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Fundamentals 1
16
1 LFUNDAMENTALS
ogra ith m
First of all I would like to mention that this chapter is since every bit and every concept is equally important. It is
deliberately written to promote your interest for CAT advised that you should make the flow chart of the solution
preparation in a systematic approach which will lay the strong while reading, since going back to the problem several times
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foundation. Since this chapter subsumes fundamentals of means irritation and wastage of invaluable time. Also, you
calculation techniques along with various number systems should try to solve maximum no. of problems without pencil
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besides basic tenets of maths, hence it is named as and paper since it makes you quick respondent and saves a lot
Fundamentals. Again since most of the problems (i.e., of time. Finally, avoid rote method of learning in maths instead
2040%) in CAT paper (viz., QA section) belong to this be inqusitive and explorer to gain an advantage. The
ing
chapter alone hence it becomes inevitable to discuss the bottomline is that perceive logic and apply logic, since it is
nuances and subtleties of the various concepts objectively and logical.
comprehensively. Thats why this chapter has become very
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CALCULATION TECHNIQUES
bulky too.
In your own interest it would be better to adhere to my Multiplication : Multiplication is nothing but the
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advices and stipulations stated at appropriate places in this shortest method of addition. In day-to-day life when we have to
chapter even throughout the book. As per my own experiences add up the same quantity many a times, so we multiply the
given number by the number of times to which the given
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multiplication table.
40% 30% 30%
Now, I would like to suggest you that in the competitive
exams like CAT, where speed and accuracy are totally
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70% problem solved indispensable. So there are some novel and enticing techniques
for multiplication given in this chapter. But in some techniques
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100% problem solved you have to know the square of some relevent numbers,
normally the squares of 1 to 100. Last but not the least you
If any of the three above mentioned activities is botched
dont need to bother about since I have some very innovative
up then you are prone to failure. Hence, it is obvious that speed
techniques to learn and calculate the squares very readily. Even
calculation invariably enhances your rate of success in CAT
most of the times you need not to use a pencil and paper for this
and most importantly it eliminates the stress and anxiety to
work and thats my purpose.
ensconce you in your own comfort zone. Remember that you
Basically we divide these techniques into two categories.
can succeed only when you operate in your comfort zone else it The first one which I have derived from some algebraic
turns out to be a challenge. Due to above mentioned reasons it operations and the second one belongs to our ancient maths i. e.,
is imperative to become handy in quick calcualtion which is Vedic maths.
required in DI too. In this book I have laid emphasis on my own approach of
The latter part, even major section, of the chapter is multiplication, because years of research in numeric maths I
devoted to numbers, their kinds, operations and behaviour in have found that I myself and my students find it comfortable as
mathematical milieu. You are supposed to not to skip a bit of it it is very convenient and pragmatic to do within a few seconds.
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2 Fundamentals
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(Since, there is 53 hence it will be divided by 23.)
In general, if you want to multiply any number K by 5n then
Case 5. To multiply those two numbers, the sum of
you just need to divide that number by 2n, after writing or
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(associating) n zeros at the end of the number i . e. , whose unit digit is 10 and the rest digits (left to the unit digit)
K 0000 n zeros are same in both the numbers.
K 5n =
2n
ing
EXAMPLE 1 Multiply 38 by 32.
732000000
e. g. , 732 56 =
2 2 2 2 2 2 SOLUTION Step 1: Multiply the unit digits as 8 2 = 16
Step 2: Add 1 to the left digits then multiply this increased
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732000000
= = 11437500 number by the original digits i . e. ,
64
3 (3 + 1) = 12
Case 2. Multiplication of a number by 9 n i. e., 9,
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SOLUTION Step 1: 238 81 = 238 9 9 NOTE The last two places are reserved for the product of unit digits as
Step 2: 238 (10 1) (10 1) in the above example 1 9 = 9 but we fill the last two places by
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SOLUTION Step 1: 1 9 = 09
EXAMPLE 1 Multiply 287 by 19.
