Anti-Zionism
This article is about opposition to and criticism of as a tactic to silence criticism of Israeli policies. Others,
Zionism. For criticism of Israeli policy, see Criticism of such as Steven M. Cohen and Todd Gitlin, see no corre-
the Israeli government.
Protest against the Gaza War in Melbourne, 2009
Protest against the Gaza War in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 2009
Anti-Zionism is opposition to Zionism. The term is
broadly dened in the modern era as the opposition to
the ethnonationalist and political movement of Jews and
Jewish culture that supports the establishment of a Jewish
state as a Jewish homeland in the territory dened as
the historic Land of Israel (also referred to as Palestine,
Canaan, or the Holy Land). Anti-Zionism is also dened
as opposition to the modern State of Israel as dened as
a Jewish and democratic state.
The term is used to describe various religious, moral
and political points of view, but their diversity of mo-
tivation and expression is suciently dierent that anti-
Zionism cannot be seen as having a single ideology or
source. Many notable Jewish and non-Jewish sources
view that anti-Zionism has become a cover for modern-
day antisemitism, a position that critics have challenged
lation between the two.[1]
1 History
Main article: Timeline of anti-Zionism
See also: History of Zionism and History of antisemitism
2 Jewish Anti-Zionism
Main article: Jewish Anti-Zionism
Opposition to a Jewish state has changed over time and
has taken on a diverse spectrum of religious, ethical and
political positions.
There is a long tradition of Jewish anti-Zionism that
has opposed the Zionist project from its origins. The
Bundists, the Autonomists, Reform Judaism and the
Agude regarded both the rationale and territorial ambi-
tions of Zionism as awed. Orthodox Judaism, which
grounds civic responsibilities and patriotic feelings in re-
ligion, was strongly opposed to Zionism because, though
the two shared the same values, Zionism espoused nation-
alism in secular fashion, and used Zion, Jerusalem,
Land of Israel, redemption and ingathering of ex-
iles as literal rather than sacred terms, endeavouring to
achieve them in this world.[2] Orthodox Jews also op-
posed the creation of a Jewish state prior to the appear-
ance of the messiah, as contradicting divine will.[3] By
contrast, reform Jews rejected Judaism as a national or
ethnic identity, and renounced any messianic expecta-
tions of the advent of a Jewish state.[4]
Other objections relate to the maintenance of a Jewish
majority within the present state of Israel.
Post-Zionism a related term has been criticized as being
equivalent to anti-Zionism.[5]
The legitimacy of anti-Zionist views has been disputed to
the present day, including the more recent and disputed
relationship between anti-Zionism and antisemitism.[6]
Other views regarding the various forms of anti-Zionism
have also been discussed and debated.[7][8][9]
After some technical clarications the Gemara presents
collections of sayings illustrating attitudes to the Land
1
2 2 JEWISH ANTI-ZIONISM

of Israel. The rst is dramatized as a conversation be- at the time of the Jews exile from ancient Israel, forbid-
tween Rav Yehuda bar Ezekiel and Rabbi Zeira, when ding the Jewish people from massively immigrating to the
the latter decided to emigrate from Babylonia to Israel; Land of Israel, and from rebelling against the nations of
in its present literary form it expresses ongoing rivalries the world.
between two centres of Jewish life. Yos bar anina's
'three oaths, including 'that they shall not go up in mil-
itary formation', have frequently been cited by religious 2.2 Jewish Orthodox religious groups
opponents to political Zionism; Zionists have been hap-
pier with the views of Rabbi Eleazar, a devoted advocate
of the Land.
The Talmud: A Selection[10]

