Sie sind auf Seite 1von 12

DR.

RAM MANOHAR LOHIYA NATIONAL LAW


UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW
2011-12

SOCIOLOGY

TITLE OF THE PROJECT

CORRUPTION IN INDIA:CAUSES AND SUGGESTION


FINAL DRAFT

Submitted To: Submitted By:


Dr.Sanjay singh Aviral Umrao (31)
Post- Prof. Sociology IInd SEMESTER
Section-A
Some of major causes of corruption India are as follows:-
There are two types of corruption causes namely:-

Corruption for need

Corruption for greed

1.Corrupution for need:- taking into consideration current scenario were survival
of best and that to with power and money is trend in most of the case as I have
observed, everyone wants to go with certain steps to achieve that target and thats
to is his right to attain it but, in current system of governance it becomes next to
impossible to attain that target so most of the people or person directly linked with
this government, start taking benefits of their power and becomes a part of
corruption system.

Let me explain this with the help of example which I have observed, while I went
to police station in order to file a RTI application, regarding auction sale of
vehicles. It was mention in one of the wall of police station bribe is offence and a
constable sitting their charging rs-100 for per renewal of night permission from
auto drivers to run their auto in that particular area. On recipt for that and no record
was maintained for the same, when I enquired for the same from one of auto driver
he told that this was token fees with which we are regularly charged.

Now when I asked for the same with a constable, his words made me to think a lot
about such problem, he explained me each and every thing related to such corrupt
practises and why they are taking place.

Calculation told by that constable:-

Police station located at barra (naubasta) Kanpur, total population covered by that
station was approx 1-1.5 lacs.

Current per capita income is 53,331/-

Total income of that area= 53,331*100000= 5333100000

No. of members in that station=15

Average salary per year=2 lacs


Total salary= 30 lacs

Now for such a big amount we are putting such a little amount to secure it, to with
old arms and risk of life.

In same he has to manage his livelihood, investment in education of his children.

Hows that possible in such a small amount and that to risk of life why someone is
going to take any risk what happen to their family if something wrong goes to them
so ultimately they have to go with corrupt practices to full fill their needs.

Some of the suggestions given by that constable to overcome with this problem
and stop corrupt practises in their department:-

1. At least offer them 1% of the total income secured by them


2. Provide them with an attractive insurance
3. Proper living condition
4. Free education to their children
5. Reward schemes
6. Promotion not by seniority but by talent and work done in favour of society

After a bulk of research and going through articles of Arindam Chaudary and kiran
bedi regarding economic growth and corruption of a country I have concluded that
if police and inspection department becomes active we can easily over come with
70% of corruption problem because once feeling of security comes into mind of
people ultimately at that particular place heavy investment and in returns it
generates employment and tax to various government department.

2. Corruption for greed:- One of the worst problems with corruption in India is
the creation of black money, i.e., money that is used in such transactions which
is neither taxed nor is spent openly. It travels to and from secret bank accounts
abroad, or, worse, is used by the corrupt to indulge in gross luxurious consumption
and bribery. Black money also funds elections and there is no proper accounting. It
tempts the receiver to stash and salt away part of the campaign funds. Since
elections leads to political power of those thus funded and enriched, future
governments become bribe-compliant and therefore protect the crooked.
This money enables politicians and business persons to carry cash around the
world for pleasure, and sometimes even be caught with it. For example, on
September 27, 2001, Rahul Gandhi and his live-in girlfriend were arrested by the
FBI at Bostons Logan airport with $ 160,000 in cash, for declaring it to the US
Customs. US law requires cash at hand of more than $10,000 to be so declared.
But he was let off after nine hours in FBI custody at the intervention of the then
BJP- led government, which for some mysterious reason had played guardian to
Ms.Sonia Gandhi and her family throughout their tenure.

Lets take an another example how we are participating in corrupt practises just for
the sake of small savings or profit:-

While using public transport, what I have observed for most of the time when
distances is of upto 1-3 km, take cash from us and most of the time we dont ask
for ticket and when we ask for the same they says for more money and we say
leave it I dont need ticket, this happens in 80% of the cases and in long distance
cases just for the shake of few rs we most of the time dont prefer to have ticket of
the travel.

