Discontinuities block-set
z Dead zones
z Quantizer
z Rate Limiter

2010 67
Discrete Systems Block
z Resources for
signals and
processes in
discrete domain

2010 68
How to create a simple Simulink
block?
z click the create
new model
option.
z blocks from block-
sets can be
dragged and
dropped

2010 69
Example- Multiplying two sinusoids

2010 70
Thank You

2010 71

Familiarization With Matlab: Kandarpa Kumar Sarma

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Familiarization with Matlab

Kandarpa Kumar Sarma

RC in Electronics and Instumentation,

z Matlab is a product of The MathWorks Inc.

RC in Electronics and Instumentation,

z Perform a host of tasks- Mathematical, Statistical,

RC in Electronics and Instumentation,

z Current is Matlab 2008 –usually run in a client-

RC in Electronics and Instumentation,

RC in Electronics and Instumentation,

RC in Electronics and Instumentation,

RC in Electronics and Instumentation,

RC in Electronics and Instumentation,

RC in Electronics and Instumentation,

RC in Electronics and Instumentation,

RC in Electronics and Instumentation,

z Integers are used as unsigned 8-bit

RC in Electronics and Instumentation,

RC in Electronics and Instumentation,

RC in Electronics and Instumentation,

RC in Electronics and Instumentation,

RC in Electronics and Instumentation,

RC in Electronics and Instumentation,

RC in Electronics and Instumentation,

z To calculate the cosine of a vector X, simply

RC in Electronics and Instumentation,

RC in Electronics and Instumentation,

z Mean (X) to find the

RC in Electronics and Instumentation,

z Built-in functions have there own

RC in Electronics and Instumentation,

RC in Electronics and Instumentation,

RC in Electronics and Instumentation,

RC in Electronics and Instumentation,

RC in Electronics and Instumentation,

RC in Electronics and Instumentation,

RC in Electronics and Instumentation,

RC in Electronics and Instumentation,

z addition a+b → a+b

RC in Electronics and Instumentation,

z greater than (with >)

z greater than or equal (with >=)

z less than or equal (with <=), and

z not equal (with ~=)

RC in Electronics and Instumentation,

RC in Electronics and Instumentation,

RC in Electronics and Instumentation,

RC in Electronics and Instumentation,

RC in Electronics and Instumentation,

RC in Electronics and Instumentation,

z The element in row i and column j of A is

RC in Electronics and Instumentation,

RC in Electronics and Instumentation,

RC in Electronics and Instumentation,

RC in Electronics and Instumentation,

RC in Electronics and Instumentation,

RC in Electronics and Instumentation,

RC in Electronics and Instumentation,

zA built in function diff can be used. DIFF-

RC in Electronics and Instumentation,

RC in Electronics and Instumentation,

z INLINE function- INLINE Construct