2.1 Interpretations of Aliyah

Hope for return to the land of Israel is embodied in

the content of the Jewish religion (see Kibbutz Galuyot).
Aliyah, the Hebrew word meaning ascending or going
up, is the word used to describe religious Jewish return
to Israel, and has been used since ancient times. From
the Middle Ages and onwards, many famous rabbis and
often their followers returned to the land of Israel. These Neturei Karta call for dismantling of the state of Israel at AIPAC
have included Nahmanides, Yechiel of Paris, Isaac Luria, conference in Washington, DC, May 2005
Yosef Karo, Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk among oth-
ers. For Jews in the Diaspora Eretz Israel was revered in Main article: Haredim and Zionism
a religious sense. They prayed, and thought of the return,
as being fullled in a messianic age.[11] Return remained aIn the early history of Zionism many traditional religious
recurring theme for generations, particularly in Passover Jews opposed ideas of nationalism (Jewish or otherwise)
and Yom Kippur prayers which traditionally concluded which they regarded as a secular ideology, which some
with, "Next year in Jerusalem", as well as the thrice-dailyviewed as a violation of the Three Oaths. Key tradi-
Amidah (Standing prayer). tionalist opponents of Zionism included Isaac Breuer,
Following Jewish Enlightenment however, Reform Ju- Hillel Zeitlin, Aaron Shmuel Tamares, Elazar Shapiro
daism dropped many traditional beliefs, including aliyah, (Muncatz), and Joel Teitelbaum, all waged ideological re-
as incompatible with modern life within the Diaspora. ligious, as well as political, battles with Zionism each in
[15]
Later, Zionism re-kindled the concept of aliyah in an their own way.
ideological and political sense, parallel with traditional Most Orthodox religious groups have accepted and ac-
religious belief; it was used to increase Jewish popula- tively support the State of Israel, even if they have not
tion in the Holy Land by immigration and it remains a adopted Zionist ideology. The World Agudath Israel
basic tenet of Zionist ideology. Support for aliyah does party (founded in Poland) has at times participated in
not always equal immigration however, as a majority of Israeli government coalitions. Most religious Zionists
the world Jewish population remains within the Dias- hold pro-Israel views from a right-wing viewpoint. The
pora. Support for the modern Zionist movement is not main exceptions are Hasidic groups such as Satmar Ha-
universal and, as a result, some religious Jews as well as sidim, which have about 100,000 adherents worldwide, as
some secular Jews do not support Zionism. Non-Zionist well as numerous dierent, smaller Hasidic groups, uni-
Jews are not necessarily anti-Zionists, although some are. ed in America in the Central Rabbinical Congress of
Generally however, Zionism does have the support of the United States and Canada and in Israel in the Edah
the majority of the Jewish religious organizations, with HaChareidis.[16][17]
support from segments of the Orthodox movement, and
most of the Conservative, and more recently, the Reform
movement.[12][13][14] 2.3 Secular
Many Hasidic rabbis oppose the creation of a Jewish
state. The leader of the Satmar Hasidic group, Rabbi Joel The Jewish community is not a single united group and
Teitelbaum's book, VaYoel Moshe, published in 1958, ex- responses vary both between and within Jewish groups.
pounds one Orthodox position on Zionism, based on a lit- One of the principal divisions is that between secular Jews
eral form of midrash (biblical interpretation). Citing to and religious Jews. The reasons for secular opposition
Tractate Kesubos 111a of the Talmud Teitelbaum states to the Zionist movement are very dierent from those of
that God and the Jewish people exchanged three oaths religious Jews.
2.4 World War II and the creation of Israel 3

Prior to the Second World War many Jews regarded Zion-
ism as a fanciful and unrealistic movement.[18] Many lib-
erals during the European Enlightenment had argued that
Jews should enjoy full equality only on the condition that
they pledge their singular loyalty to their nation-state and
entirely assimilate to the local national culture; they called
for the regeneration of the Jewish people in exchange
for rights. Those liberal Jews who accepted integration
and/or assimilation principles saw Zionism as a threat to
eorts to facilitate Jewish citizenship and equality within
the European nation-state context.[19]
The Jewish Anti-Zionist League, in Egypt, was a
Communist-inuenced anti-Zionist league in the years
19461947. In Israel, there are several Jewish anti-
Zionist organisations and politicians, many of these are
related to Matzpen.
Noam Chomsky has reported a change in the boundaries
of what are considered Zionist and anti-Zionist views.[20]
In 1947, in his youth, Chomskys support for a socialist
binational state, in conjunction with his opposition to any
semblance of a theocratic system of governance in Israel,
was at the time considered well within the mainstream of
secular Zionism; today, it lands him solidly in the anti-
Zionist camp.[21] Ruth Wisse wrote of liberal American
group J Street as evidence of an anomalous pattern of
internal defection created as a result of anti-Zionism.[22]
Alvin H. Rosenfeld in his much discussed essay,
Progressive Jewish Thought and the New Anti-
Semitism,[23] claims that a number of Jews, through
their speaking and writing, are feeding a rise in virulent
antisemitism by questioning whether Israel should even
exist.[24] Rosenfelds general claims are:
anti-war, and anti-imperialist organization which calls for
the dismantling of Israeli apartheid, the return of Pales-
tinian refugees, and the ending of the Israeli colonization
of historic Palestine.[29]
2.4 World War II and the creation of Israel
Attitudes changed during and following the war. In May,
1942, before the full revelation of the Holocaust, the
Biltmore Program proclaimed a fundamental departure
from traditional Zionist policy of a homeland[30] with
its demand that Palestine be established as a Jewish Com-
monwealth. Opposition to ocial Zionisms rm, un-
equivocal stand caused some prominent Zionists to estab-
lish their own party, Ichud (Unication), which advocated
an Arab Jewish Federation in Palestine. Opposition to
the Biltmore Program also led to the founding of the anti-
Zionist American Council for Judaism.[31]
The full knowledge of the Holocaust altered the views of
many who critiqued Zionism before 1948, including the
British journalist Isaac Deutscher, a socialist and lifelong
atheist who nevertheless emphasised the importance of
his Jewish heritage. Before World War II, Deutscher op-
posed Zionism as economically retrograde and harmful to
the cause of international socialism, but in the aftermath
of the Holocaust he regretted his pre-war views, argu-
ing for Israels establishment as a historic necessity to
provide a refuge for the surviving Jews of Europe. In the
1960s, Deutscher renewed his criticism of Zionism, scru-
tinizing Israel for its failure to recognise the dispossession
of the Palestinians.

