Distributed

Generation
and
Microgrids

Suryanarayana
Doolla
Distributed Generation and Microgrids
Outline

Distributed
Challenges and Research Opportunities
generation

Microgrids

Review of Suryanarayana Doolla

Existing
Systems

Power IIT Bombay

Management

About
May 12, 2011
 Distributed
Generation
and
Microgrids

Suryanarayana 1 Distributed generation

Doolla

Outline
2 Microgrids
Distributed
generation

Microgrids
3 Review of Existing Systems
Review of
Existing
Systems

Power 4 Power Management

Management

About
5 About
 Sources Distributed Power Generation

Distributed
Generation
and
Microgrids

Suryanarayana Wind power

Doolla
Natural gas
Outline

Distributed
Biogas
generation
Solar thermal
Microgrids

Review of
Solar PV
Existing
Systems Fuel cell
Power
Management
Combined Heat and Power
About Micro Turbines
Sterling Engines
 Why Distributed Power Generation

Distributed
Generation
and
Microgrids

Suryanarayana
Increase in load growth and depletion of fossil fuel
Doolla
Proximity of load and source - reduce T & and D losses
Outline
Standalone and grid connected systems can be used for
Distributed
generation augmentation and hence improving power quality and
Microgrids reliability of supply
Review of
Existing
Peak operating costs
Systems
Increase system-wide reliability
Power
Management Give customer more choices.
About
Efficiency of system can be improved by using CHP,
co-generation and tri-generation
 Definition-Advantages

Distributed
Generation
and
Microgrids
Microgrid is formed by integrating distributed generators,
Suryanarayana
Doolla loads and storage devices
Outline Operate in parallel to the grid in three modes
Distributed Grid Connected mode
generation
Autonomous power or Island mode
Microgrids
Transition between the two above
Review of
Existing No huge investment required for transmission of power
Systems

Power A stable and controllable microgrid is always an asset to

Management
the power system operator
About
Provide local voltage support and also increase system
reliability
 Issues in MicroGrids

Distributed
Generation
and
Microgrids

Suryanarayana
Doolla Protection
Outline Synchronization, Reconnection, Restoration
Distributed
generation
Islanding
Microgrids Intentional
Review of
Unintentional
Existing
Systems Power Management
Power
Management
Power Quality and Reliability
About Storage
 Synchronization

Distributed
Generation
and
Microgrids

Suryanarayana Re/connection is made when the main grid and MG are

Doolla
synchronized at the PCC in terms of voltage, frequency
Outline and phase angle
Distributed
generation Limit values for synchronous interconnection between MG
Microgrids and main grid
Review of
Existing
Systems Total DG rating (kVA) F V
Power 0 500 0.3 10 20
Management
>500 1000 0.2 5 15
About
> 10001500 0.1 3 10
 Synchronization

Distributed
Generation
and Frequency is not uniform on both sides
Microgrids

Suryanarayana
Phase angle is varying between 00 and 1800 .
Doolla

Outline

Distributed
generation

Microgrids

Review of
Existing
Systems

Power
Management

About
 Synchronization

Distributed
Generation
and
Microgrids

Suryanarayana Closing a switch in a RL circuit with zero initial current

Doolla
The relative placement of voltages at the instant of closing
Outline
decides the direction of current flow
Distributed
generation

Microgrids

Review of
Existing
Systems

Power
Management

About
 Synchronization

Distributed
Generation
and
Conditions for synchronization
Microgrids
Voltage across the switch/contactor must be small
Suryanarayana The voltage with higher frequency shall lead the voltage
Doolla
with lower frequency.
Outline
Power flow is always from unit operating at higher
Distributed
generation frequency to unit operating at lower frequency
Microgrids

Review of
Existing
Systems

Power
Management

About
 Islanding Planned/Unplanned

Distributed
Generation
and
Microgrids

Suryanarayana
Doolla
The process whereby a power system is split into two or
Outline more segments, each with its own generation. Islanding is
Distributed a deliberate emergency measure, the result of automatic
generation

Microgrids
protection or control action, or the result of human error.
Review of
-IEEE Std. 1547
Existing
Systems It can be either planned or unplanned
Power
Management
DERs continue to provide energy to the isolated system
About
after islanding.
 Islanding Planned