Now what happens due to all this the fare which is received in order to service
provided, which is not in record or without ticket becomes black money .

Here I have given small calculation regarding the same:-

As per the information received from conductor, in a particular bus daily about
1500 people used this service, in which 1000 are of small distance and 500 are of
long distance.

80% are of small distance (50% are pas holder) which dont prefer tickets.

30% are of long distance (50% are pas holder) which dont prefer tickets.

Standard fare list:-

1-3 km= rs 4

3-6 km= rs 6
6-10 km= rs 10

10-above= rs 15

Now, calculation of black money(approx)

400*5(small distance)= 2000

25*10(long distance)=250

Total black money in a particular day= 2500

Total buses in a city approx= 400

So, 400*2500=100000

For one particular year= 36500000

Seven cities in up having this service= 7*36500000=255500000

In one year approx 25 cr are converted into black money just by our negligence.

Some important suggestion to stop corruption:-

1. Introduce state-funding as part of election reforms: The high cost of


elections and candidates' dependence on money, often of questionable provenance,
compromises them from the very outset. Once beholden to moneybags, they are
under obligation to return the favour if they win. Of course, not all candidates can
be funded by the state. So, we suggest that only candidates belonging to national
parties receive election money from the state. In this too we can pare down
eligibility by regions. For instance, the CPM might be a "national party" but its
influence is largely limited to Bengal, Kerala and Tripura. Its candidates getting
funding in any other state should depend on its performance in that state in the
previous election. By the same token, state parties must get funding in their
specific states, like the BSP in UP or the BJD in Orissa.
2. A reasonable and transparent tax structure, backed by clean and clear
enforcement: Our direct taxes (personal income and corporate) are no longer
unreasonable, so there's little excuse for trying to evade them. But there is an
unhealthy trend in piling on surcharges on various pretexts. Also, there are tons of
other taxes that can add up to quite a bit. Finally, there's the larger question of how
efficiently and honestly taxpayers' money is put to use when you see the state of
government hospitals and schools, and rotten roads, you wonder where the money
you paid as tax has gone
3. Liberal and contemporary laws that citizens can understand and
respect: People find it difficult to accept ridiculous, outdated and moralistic laws
worse, they may not even be aware of some of these laws till some law enforcer
somewhere decides to use them to harass and to extract money. Once you dismiss a
law or rule as stupid and worthy of breaking (like not allowing drinking under 25
years of age), there's a human tendency to take other laws less seriously. Therefore,
to the extent possible, there's a need to cut back on the multiplicity of unnecessary
and complex laws, and zero in on just the ones that are needed to ensure a fair,
equitable and just system. These should then be administered without fear or
favour.
4. Reduce the role of the state in people's lives to the absolutely essential: In
some ways, this is related to our earlier point. The greater the scope for state
interference be it the police or the clerk in a government office or the customs
inspector the greater the scope for harassment and graft.
5. Genuine autonomy for the public/government sector: Big PSUs think Air
India, for instance place huge contracts. Even a fraction of that is huge money
in absolute terms. There is always a temptation for political bosses to exert their
influence and swing the contract for chosen ones and receive handsome kickbacks.
So get them out of the day-to-day functioning of these PSUs.
6. Minimize discretionary powers of ministers and bureaucrats: This would
reduce scope for misuse of such powers to favour some --- especially in lucrative
areas such as award of government land. Where discretionary powers are
unavoidable, bring in checks and balance. After a deal is done, the relevant
documents should be put up on the Net.
7. Pay government and PSU officers, judges and policemen market-indexed
salaries commensurate with their responsibility: This would minimise the 'need'
for bribes. Their salaries could be benchmarked against corporate sector salaries.
But higher salaries should be combined with exemplary punishment, including
dismissal from service and a police case if an employee is caught indulging in
corrupt practices. Mere transfer or suspension won't do.
8. Introduce sweeping police reforms and stronger judicial
accountability: This has been discussed for decades but there's been no action.
The recommendations for reforms are already there. Set a time frame for
implementation. This will make the police not just a professional force that's not at
the beck and call of politicians, but also a trained one with in-built checks against
developing vested interests. Today the situation often is that the investigator
(police officer) is answerable to the person being investigated (politician). Also,
separate the police into two wings: one for investigation and the other for
maintaining law and order. The two functions are different and require different
skill sets. Sadly, the image of the judiciary has taken a knock in recent years for
the common man, the courts are the last resort for seeking justice.