1. At a time when the de-legitimization and, ulti- 2.5 Commentators

mately, the eradication of Israel is a goal being
voiced with mounting fervor by the enemies of the David Novak writes that many Jewish anti-Zionists resent
Jewish state, it is more than disheartening to see the way Zionism 'mak(es) Jewishly unwarranted claims
Jews themselves adding to the vilication. That on them and other Jews.[32] According to Jonathan Ju-
some do so in the name of Judaism itself makes the daken, 'numerous Jewish traditions have insisted that
nature of their assault all the more grotesque. preservation of what is most precious about Judaism and
Jewishness demands a principled anti-Zionism or post-
2. Their contributions to whats becoming normative Zionism.' This tradition dwindled in the aftermath of
discourse are toxic. Theyre helping to make [anti- the Holocaust, and the establishment of Israel but is still
Semitic] views about the Jewish state respectable alive in religious groups such as Neturei Karta and among
for example, that its a Nazi-like state, comparable many intellectuals of Jewish background in both Israel
to South African apartheid; that it engages in ethnic and the diaspora, such as George Steiner, Tony Judt and
cleansing and genocide. These charges are not true Baruch Kimmerling .[33]
and can have the eect of delegitimizing Israel. A combination of revisionist history and group mental-
ity maintains a signicant Zionist consensus among Di-
Some Jewish organizations oppose Zionism as an integral aspora Jews we see Palestinians living in poverty, their
part of their anti-imperialism.[25][26][27][28] Some secular families killed and their homes destroyed, and are told
Jews today, particularly socialists and Marxists, continue that this is because Hamas does not care for its own peo-
to oppose the State of Israel on anti-imperialist and hu- ple, unlike Israel. [...] While today a majority of observ-
man rights grounds. Many oppose it as a form of na- ing Jews identify with the state of Israel, there is both
tionalism, which they argue to be a product of capital- a growing and visible minority of anti- and non-Zionist
ist societies. One secular anti-Zionist group today is the Jews, and a rich history of anti-Zionism within Judaism.
International Jewish Anti-Zionist Network, a socialist, Political movements like The Jewish Labour Bund and
4 3 OUTSIDE THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

thinkers such as Abraham Serfaty, Emma Goldman and

Leon Trotsky are often ignored or dismissed as self-
hating traitors. In the UK today groups like Jews for
Justice for Palestinians, Jewdas, Young Jewish Left and
the International Jewish Anti-Zionist network are active
voices against the occupation.
Ray Filar, Why I am an anti-Zionist Jew,
openDemocracy (13 October 2014)[34]
"Progressive Jewish Thought and the New Anti-
Semitism, an essay published by the American Jewish
Committee, concludes that, with the maturing of Israel
since its founding in 1948, the term anti-Zionism in
scholarly work is often used to mean advocating the
elimination of the State of Israel.[35] Brian Klug of The A mural in Iran showing the yellow Hezbollah ag, portraits of
Guardian has argued that anti-Zionism can represent fair two suicide bombers and Iranian leader Ali Khamenei, and a
opposition to the current political order in Israel.[36] statement Imam Khomeini: Israel must be destroyed.