Distributed
Generation
and
Microgrids

Suryanarayana It is possible to plan load sharing

Doolla
Transients can be minimized
Outline
Frequency of the utility side falls below a threshold
Distributed
generation Lack of generation on grid side
Microgrids Poor voltage quality
Review of Unbalance due to nearby asymmetrical loads
Existing
Systems
Sensitive Loads
Power
Management Last longing voltage dips
About Fault in the system
Direction of current flow
 Islanding Unplanned

Distributed
Generation
and
Microgrids

Suryanarayana Primarily due to fault in the system, blackouts, voltage

Doolla
drops, short-circuits etc.
Outline Severity of transients depend on:
Distributed
generation
Operating condition before islanding
Microgrids
Importing of Power
Review of
Exporting of Power
Existing Floating point
Systems
Location of disturbance
Power
Management Type of DGs in the microgrid
About Reconnection to main grid is possible when the fault is
cleared and system is restored.
 Islanding Detection Techniques

Distributed
Generation
and
Microgrids

Suryanarayana
Doolla Passive
Outline Under/Over Voltage
Distributed
Under/Over Frequency
generation
Active
Microgrids
Algorithm based on current injection
Review of
Existing Sandia national laboratory algorithm
Systems
Utility Control
Power
Management Island detection by communication signals
About SCADA Supervisory control and data acquisition system
 EU MicroGrids

Distributed
Generation
and
Microgrids Two level architecture (MGCC & MC)
Suryanarayana
Doolla
MGCC established set points (techno & economical)
MC & LC execute the setpoints to obtain regulate active
Outline

Distributed
and reactive power and best service respectively
generation

Microgrids

Review of
Existing
Systems

Power
Management

About
 CERTS Microgrid

Distributed
Generation
and
Microgrids

Suryanarayana Peer-peer control, any device can

Doolla
connect or disconnect
Outline independently
Distributed
generation Operation of generators is locally
Microgrids controlled by droop
Review of
Existing
Energy manager is to give initial
Systems
set points
Power
Management High intelligence level is required
About
Unit output power control (UPC)
Feeder flow control (FFC)
 Brosenbean Holiday Park MoreMicrogrid

Distributed
Generation
and
Microgrids

Suryanarayana
Doolla

Outline 108 roof top solar PV with capacity

Distributed of 315 kWp
generation

Microgrids Centralized control

Review of
Existing
Exchange of data via GSM
Systems communication
Power
Management Automatic isolation and reconnection
About
 Residential Microgrid of Am Steinweg in Stutensee-
Germany.
Distributed
Generation 101 apartments are linked to the microgrid with PV and
and
Microgrids CHP as sources
Suryanarayana System is operated using power flow and power quality
Doolla
management system
Outline Centralized controller and several decentralized interface
Distributed boxes
generation

Microgrids
Communication used is TCP/IP
Review of
Existing
Systems

Power
Management

About
 The Kythonos Island Microgrid - Greece

Distributed
Generation
and
It electrifies 12 houses having load
Microgrids
controllers
Suryanarayana
Doolla The generation constitute of 10 kW
Outline
(PV), 53 kWh battery bank, 5-kW
Distributed
diesel generator set and 2 kW(PV
generation
rooftop).
Microgrids
Battery Management
Review of
Existing When the state of charge of the
Systems
battery is low, the controllable
Power
Management loads are tripped off thus reducing
About
the consumption
When the battery bank is
approaching full charge, PV
inverters are able to sense this and
they continuously de-rate the
power outputs
 DC linked Microgrid

Distributed
Generation Battery is responsible for transient operation
and
Microgrids Fuel cell operates in steady state mode
Suryanarayana
Doolla
Fuel cell is turned off when battery is fully charged
Solar PV Control
Outline
MPPT Control
Distributed
generation Battery Voltage Limit
Microgrids

Review of
Existing
Systems

Power
Management

About
 Power Management in Microgrids

Distributed
Generation Grid connected systems
and
Microgrids DG shall maintain a constant power output as the power
Suryanarayana
mismatch are compensated by the main grid.
Doolla Unit output power control
Outline DG is constantly controlled to supply power according to
Distributed the reference
generation Droop control (P-f) is employed
Microgrids When the load increases, DG output power increases and
Review of frequency decreases
Existing
Systems Feeder flow control
Power The power in feeder is manipulated according to flow
Management
reference - Feeder droop control
About
When load increases during grid connected operation, the
DGs increase output to maintain a constant feeder flow
Some of the DGs are excessively loaded during transition
Mixed control
Combination of UPC anf FFC
 Droop Control in MicroGrids