Step 2: 43 (43 + 1) = 1892
SOLUTION 287 (10 + 9) = 287 10 + 287 9 So, 431 439 = 189209
= 2870 + 287 (10 1)
EXAMPLE 6 Multiply 1203 by 1207.
= 2870 + 2870 287
= 5740 287 = 5453 SOLUTION Step 1: 3 7 = 21
or 287 19 = 287 (20 1) Step 2: 120 (120 + 1) = 14520
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Fundamentals 3
So, 1203 1207 = 1452021 NOTE N1 N2
N1 N 2 2d i . e .,
Case 6. To multiply the two numbers whose difference N 1 N 2 = (N 1 + d ) 2 d 2
is always an even number.
N 1 N 2 = (N 2 d ) 2 d 2
EXAMPLE 1 Multiply 38 by 52.
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2
EXAMPLE 3 Multiply 185 by 215. So, if you know the square of the required numbers then
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using this method you can multiply any two number within 2-3
SOLUTION Step 1: 215 185 = 30 seconds as
(here 30 is an even number) 2 2
56 + 64 64 56
30 56 64 =
= 15
ing
Step 2: 2 2
2
Step 3: 185 + 15 = 215 15 = 200 = (60)2 (4)2 = 3600 16 = 3584
Step 4: (200)2 (15)2 = 40000 225 = 39775
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524 524
19
6 9 4 = 36 19
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56 (9 2 + 1 4) + 3 19
2 4 3 = 12 74
SOLUTION
2 12 = 25
524
23 2 3 524
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74 19 19
02 (4 2 + 7 3) + 1 7 4 956 (9 5 + 1 2) + 2
02 29 + 1 = 30 = 49
= 30 524
23 524
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23 19
74 19
74 9956 (1 5) + 4
1702 (7 2) + 3 1702 14 + 3
= 17 =9
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3456 3456
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89
83 83 4 9 6 = 54 89
EXAMPLE 2 65
Solve 83 65.
5 5 3 = 15 65 EXAMPLE 4
5 15 3456 34 5 6
SOLUTION Evaluate
8 3 89
83 84 (9 5 + 8 6) + 5 89
65
95 (5 8 + 6 3) + 1 6 5 = 98
95 58 + 1 = 59 34 5 6
= 59 3456
83 89 89
83 584 (9 4 + 8 5) + 9
65 65
5395 (6 8) + 5 = 85 3456
5395 48 + 5
= 53 3456
89 89
7584 (9 3 + 8 4) + 8
= 67 3456
3456 89
89
307584 83+6
= 30
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4 Fundamentals
3456 89.
SOLUTION 245 245 4567
367 1289
5 5 7 = 35 367 3 9 7 = 63
4567
245 245 1289
367 63 (9 6 + 8 7) + 6 = 116
15 (7 4 + 6 5) + 3 367 4567
= 61 1289
245 863 (9 5 + 8 6 + 2 7) + 11 = 118
245 4567
367 367 Evaluate 123456 789.
EXAMPLE 61289
915 (7 2 + 6 4 + 3 5 ) + 6 6863 (9 4 + 8 5 + 2 6 + 1 7) + 11 = 106
= 59 SOLUTION
245 4567
245 1289
367 367 (8
7 Find the
EXAMPLE86863 4 + of
value 5 +11289.