3.2 Muslim
Anti-Zionist Muslims consider the State of Israel as an
3 Outside the Jewish community intrusion into what many Muslims consider to be Dar al-
Islam, a domain they believe to be rightfully, and perma-
nently, ruled only by Muslims due the fact it was histori-
3.1 Secular Arab cally conquered in the name of Islam.[41][42][43]
Palestinian and other Muslim groups, as well as the
Anti-Zionism in the Arab world emerged at the end of the government of Iran (since the 1979 Islamic Revolution),
19th century, very soon after the First Zionist Congress insist that the State of Israel is illegitimate and refuse
was held in Basel in 1897.[37] However, only after the to refer to it as Israel, instead using the locution the
Young Turk revolution in 1908 opposition to Zionism in Zionist entity" (see IranIsrael relations). Islamic maps
Palestine and Greater Syria became widespread.[38] of the Middle East frequently do not show the State of
Israel. In an interview with Time Magazine in Decem-
According to philosopher Michael Neumann, Zionism ber 2006, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad said Everyone knows
as an expansionist threat has caused Arab hostility to- that the Zionist regime is a tool in the hands of the United
ward Israel and even antisemitism.[39] Anti-Zionist senti- States and British governments.[44]
ment has increased with ongoing Arab Israeli conicts:
after the June 1967 Six-Day War where Israel gained The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem Mohammed Amin al Hus-
control of the Sinai Peninsula, the Gaza Strip, the West seini opposed the Jewish immigration to Palestine before
Bank, East Jerusalem, and the Golan Heights; during the the creation of the State of Israel, and in several docu-
1982 Lebanon War where Israel Defense Forces invaded mented cases expressed his hostility toward Jews in gen-
southern Lebanon, attacking the PLO, as well as Syria, eral and Zionists in particular.[45]
leftist and Muslim Lebanese forces, leading to Israeli oc- Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan, whom the Anti-
cupation of southern Lebanon; the 2002 Operation De- Defamation League named the leading anti-Semite in
fensive Shield in the West Bank, including the attack on America,[46] has a long track record of hostility towards
the Jenin refugee camp; the 2006 Lebanon War; and the Jews in general and Zionists in particular.[47]
20082009 IsraelGaza conict.
Pan-Arabist narratives in the 1960s Nasser era empha-
3.3 Christian
sized the idea of Palestine as a part of the Arab world
taken by others. In this narrative, the natural means of
3.3.1 Palestinian Christians
combating Zionism is Arab nations uniting and attacking
Israel militarily. Palestinian Christian owned Falastin was founded in 1911
In contrast, a poll of 507 Arab-Israelis conducted by the in the then Arab-majority city of Jaa. The newspaper is
Israeli Democracy Institute in 2007 found that 75 percent often described as one of the most inuential newspapers
profess support for Israels status as a Jewish and demo- in historic Palestine, and probably the nations ercest
cratic state which guarantees equal rights for minorities. and most consistent critic of the Zionist movement. It
Israeli Arab support for a constitution in general was 88 helped shape Palestinian identity and nationalism and was
percent.[40] shut down several times by the Ottoman and British au-
3.4 Third Position, Fascist, and Right-Wing 5