9. A system of performance bonuses for all MPs and MLAs will be


introduced:

For every 1 per cent increase in per capita GDP growth beyond 5 per cent per
annum, all our representatives will get a one-off 5 per cent bonus.

For every 1 per cent permanent reduction defined as a reduction sustained for
two years in the number of people below the poverty line, MPs and MLAs will
get a permanent 1 per cent increase in their base salary. Once the negative income
tax system is fully established, the entire reduction in poverty will be incorporated
permanently into the base salary.

For every ten ranks that India rises on a sustained basis of two years in
Transparency International rankings, there will be a 5 per cent one-off bonus.

There will be a permanent 20 per cent increase on base salary upon Indias
becoming the worlds least corrupt country for two years in a row.

The sum of these bonuses will be limited to a total of 50 per cent of the base salary
in any given year.
A virtuous cycle of morality will thus be established which will not only eliminate
poverty but overcome the vicious cycle of corruption established by Nehruvian
socialism. Legislation will also be introduced to create a genuinely independent
Political Representative Incentives Commission charged with research on, and
making recommendations on the following:

a compensation mechanism for peoples representatives that will eliminate all


reasonably foreseeable incentives for corruption, or will otherwise promote the
freedom of citizens; and

any matter related to the mechanisms of political representation, such as electoral


laws.

The Commission would consult widely with the community and look at
international best practice. The recommendations of the Commission, made at its
sole discretion and whenever it considers fit, would bind the public exchequer, i.e.
there will be no voting on its recommendations. This will eliminate the dilemma
faced by political representatives who find the public or media unsupportive when
they vote for an increase in their own salaries. Such lack of public support creates
strong incentives for subterfuge through a host of perquisites and underhand
dealings. The independent commission will bring sanity into a matter as
fundamental and important as this.

10.High Priority Electoral Reform

Interim electoral reforms based on the arguments outlined in Chapter 4 would be


introduced in Parliament; things such as:

repeal of the requirement in the Representation of the People Act for Indian
political parties to swear allegiance to socialism;

removal of limits on political fund raising and expenditures subject to stringent


disclosure. These disclosure requirements will include third party audits and audit
by the Election Commission. There would be penalties of up to Rs 10 crores and
jail terms of up to three year for failures to accurately report on and declare all
receipts and expenditures related to political purposes. Penalties for making
unauthorized political expenditures on behalf of another person would be increased
to Rs1 crore along with a jail term of up to one year;
state funding of elections (being retrospectivefor the elections that would have led
to the formation of my government) would be introduced. Candidates who secure
more than one-twentieth of the valid votes polled will be reimbursed Rs 25 for
each vote polled on a formula linked to the population and geographical extent of
the constituency, normalized to an assumed 100 per cent voting rate. Surveillance
will be strengthened through video cameras in polling booths and other security
measures taken, as well as very significant penalties imposed, on people who
engage in booth capturing; and

the security deposit for elections would be increased to Rs 5 lakhs from the current
Rs 10,000, and forfeited when less than one-twentieth of valid votes are polled by
a candidate. This lower forfeiture limit will allow many more candidates to contest,
while the much higher security deposit will deter non-serious candidates.

There is clearly some arbitrariness in these numbers which will need to be fine-
tuned over time to ensure that the gate is kept open for serious candidates but shut
out for frivolous ones.

First, what is the Lok Pal Bill?

