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How SCADA Systems Work?

by Tarun Agarwal | at ELECTRIC

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Introduction:
SCADA stands for supervisory control and data acquisition. It is a type of software application prog
control. SCADA is a central control system which consist of controllers network interfac
communication equipments and software. SCADA systems are used to monitor and control the e
industrial process which include manufacturing, production, development and fabrication. The infrastru
include gas and oil distribution, electrical power, water distribution. Public utilities include bus trafc
The SCADA system takes the reading of the meters and checks the status of sensors in regular i
requires minimal interference of human.

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A large number of processes occur in large industrial establishment. Every process you need to monito
because each machine gives different output. The SCADA system used to gather the data fro
instruments located at remote area. The computer then processes this data and presents in a tim
SCADA system gathers the information (like leak on a pipeline occurred) and transfer the informa
system while giving the alerts that leakage has occurred and displays the information in a logical and o
The SCADA system used to run on DOS and UNIX operating systems.

Architecture:
Generally SCADA system is a centralized system which monitors and controls entire area. It is purely s
that is positioned on top of hardware. A supervisory system gathers data on the process and send
control to the process. The SCADA is a remote terminal unit which is also known as RTU. Most co
automatically performed by RTUs or PLCs. The RTUs consist of programmable logic converter whi
specic requirement. For example, in the thermal power plant the water flow can be set to specic v
changed according to the requirement.

The SCADA system allows operators to change the set point for the flow, and enable alarm conditions
flow and high temperature and the condition is displayed and recorded. The SCADA system mo
performance of the loop. The SCADA system is a centralized system to communicate with both w
technology to Clint devices. The SCADA system controls can run completely all kinds of industrial proc

EX: If too much pressure in building up in a gas pipe line the SCADA system can automatically open a re

1. Hardware Architecture:
The generally SCADA system can be classied into two parts:
 Clint layer
Data server layer

The Clint layer which caters for the man machine interaction.

The data server layer which handles most of the process data activities.

The SCADA station refers to the servers and it is composed of a single PC. The data servers communi
in the eld through process controllers like PLCs or RTUs. The PLCs are connected to the data servers
via networks or buses. The SCADA system utilizes a WAN and LAN networks, the WAN and LAN co
protocols used for communication between the master station and devices. The physical equipme
connected to the PLCs or RTUs. The RTUs convert the sensor signals to digital data and sends digita
According to the master feedback received by the RTU, it applies the electrical signal to relays. Most
and control operations are performed by RTUs or PLCs as we can see in the gure.

2. Software Architecture:
Most of the servers are used for multitasking and real time database. The servers are responsible f
and handling. The SCADA system consists of a software program to provide trending, diagnostic d
information such as scheduled maintenance procedure, logistic information, detailed schematics for a
or machine and expert system troubleshooting guides. This means the operator can sea a schematic
the plant being controlled.

EX: alarm checking, calculations, logging and archiving; polling controllers on a set of parameter, th
connected to the server.
Working Procedure of SCADA system:
The SCADA system performs the following functions:

Data Acquisitions
Data Communication
Information/Data presentation
Monitoring/Control

These functions are performed by sensors, RTUs, controller, communication network. The sensors a
the important information and RTUs are used to send this information to controller and display the stat
According to the status of the system, the user can give command to other system components. This
by the communication network.

Data Acquisitions:
Real time system consists of thousand of components and sensors. It is very important to know the st
components and sensors. For example, some sensors measure the water flow from the reservoir t
some sensors measure the value pressure as the water is release from the reservoir.

Data Communication:
The SCADA system uses wired network to communicate between user and devices. The real time appli
sensors and components which should be control remotely. The SCADA system uses internet com
information is transmitted through internet using specic protocols. Sensor and relays are not able
with the network protocols so RTUs used to communicate sensors and network interface.

Information/Data presentation:
The normal circuit networks have some indicators which can be visible to control but in the real tim
there are thousand of sensors and alarm which are impossible to be handled simultaneously. The SCA
human machine interface (HMI) to provide all of the information gathered from the various sensors.

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Human machine interface:

The SCADA system uses human machine interface. The information is displayed and monitored to be
human. HMI provides the access of multiple control units which can be PLCs and RTUs. The HMI provi
presentation of the system. For example, it provides the graphical picture of the pump connected to t
can see the flow of the water and pressure of the water. The important part of the HMI is an alarm
activated according to the predened values.
For example: The tank water level alarm is set 60% and 70% values. If the water level reaches abov
gives normal warning and if the water level reach above 70% the alarm gives critical warning.

Monitoring/Control:
The SCADA system uses different switches to operate each device and displays the status at the cont
of the process can be turned ON/OFF from the control station using these switches. SCADA system i
work automatically without human intervention but at critical situations it is handled by man power.

SCDA for Remote Industrial plant:

In large industrial establishments many process occur simultaneously and each needs to be mo
actually a complex task. The SCADA systems are used to monitor and control the equipments
processes which include water distribution, oil distribution and power distribution. The main aim of
process the real time data and control the large scale remote industrial environment. In the real
temperature logging system for a remote plant operation is taken.

Block Diagram by Edgefx Kits

The temperature sensors are connected to the microcontroller , which is connected to the PC at t
software is loaded on the computer. The data is collected from the temperature sensors. The tem
continuously send the signal to the microcontroller which accordingly displays these values on its fro
set the parameters like low limit and high limit on the computer screen. When the temperature of a se
set point the microcontroller send a command to the corresponding relay. The heaters connected throu
are turned OFF and ON.

For example SCADA for Remote Industrial Planet:

This is a temperature logging System. Here 8 temperature sensors in multiplexing mode are c
microcontroller through ADC 0808. Then the values of all the sensors are sent serially by microcontro
32 to the com port of the PC. A Software DAQ System loaded on the PC takes these values and show
panel, and also logs them to the data base daq.mdb .One can set by interactive way some paramete
low limit ,and high limit on the computer screen . When temperature of some sensor increases beyo
microcontroller sends commands to relay driver IC. The heaters connected through relay contacts are
sensor) turned OFF (or ON in opposite case).High limit and low limits are for alarm. When temperature
limit or below low limit the alarm will be turned on.

Applications:

Power generation, transmission and distribution

Water distribution and reservoir system
Public buildings like electrical heating and cooling system.
Generators and turbines
 Trafc light control system

Advantages:

The SCADA system provides onboard mechanical and graphical information

The SCADA system is easily expandable. We can add set of control units and sensors according to t
The SCADA system ability to operate critical situations.

Photo Credit:

General SCADA Network by mycpanel

SCADA Diagram by eeweb
Architecture of SCADA system by eeweb
SCADA Experimental diagram by wikimedia

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2 Comments

Shubham Soni Says:

at
hello
I want to buy DIY kit of project Wireless SCADA which is model no 346 with referred to your websit
http://www.edgefxkits.com
I want to know that kit includes the DAQ system (software) or not.
if it is not given with the kit then from where I get this software.??

Tarun Agarwal Says:

at
Hi Shubham Soni,
Yes ,the kit includes the DAQ system software.
Please check our new wonderful and user friendly website http://www.edgefxkits.com for all
Please follow the link: http://www.edgefxkits.com/wireless-scada
Please get back to us at info@edgefxkits.in or call the undersigned on 0 99591 78000 or our
1800 108 7475 for clarications/personal counseling.
Thanks and Regards
Suvarna
Mobile: +91 9959178000

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