thorities, most of the time due to complaints made by report further denied the belief among some Jewish peo-
Zionists.[48] ple that they have a right to the land of Israel as a com-
pensation for the suering of the Holocaust and argued
that it is a misuse of the Bible to use it as a topographic
3.3.2 Positions of the World Council of Churches guide to settle contemporary conicts over land. The
report was criticised by Jewish leaders in Scotland as
The World Council of Churches (WCC) has been de- biased, weak on sources, and contradictory. The pic-
scribed as taking anti-Zionist positions in connection ture it paints of both Judaism and Israel is barely even
with its criticisms of Israeli policy.[49] It is claimed a caricature.[65][66] Subsequently, the Church issued a
the council has focused disproportionately on activities statement saying that the Church had not changed its
and publications criticizing Israel in comparison with long held position of the rights of Israel to exist.[67] It
other human rights issues.[50][51] The council members also revised the report.[68]
have been characterized by Israels former Justice minis-
ter Amnon Rubinstein as anti-Zionist, saying they just
hate Israel.[52] The WCC has been charged with pri- 3.3.6 Methodist Church of Great Britain
oritising Anti-Zionism to the extent it has neglected ap-
peals from Egyptian Copts to raise their plight under Charles and John Wesley, founders of the Methodist
Sadat and Mubarak in order to avoid distracting world Church, held Restorationist views.[69] Following the sub-
attention.[49][53] mission of a report entitled 'Justice for Palestine and Is-
rael' in July 2010, the UK Methodist Conference ques-
3.3.3 Presbyterian Church of USA tioned whether 'Zionism was compatible with Methodist
beliefs.[70][71] Christian Zionism was characterised as be-
After publishing Zionism unsettled, which it initially lieving that Israel must be held above criticism what-
commended as a valuable opportunity to explore the po- ever policy is enacted, and conference called for a boy-
litical ideology of Zionism,[54] the Presbyterian Church cott of selected [72]
Israeli goods emanating from illegal
(U.S.A.) promptly withdrew the publication from sale on settlements. The UKs Chief Rabbi described the re-
its website[55] following criticism that it was Anti-Zionist, port as unbalanced, factually and historically awed,
one critic claimed it posits that the Israeli-Palestinian con- and said that it oered no genuine understanding of one
ict is fueled by a 'pathology inherent in Zionism.'[56] In of the most complex conicts in the world today. Many
February 2016, the General Assembly was lobbied by its in both communities will be deeply disturbed.[70][71]
Advisory Committee on Social Witness Policy (ACSWP)
to lay aside a two state solution and support the Boycott,
Divestment and Sanctions movement.[57][58] Presbyteri- 3.4 Third Position, Fascist, and Right-
ans for Middle East Peace described this proposal as a Wing
one-sided, zero-sum solution.[59]
See also: Nation of Islam and antisemitism and Zionist
Occupation Government
3.3.4 Lausanne Committee for World Evangeliza-
tion
Anti-Zionism has a long history of being supported by
In January 2015, the Lausanne movement, published various individuals and groups associated with Third Po-
an article in its ocial journal made comparisons be- sition, Right-wing and Fascist (or Neo-Fascist) politi-
[73][74][75][76]
tween Christian Zionism, the crusades and the Span- cal views. Whether its David Duke and the
[77]
ish Inquisition and described Zionism as apartheid on Ku Klux Klan, or lesser-known organizations like the
steroids.[61][62][63]
The Simon Wiesenthal Center de- Anti-Zionist League and various other Aryan / White-
[78][79]
scribed this last claim as the big lie, and rebutted the supremacist groups, Anti-Zionism (usually along
dismissal of the validity of Israels right to exist as the with adamant Anti-Semitism) has been entrenched in
Jewish State. [64] a signicant portion of those communities for years.
Many of these groups Anti-Zionist views often revolve
around the conspiracy theories discussed below (See:
3.3.5 Church of Scotland Anti-Zionist Conspiracy Theories).

Despite its strong historic support for Restorationism,

famously by Robert Murray M'Chyene and by both
Horatius and Andrew Bonar, in April 2013 the Church
of Scotland published The Inheritance of Abraham: A
Report on the Promised Land, which rejected the idea of
a special right of Jewish people to the Holy Land through
analysis of scripture and Jewish theological claims. The
3.5 Soviet Union
Main articles: Soviet anti-Zionism, Soviet Union and the
Arab-Israeli conict, and History of the Jews in Russia
and the Soviet Union
6 4 ANTI-ZIONISM AND ANTISEMITISM

During the last years of Stalins rule, ocial support for
the creation of Israel in 1948 was replaced by strong anti-
zionism. The level of confrontation with those deemed
as anti-Soviet Jewish nationalists was toned down after
Stalins death in 1953, but the ocial position of opposi-
tion to Zionism remained in force: the Anti-Zionist Com-
mittee of the Soviet Public, as well as numerous other
initiatives, were state-sponsored.
As outlined in the third edition of the Great Soviet Ency-
clopedia (19691978), the Communist Party of the So-
viet Union's position during the Cold War became: the
main posits of modern Zionism are militant chauvinism,
racism, anti-Communism and anti-Sovietism, [...] overt
and covert ght against freedom movements and the
USSR.[80]
philosopher Cornel West wrote: Jews will not compre-
hend what the symbolic predicament and literal plight of
Palestinians in Israel means to blacks.... Blacks often per-
ceive the Jewish defense of the state of Israel as a sec-
ond instance of naked group interest, and, again, an aban-
donment of substantive moral deliberation.[85] African-
American support of Palestinians is frequently due to the
consideration of Palestinians as people of color political
scientist Andrew Hacker writes: The presence of Israel
in the Middle East is perceived as thwarting the rightful
status of people of color. Some blacks view Israel as es-
sentially a white and European power, supported from the
outside, and occupying space that rightfully belongs to the
original inhabitants of Palestine.[86]