2 4567 6) + 10 = 58
9915 (6 2 + 3 4) + 5 4567
SOLUTION1289
= 29 245
886863 (2 4 + 1 5) + 5 = 18
245
367 367 4567
(3 2) + 2 1289
EXAMPLE 89915
5 Evaluate 245 367. 5886863 (4 1) + 1
=8
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SOLUTION
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325768
123456 1234
123456 2 4 8 = 32
789 789
ing
4 9 6 = 54 325768
1234
123456 12 (4 6 + 3 8) + 3 = 51
123456
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789 325768
789 1234
84 (9 5 + 8 6) + 5 = 98
712 (4 7 + 3 6 + 2 8) + 5 = 67
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123456 325768
123456 1234
789 789 7712 (4 5 + 3 7 + 2 6 + 1 8) + 6 = 67
784 (9 4 + 8 5 + 7 6) + 9 = 127
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325768
123456 EXAMPLE 8 Find the value of 325768 1234.
1234
123456 97712 (4 2 + 3 5 + 2 7 + 1 6) + 6 = 49
789 789 SOLUTION
325768
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06784 (9 2 + 8 3 + 7 4) + 10 = 80 1997712 (3 3 + 2 2 + 1 5) + 3 = 21
123456 325768
123456 1234
789 01997712 (2 3 + 1 2) + 2 = 10
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789
406784 (9 1 + 8 2 + 7 3) + 8 = 54 325768
123456 1234
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123456 401997712 (1 3) + 1 = 4
789 789
7406784 (8 1 + 7 2) + 5 = 27
123456
123456
789 789
97406784 (7 1) + 2 = 9
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Fundamentals 5
DIVISIBILITY RULES divide mutually each other it means they are same i. e.,
While solving the mathematical problems we need to N 1 = N 2 only.
divide one number by another number. In general we use four HOW TO CHECK THE DIVISIBILITY
terms for this process as
We have certain rules to check the divisibility by certain
or Dividend = (Divisor Quotient) + Remainder
integral numbers. With the help of the following rules it has
for example 30 = (7 4) + 2
become easier to know whether a certain number is divisible or
where quotient is a whole number i. e., 0, 1, 2, 3, etc not by a particular number without actually dividing the number.
and remainder is always less than divisor or zero.
Divisibility by 2
6 234 39 Any integral number whose last digit (i. e., unit digit)is
18
54 even or in other words the unit digit is divisible by 2. It means
54 any number whose last digit is either 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8, then this
number must be divisible by 2.
So, when the remainder is zero, we can say that the given e. g., 395672, 132, 790, 377754, etc.
number is divisible by the particular divisor number. Divisibility by 4
4
Now, 238 6 = 39 = 39.66 (decimal notation) If the number formed by last two digits of the given
6 number is divisible by 4 then the actual number must be
Since the above number when divided by 6 leaves a
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divisible by 4. i. e., the last two digits of a number can be 00, 04,
remainder of 4 then it is said to be not divisible by 6 where 238 08, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, , 96.
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is dividend, 39 is quotient obtained when divided by 6 as a e. g., 33932, 7958956, 2300, 1996, 3819764280 etc.
divisor. Thus we get 4 as 6 a 240 40
remainder.
Divisibility by 8
Further if we subtract240 the remainder from the dividend
then the dividend (the resultant number) becomes divisible by
ing
If the number formed by last three digits of the given
particular divisor. e. g., number is divisible by 8 then the actual number must be
divisible by 8 i. e., the last three digits of the divisible number
238 4 = 234 (dividendremainder)
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can be 000, 008, 016, 024, 032, 040, , 096, 104, , 992.
Here, the remainder is zero and the number is perfectly e. g., 8537000, 9317640, 3945080, 23456008, 12345728,
divisible by 6. 3152408 etc.
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Thus (238 + 2) becomes perfectly divisible by the checking the last 5, 6, 7, digits number formed from the
particular divisor. given number as in the above cases.
For negative integers Divisibility by 3
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6 Fundamentals
digit is either 0 or 5. then
e. g., 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, , 275, 365, , 995, 70000, 7 3 = 21 = 20 + 1
438915 etc.
20 = 21 1 = (2 10) (1)
Divisibility by some special numbers e . g., 7, 11, 13, 17,
Now in the above expression 2 is the multiple of 10 and is
19, 23, etc.
known as the negative osculator for 7.
Why are these numbers treated differently for checking Now let us consider the next example of 13 and then
the divisibility? Since, if we multiply these numbers by any
bring it closer to the multiples of 10 with a difference of 1. Thus
other number (except 10 or multiples of 10) these numbers can
never be divisible by 10. So to make the process easier we 13 3 = 39
bring the given number (i. e., divisor) closer to the multiples of and 39 + 1 = 40 = ( 4 10) (2)
10 with the difference of 1 (e. g., 9 or 11, 19 or 21, 29 or 31, 39 In the above expression 4 is the multiple of 10 and 4 is the
or 41 etc). value of one more osculator.
Now if the number is one less than the multiples of 10 Similarly for 17 we can find the osculator as
( i. e., 9, 19, 29, 39, ) we need to increase it by 1 to make it
17 3 = 51 = 50 + 1
further multiple of 10. Hence we call it one more osculator
and the value of multiple of 10 is called the value of one So, 50 = 51 1 = (5 10)
more osculator. Here 5 is the negative osculator for 17.
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Similarly if the number is one more than the multiple of Similarly for 31 the osculator is negative and the value of
10 (i. e., 11, 21, 31, 41, , etc) we need to decrease it by 1 to negative osculator is 3.
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make it the multiple of 10. So we call it negative osculator Q 31 = 30 + 1
and the value of multiple of 10 is the value of negative 30 = 31 1 (3 10)
osculator.
ing
Now we will apply the osculator techniques to check the
e. g., The given number is 7 (divisor number) then we divisibility by 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, etc.
bring it closer to the multiple of 10 with the difference of 1,
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Divisibility by 7
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Step 1. 133 13 3 2 = 13 6 = 7
Since 7 is divisible by 7, so the given number 133 will
also be divisible by 7.
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divisible by 7.
[Since, the osculator for 13 is 4 and it is one more osculator.
EXAMPLE 2 Check whether 939715 is divisible by 7. So we use addition]
Step 2. 260 26 + 0 4 = 26
SOLUTION Step 1. 939715 93971 5 2 = 93961
Since 26 (or 260) is divisible by 13 hence 2366 is also
Step 2. 93961 9396 1 2 = 9394
divisible by 13.
Step 3. 9394 939 4 2 = 931
Step 4. 931 93 1 2 = 91 EXAMPLE 2. Check whether 377910 is divisible by 13.
Step 5. 91 9 1 2 = 7 SOLUTION Step 1. 377910 37791 + 0 4 = 37791
Hence, it is divisible by 7. Step 2. 37791 3779 + 1 4 = 3783
NOTE 1. Step 3. 3783 378 + 3 4 = 390
Step 4. 390 39 + 0 4 = 39
Since 39 is divisible by 39. So 377910 is also divisible by 13.
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Fundamentals 7
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hand side might be divisible by the divisor whether you readily
recognise it or not. then we check for the divisibility by 3.
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Divisibility by 19 Divisibility by 10
A number is divisible by 10 if and only if when it is
EXAMPLE 1 Find out whether 21793 is divisible by 19.
divisible by both 2 and 5. So it can be easily observed that a
ing
SOLUTION Step 1. 2179 3 2179 + 3 2 = 2185 number is divisible by 10 must ends up with zero(s) at the right
[Q 2 is the one more osculator of 19] end (i.e., last digits) of itself.
Step 2. 218 5 218 + 5 2 = 228
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NOTE n
Step 3. 22 8 22 + 8 2 = 38 10n
n
Hence 21793 is divisible by 19.
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the number formed by the last three digits and the number formed and 3 both at the same time. So first of all check the divisibility
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pic
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8 Fundamentals
(a) 2 (b) 5 20. When a 3 digit number 984 is added to another 3 digit
(c) 7 (d) 6 number 4 p3, we get a four digit number 13q7, which is
7. If 42573k is divisible by 72 then the value of k is : divisible by 11. The value of p + q is :
(a) 4 (b) 5 (a) 10 (b) 11
(c) 6 (d) 7 (c) 12 (d) 13
8. How many numbers between 1 and 1000 are divisible 21. When a number divided by 9235, we get the quotient
by 7? 888 and the remainder 222, such a least possible
(a) 777 (b) 142 number is :
(c) 143 (d) none of these (a) 820090 (b) 8200920
9. How many numbers between 55 and 555 including both (c) 8200680 (d) none of these
the extreme values are divisible by 5? 22. The number which when divided by 33 is perfectly
(a) 100 (b) 111 divisible and closer to 1000 is :
(c) 101 (d) none of these (a) 990 (b) 999
10. How many numbers are there from 100 to 200 ? (c) 1023 (d) cant be determined
(a) 100 (b) 101 23. A number which when divided by 32 leaves a remainder
(c) 99 (d) none of these of 29. If this number is divided by 8 the remainder will
11. How many numbers are divisible by 3 in the set of be :
numbers 300, 301, 302, ..., 499, 500? (a) 0 (b) 1
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(a) 200 (b) 66 (c) 5 (d) 3
(c) 67 (d) none of these
24. A number when divided by 5 leaves a remainder of 4,
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12. How many numbers are there between 200 and 800 when the double (i.e., twice) of that number is divided by
which are divisible by both 5 and 7? 5 the remainder will be :
(a) 35 (b) 16 (a) 0 (b) 1
ing
(c) 17 (d) cant be determined (c) 3 (d) cant be determined
13. In the above question total numbers in the set of numbers 25. When a number N is divided by a proper divisor D then it
S = {200 , 201, ... , 800 } which are either divisible by 5 or
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(c) 199 (d) cant be determined i.e., 4N is divided by D the remainder will be :
14. How many numbers are there in the set (a) 35 (b) 22
S = {200 , 201, 202 , ... , 800 } which are divisible by
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(c) 410 (d) none of these number by 34. Such a least possible number is :
15. Total number of numbers lying in the range of 1331 and (a) 175 (b) 75
3113 which are neither divisible by 2, 3 or 5 is : (c) 680 (d) does not exist
pic
(a) 477 (b) 594 27. When a natural number divided by a certain divisor, we
(c) 653 (d) none of these get 15 as a remainder. But when the 10 times of the
16. Atleast what number must be subtracted from 434079 same number is divided by the same divisor we get 6 as
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so that it becomes divisible by 137 ? a remainder. The maximum possible number of such
(a) 173 (b) 63 divisors is :
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Fundamentals 9
30. In how many parts a rod of length 19.5 m can be broken (a) 4086 (b) 5076
m
17 289 37 1369 57 3249 77 5929 97 9409
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18 324 38 1444 58 3364 78 6084 98 9604
19 361 39 1521 59 3481 79 6241 99 9801
20 400 40 1600 60 3600
ing 80 6400 100 10,000
222222... etc. This number is always divisible by : (c) 9 (d) none of these
(a) 7 (b) 11 34. A certain number N when multiplied by 13, the resultant
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(c) 13 (d) all of these values consists entirely of sevens. The value of N is :
32. The maximum possible difference between the 4 digit (a) 123459 (b) 58829
numbers formed by using the 4 different digits 1, 2, 3, 5 (c) 59829 (d) none of these
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is :
SQUARE TABLE
pic
SQUARING zero (0) : Any number whose last digit is zero, we double the
Dear students the importance of squaring of numbers is number of zeros at the right side of the number and in the left of
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somewhat crucial particularly in the context of CAT. I think there zeros we write the square of the non-zero numbers (or rest
that initially you may not consider the importance of squaring digits) which is in the left of the zero(s)
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but later on you have to delve deep into the basics of the e.g., square of 40 :
squaring because most of the calculative problems can be (40) 2 Step 1. 00
solved easily if you learn the squares just upto 100. Get Step 2. 4 2 = 16
surprised! No there will be no any difficulty in learning these Step 3. 1600
squares, since I have some breakthrough techniques to find the Similarly square of 700 :
square of any number faster than any one and I can consider ( 700) 2 Step 1. 0000
that you will find no where these methods and their efficacy as
Step 2. ( 7) 2 = 49
in this book. Now we will proceed step by step toward our
learning goal. Last but not the least you will consciously Step 3. 490000
observe the square table you will find some peculiarities,as Square of 13000 :
these peculiarities of the numbers (i.e., their distinct nature) (13000) 2 Step 1. 000000
help us in remembering for long time and making a network Step 2. (13) 2 = 169
with other numbers. Step 3. 169000000
1. Square of the numbers whose unit (i.e., last) digit is Square of 21000 :
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10 Fundamentals
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(iii) The square of 75 : and (89) = (90) 2 (89 + 90)
2
(75) 2
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Step 1. 25 = 8100 179 = 7921
Step 2. 7 ( 7 + 1) = 56
and (139) = (140) 2 (139 + 140)
2
Step 3. 5625
= 19600 279 = 19321
ing
(iv) The square of 125 :
(125) 2 Step 1. 25 and (249) = (250) 2 (249 + 250)
2
3. (i) Square of the numbers ending with the digit 1 : (iv) Square of the numbers whose unit digit is 3 or 7 :
These numbers are very easy to solve. To get the square of any For example : (23) 2 = (20) 2 + 3 (20 + 23)
such number just write the square of the previous number and
then add the previous number and the number whose square is = 400 + 129 = 529
being asked. Similarly, (53) 2 = (50) 2 + 3 (50 + 53)
For example the square of 21
= 2500 + 309 = 2809
(21) 2 = (20) 2 + (20 + 21) = 441
and (123) = (120) 2 + 3 (120 + 123)
2
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Fundamentals 11
= 15625 + 251 =15876 (vi) If the unit digit of any number is 4 or 6 then the unit
digit of its square is always 6.
In general square of any number can be found by using
e.g., (26) 2 = 676, (24) 2 = 576,
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the square of any convenient number as base square e.g., the
numbers whose unit digit is either 0 or 5, since the square of (14) 2 = 196, (16) 2 = 256 etc.
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these numbers is easy to find and learn. However we can
calculate the square by considering any base square. For (vii) The square of any number is always positive
example if ing irrespective of the nature of the given number.
Remember :
(32) 2 = (30) 2 + 2 (30 + 32) =1024
(a) The numbers with unit digit 0, 1, 5 and 6 always give
or (32) 2 = (31) 2 + (30 + 31) the same unit digits respectively, on squaring.
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= 961 + 61 =1024 (b) 2, 3, 7 and 8 never appear as unit digit in the square
of a number.
or (32) = (33) 2 (32 + 33)
2
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2 10404
12, ... etc.
= 1225 201 =1024 2 5202
SQUARE ROOT 3 2601
Now, it can be generalized as :
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If N is the number whose square is to be calculated and B A number n is called the square root of a3 number867
is the base and d is difference between N and B then2 3600 n = (n n) where n is obtained by multiplying the number
2 2 17 289 n
with itself only once. The symbol for square root is17
17
pic
2 1800 .
( N ) 2 = (B ) 2 + d (B + N ) when B<N 1
2 900 For example the square root of 4 i.e., 4 = 2, and
or ( N ) 2 = B 2 d (B + N ) when B>N
2 450
9 = 3, 25 = 5 etc.
w.
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12 Fundamentals
15876 = 126
SOLUTION 347
EXAMPLE 3 Find the square root of 10404.
3 12 04 09
SOLUTION The factors of 10404 3 9
= 2 2 3 3 17 17 64 304
10404 = 2 3 17 4 256
687 4809
or 10404 = 102
7 4809
120409 = 347
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EXAMPLE 1 Find the square root of 3600. 2 5 79 36 49
2 4
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60 44 179
SOLUTION 6 36 00 4 176
6 36 4807 33649
3600 = 60 120 00 00
ing 07 33649
0 00 00
1 1
(31)2 = 961 then (3001)2 = 9006001
202 0 04 04
(12)2 = 144 then (1002)2 = 1004004 and so on
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02 4 04
10404 = 102 Go in depth and find the limitation of this logic ...