An institution called LOKPAL at the centre and LOKAYUKTA in each state


will be set up
Like Supreme Court and Election Commission, they will be completely
independent of the governments. No minister or bureaucrat will be able to
influence their investigations.
Cases against corrupt people will not linger on for years anymore:
Investigations in any case will have to be completed in one year. Trial should
be completed in next one year so that the corrupt politician, officer or judge is
sent to jail within two years.
The loss that a corrupt person caused to the government will be recovered at
the time of conviction.
How will it help a common citizen: If any work of any citizen is not done in
prescribed time in any government office, Lokpal will impose financial penalty
on guilty officers, which will be given as compensation to the complainant.
So, you could approach Lokpal if your ration card or passport or voter card is
not being made or if police is not registering your case or any other work is not
being done in prescribed time. Lokpal will have to get it done in a months
time. You could also report any case of corruption to Lokpal like ration being
siphoned off, poor quality roads been constructed or panchayat funds being
siphoned off. Lokpal will have to complete its investigations in a year, trial
will be over in next one year and the guilty will go to jail within two years.
But wont the government appoint corrupt and weak people as Lokpal
members? That wont be possible because its members will be selected by
judges, citizens and constitutional authorities and not by politicians, through a
completely transparent and participatory process
What if some officer in Lokpal becomes corrupt? The entire functioning of
Lokpal/ Lokayukta will be completely transparent. Any complaint against any
officer of Lokpal shall be investigated and the officer dismissed within two
months.
What will happen to existing anti-corruption agencies? CVC, departmental
vigilance and anti-corruption branch of CBI will be merged into Lokpal.
Lokpal will have complete powers and machinery to independently investigate
and prosecute any officer, judge or politician.
Now, what's my view on all this?
I understand that people like Justice Santosh Hegde, Prashant Bhushan and Arvind
Kejriwal (and Shanti Bhushan, J M Lyngdoh, Kiran Bedi, Anna Hazare etc.) mean
good, and believe that more laws and more "institutions" to catch "thieves" will
make a difference. Yes, and no. Yes, the RTI act has helped reduce petty
corruption, but it is NOT the solution, and the total amount of corruption has
INCREASED.
Similarly, I think LokPal Bill is over-hyped. It will NOT achieve anything
substantial and may INCREASE corruption.

LokPal can be an add-on, once corruption starts reducing after a change in


electoral laws, but currently, with 100% of the politicians being corrupt, and 90%
of the bureaucrats, it will only touch (at most) the tip of the iceberg. And it will
merely drive corruption into Swiss accounts.
Anna is a nice man but doesn't understand the causes of India's problems. He is a
Gandhian, I understand. That school of thought is incapable of creating wealth in
India or removing poverty, or corruption.

And yet, I do believe these are nice people and their efforts must be respected. I
applaud Anna for his belief that he is fighting against corruption (that this is not the
way to do it, is a different matter). Similarly I applaud Baba Ramdev for his fight
against corruption (although he too, doesn't have a clue about resolving this
matter).

On corruption, JP of Lok Satta is FAR AHEAD in his understandings of the causes


(and solutions), and FTI is definitely at the very top of the 'tree of understanding'
on this issue.

Indeed it is very clear to me that corruption is NOT A PROBLEM but a


SYMPTOM OF VARIOUS OTHER PROBLEMS.
Lok Pal Bill, as a band-aid, can't and will NOT resolve the causes of the
problem which arises from bad policy and shoddy electoral laws.

REFERENCES:

1. Various Newspaper Reports


2. www.indiaagainstcorruption.org
3. www.forbes.com
4. www.youthink.worldbank.org
5. Corruption bare acts
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher Dr.


SANJAY SINGH , who gave me the golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project on CORRUPTION IN INDIA-CAUSES AND
SUGGESTIONS, which also helped me in doing a lot of Research and I
came to know about so many new things, I am really thankful to him.
Secondly I would also like to thank my seniors and friends who helped
me a lot in finishing this project within the limited time.

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen