2/8/2017

Cnidaria and Ctenophora

ZOO 3
Dr. Eleanor Aurellado

Porifera

ANCESTRAL Cnidaria
PROTIST
Eumetazoa

Protostomia

Common Lophotrochozoa
ancestor of
all animals
Ecdysozoa
Bilateria

Deuterostomia

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Phylum Cnidaria
Cnidocytes (stinging cells)
Food capture
Defense
Contain nematocysts (stinging organelles)

Cnidocyte Discharge

Tentacle Cuticle
of prey

Thread

Nematocyst
Trigger

Thread
discharges

Thread
Cnidocyte (coiled)

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Characteristics
Tissue level of organization
Diploblastic
Epidermis (from ectoderm)
Gastrodermis (from endoderm)
Gelatinous mesoglea in between

epithelio-muscular cell

interstitial cell

nutritive-
muscular cell

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Cnidarian Body Plan

Radial symmetry (medusa or polyp)
Incomplete gut
Mouth
Polyp Tentacle Medusa
Gastrovascular
cavity
Gastrodermis
Mesoglea
Epidermis

Tentacle
Mouth

Other Innovations of Cnidarians

Epitheliomuscular cells
Epidermis longitudinal
Gastrodermis - circular
Nerve net

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Reproduction
Asexual budding Sexual
Reproduction
Planula larva

Importance
Can cause injuries and fatalities

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Importance
Jellyfish blooms affect fisheries

Source of food

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Habitat of other animals

Ecotourism

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Cnidarian Phylogeny

Cnidarian Classification
Class Anthozoa
Class Scyphozoa
Class Staurozoa
Class Cubozoa
Class Hydrozoa

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Class Anthozoa
Medusa stage absent
Polyps with septa

Subclass Hexacorallia
Tentacles in multiples of 6
Sea anemones
Stony corals

Tubastrea Alveopora

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Various hard corals

(O. Scleractinia)

Stichodactyla
(O. Actiniaria)

Coral Biology
Coral: polyp with
skeleton
Most are hermatypic
(reef-forming)
Zooxanthellae
Symbiodinium (a
dinoflagellate)
Provide food through
photosynthesis
Promote calcification
of coral skeleton

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Coral Bleaching
Loss of
zooxanthellae
High sea
surface
temperature
(SST)
High solar
insolation
Pollution

Acropora

Subclass Octocorallia
8 pinnate tentacles
Soft corals

Xenia
(O. Alcyonacea)

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Sea fan, sea pen, and organ pipe coral

Sea fan (O. Gorgonacea) Virgularia (O. Pennatulacea) Tubipora (O. Stolonifera)

Class Scyphozoa
(true jellyfishes)
Medusa dominant
No velum in
subumbrellar
surface
Coronal muscle
Rhopalia (sensory
structures)

Aurelia aurita
Moon jellyfish

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Scyphozoan Rhopalium
Ocellus
detects light

Statocyst
detects gravity

Aurelia life cycle

Strobilation transverse budding

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Atolla

Mastigias papua

Cassiopea
Upside down jellyfish

Class Staurozoa
(stalked jellyfishes)
Formerly classified under Scyphozoa
Medusa absent but has coronal muscle
Non-ciliated creeping planula

Lucernaria Haliclystus

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Class Cubozoa (box jellyfishes)

Cuboidal
medusa
No
strobilation
Pedalium
Velarium
Rhopalia with
complex eyes

Cubozoan Velarium

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Cubozoan Rhopalium
Eyes with cornea and lens

Chironex fleckeri

Chiropsalmus

Carukia barnesi
Irukandji jellyfish

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Class Hydrozoa
Marine, some
freshwater
Cnidocytes only in
ectoderm
Polyps without septa
Medusa with velum

Craspedacusta
Freshwater medusa Hydra

Hydrozoan medusa

Gonionemus

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Obelia life cycle

Reproductive
Feeding polyp
polyp

Medusa MEIOSIS
bud
Gonad
Medusa
Egg Sperm
SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
Portion of (BUDDING)
a colony FERTILIZATION
of polyps
Zygote
1 mm

Developing
polyp Planula
(larva)

Key Mature
Haploid (n) polyp
Diploid (2n)

Siphonophores
Colonial hydrozoans
composed of
medusoid and
polypoid individuals
pneumatophore

nektophore

dactylozooid

Hula skirt Physalia

tentacles Portuguese man-of-war
siphonophore Norbert Wu

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Phylum Ctenophora
(comb jellies)
Marine
Sometimes grouped
with cnidarians
under Radiata or
Coelenterata
Tissue level of
organization
Mesoglea
Nerve net

Characteristics
8 Ciliary comb rows
Rotational symmetry
(formerly thought biradial)

colloblast

Pleurobrachia

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Characteristics
Colloblasts
(adhesive cells)

Cestum
Mnemiopsis

Beroe

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