Did you know 12 = 1
112 = 121
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1 1 111112 = 123454321
22 58 1111112 = 12345654321
2 44
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246 1476
6 1476
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Fundamentals 13
8. The least possible positive number which should be delve deep into your own mind and evolve the new techniques,
added to 575 to make a perfect square number is : and solutions as an effective manager. So think now.
(a) 0 (b) 1 Method to find cube of two digit numbers.
(c) 4 (d) none of these
Step 1. Write down the cube of tens digit.
9. The least possible number which must be subtracted Step 2. Write down the resultant value in the same ratio
from 575 to make a perfect square number is : as the ratio of tens and unit digit in four terms as a G.P.
(a) 5 (b) 50
Step 3. Write down twice the value obtained in the
(c) 46 (d) 37
second and third term below the second and third term
10. The square of a number A is the sum of the square of respectively.
other two numbers B and C. Where 5 B = 12C and B, C
Step 4. Now you can add all the numbers in the
are positive numbers. The least possible positive value
of A is :
prescribed manner as given in the following examples :
(a) 10 (b) 12 NOTE
(c) 13 (d) 16
11. Lieutenant Kalia when arranged all his 1500 soldiers in EXAMPLE 1 (11) 3 Step 1. 13 = 1
such a way that the number of soldiers in a line were the
Step 2. 1 1 1 1
same as there were the number of lines. So he was left
with 56 soldiers, who were not a part of this arrangement.
Step 3. 1 1 1 1
The number of lines in this arrangement is : +2 2
(a) 44 (b) 36 Step 4. 1 3 3 1
(11) 3 = 1331
m
(c) 38 (d) none of these
1, (12) 3 Step 1. 13 = 1
12. 289 x = then the value of x is : EXAMPLE 2
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5
17 34 Step 2. 1 2 4 8
(a) (b) Step 3. 1 2 4 8
25 35
4 8
(c) 235 (d) 7225
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Step 4. 1 7 2 8
13. Out of the following statements which one is incorrect?
(a) 5184 = 72 (b) 15625 = 125 (12) 3 = 1728
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Step 4. 15 76 16 2 12 5
CUBE
If a number is multiplied by itself, twice, then the (25) = 15625
3
(26) Step 1. 2 3 = 8
3
w.
Step 3. 8 24 72 216
examples of cubes, so there is no problem in getting it. + 48 144
If we say that what is the cube of 4 then it means
Step 4. 17 9 5 23 7 21 6
4 3 = 4 4 4 = 64
(26) = 17576
3
Similarly 7 3 = 7 7 7 = 343
and 8 3 = 8 8 8 = 512 EXAMPLE 6 (27) Step 1. 2 3 = 8
3
But for the greater (or larger) number sometimes it Step 2. 8 28 98 343
becomes tedious to calculate the cube very quickly. So use a Step 3. 8 28 98 343
new approach to calculate the cube of larger numbers from 11 + 56 196
to 99. Since you can easily calculate the cubes of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, Step 4. 19 11 6 32 8 34 3
7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 etc. So you can
use it for further calculation. (27) = 19683
3
The most important point which you should know that a EXAMPLE 7 (53) Step 1. 5 3 = 125
3
CAT aspirant must use his brain with his own genius, because
Step 2. 125 75 45 27
it is a test of virtual intelligence in real time. So you have to
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14 Fundamentals
Step 2. 216 252 294 343 EXAMPLE 11 (55) 3 Step 1. (5) 3 = 125
Step 3. 216 252 294 343 Step 2. 125 125 125 125
+ 504 588 Step 3. 125 125 125 125
Step 4. 300 84 7 91 6 34 3 + 250 250
(67) = 300763
3 Step 4. 166 41 3 38 7 12 5
m
(94) = 830584
3 Step 4. 373 30 2 84 8
(88) 3 Step 1. (8) 3 = 512 ( 72) 3 = 373248
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EXAMPLE 10
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