Distributed
Generation
and
Microgrids

Suryanarayana Power transfer between two nodes

Doolla
EV E
Outline P= sin Q= (E Vcos)
Distributed
Xs Xs
generation

Microgrids
Real Power Vs Frequency droop Control
Review of
Existing F F0 = kP (P P0 )
Systems

Power
Management Reactive Power Vs Voltage droop Control
About
V V0 = kP (Q Q0 )
 Power Sharing in DCs

Distributed
Generation
and
Microgrids At steady state, the active power flow is always from the
Suryanarayana source with higher frequency to the other with lower
Doolla
frequency, before the connection takes place.
Outline

Distributed
generation

Microgrids

Review of
Existing
Systems

Power
Management

About
 Unit output Power Control

Distributed
Generation
and
The power injected by the DG is regulated to Pref
Microgrids
Power injection is calculated from V and I and fed back to
Suryanarayana
Doolla the generator controller (GC)
Outline In autonomous mode, the DG follows (P-f) droop curve to
Distributed maintain load balance
generation

Microgrids
F new = Fold = K U (P new P old )
Review of
Existing
Systems

Power
Management

About
 Feeder Flow Control

Distributed
Generation
and
Microgrids The power injected by the DG is regulated to Pref
Suryanarayana
Doolla
Power injection is calculated from V and I and fed back to
the generator controller (GC)
Outline

Distributed
In autonomous mode, the DG follows (P-f) droop curve to
generation maintain load balance
Microgrids

Review of F new = Fold = K U (P new P old )

Existing
Systems

Power
Management

About
 CaseA: Load increase Grid Connected System

Distributed
Generation
and
Microgrids
The feeder flow shall remain
Suryanarayana
Doolla constant
Outline The generator (DG) increases its
Distributed output to cater to the new load
generation
requirements
Microgrids

Review of
Existing
Systems

Power
Management

About
 CaseB: Load increase Isolated System

Distributed
Generation
and
Microgrids
During isolated system, frequency
Suryanarayana
Doolla changes only if DG cannot maintain
feeder flow.
Outline

Distributed Feeder flow is Zero, in the case of

generation
FFC
Microgrids

Review of
Existing
Systems

Power
Management

About
 CaseC: Loss of Mains

Distributed
Generation
and
Microgrids The feeder flow is zero at this new
Suryanarayana condition and hence power flow
Doolla
measured by DG is Zero.
Outline
DG increases its output from 40 kW
Distributed
generation to 100 kW to compensate the
Microgrids decreased feeder flow
Review of
Existing
Systems

Power
Management

About
 Droop Control Active Power block diagram

Distributed
Generation
and
Microgrids

Suryanarayana
Doolla

Outline

Distributed
generation

Microgrids

Review of
Existing
Systems

Power
Management

About
 Mixed Configuration

Distributed
Generation
and
Microgrids

Suryanarayana
Doolla
DGs operate in UPC Mode
Outline DG1 operate in FFC mode others in UPC mode
Distributed
generation DG1 and DG3 operate in FFC and others in UPC mode
Microgrids

Review of
Existing
Systems

Power
Management

About
 Analysis

Distributed
Generation
and
Microgrids

Suryanarayana Power from grid is constantly changing with load in UPC

Doolla
mode
Outline
When microgrid is isolated, DGs adjust their output until
Distributed
generation they reach a new steady state - Result in change in
Microgrids frequency
Review of
Existing
In Islanded operation, frequency is always changing in
Systems UPC mode which is harmful for loads
Power
Management In case of microgrid with single FFC configuration, the DG
About size should be dominant
The power picked up by the DGs is not uniform
 Research Areas

Distributed
Generation
and
Microgrids

Suryanarayana
Doolla Wide area active control
Outline Adaptive protection and control
Distributed Network management and devices
generation

Microgrids Real time network simulation

Review of
Existing
Advanced sensors and measurements
Systems
Distributed pervasive communication
Power
Management Knowledge extraction by intelligent methods
About
Novel design of transmission and distribution systems
 About the author

Distributed
Generation
and
Microgrids
Prof. Suryanarayana Doolla is faculty at the Department of
Suryanarayana
Doolla Energy Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology
Outline
Bombay.
Distributed
generation
Research Interests:
Microgrids

Review of
Distributed Generation and MicroGrids
Existing
Systems Multi Agent Systems in MicroGrids
Power
Management
Grid integration of distributed energy resources
About Power systems operation and control
Converter topologies and control