4 Anti-Zionism and antisemitism

3.6 International
Anti-Zionist sentiments were also manifested in organ-
isations such as the Organization for African Unity and
the Non-Aligned Movement, which passed resolutions
condemning Zionism and equating it with racism and
apartheid during the early 1970s. This culminated in
the passing by the United Nations General Assembly of
Resolution 3379 in November 1975, which declared that
Zionism is a form of racism.[81]
The decision was revoked on 16 December 1991, when
the General Assembly passed Resolution 4686, repeal-
ing resolution 3379, by a vote of 111 to 25, with 13
abstentions and 17 delegations absent. Thirteen out of
the 19 Arab countries, including those engaged in ne-
gotiations with Israel, voted against the repeal, another
six were absent. No Arab country voted for repeal.
The Palestine Liberation Organisation denounced the
vote. All of the ex-communist countries and most of
the African countries who had supported Resolution 3379
voted to repeal it. Only four non-Muslim countries voted
against the resolution: Cuba, Sri Lanka, North Korea and
Vietnam. Likewise, only four Muslim countries voted
for the resolution: Cote d'Ivoire, Albania, the Gambia
and Nigeria. The rest abstained (including Turkey) or ab-
sented themselves.[82]
A number of sources, such as French Prime Min-
ister Manuel Valls,[87] link anti-Zionism with
antisemitism.[88][89][90][91][92] Professor Kenneth L.
Marcus, former sta director at the U.S. Commission
on Civil Rights, identies four main views on the rela-
tionship between anti-Zionism and antisemitism, at least
in North America:[93](p. 845846) Marcus also states:[94]
Unsurprisingly, recent research has shown a close
correlation between anti-Israeli views and anti-Semitic
views based on a survey of citizens in ten European
countries.[95] Campus research in 2016 in the US has
also reported close geographical correlation between
the two phenomena, accompanying a recent upsurge in
anti-Semitism.[96] On the appointment of Stephen K.
Bannon, who is reputed to be anti-semitic, as Donald
Trump 's White House Chief Strategist and Senior
Counselor in 2016, several commentators said Bannons
personal attitudes would not necessarily translate into
opposition to Israel. The sociologist Steven M. Cohen
nds little correlation between anti-Semitism and anti-
Zionism, while Todd Gitlin stated that anti-Semitism and
right-Wing Zionism can co-exist without diculty.[1]
4.1 Opposing views

Critics such as Michael Neumann, Judith Butler and

3.7 African-American Steven Salaita challenge the equation of anti-Zionism and
antisemitism as a tactic to silence criticism of Israeli
After Israel occupied Palestinian territory following the policies.[97]
1967 Six-Day War, some African-Americans supported
the Palestinians and criticized Israels actions, for exam- Noam Chomsky
ple by publicly supporting Palestinian leader Yassir Arafat Noam Chomsky argues that the premise of the claim as-
and calling for the destruction of the Jewish state.[83] Im- sumes that Israels interests are Jewish interests, and thus
mediately after the war, the black power organization any defender of Palestinian rights against a rejectionist
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee published Greater Israel is made out to be objectively antisemitic.
a newsletter criticizing Israel, and asserting that the war This construal of anti-Zionism as antisemitic, he argues,
was an eort to regain Palestinian land and that during is an old tactic, going back to Ben-Gurions remark in
the 1948 war, "Zionists conquered the Arab homes and 1943, and evidenced after 1967 in a remark by Abba
land through terror, force, and massacres.[84] In 1993, Eban in 1973, who stated: one of the chief tasks of any
4.2 Alternate theories
dialogue with the Gentile world is to prove that the dis- serves the function of discrediting the people leveling the
tinction between anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism is not a charge. Its no longer Israel that needs to leave the Oc-
distinction at all..[98] cupied Territories; its the Arabs who need to free them-
In response to a working draft Statement of Princi- selves of the anti-Semitism.
ples Against Intolerance at UCLA which contained the
claim that 'historic manifestations of antiSemitism have
changed and that expressions of antiSemitism are more
coded and dicult to identify', that opposition to Zion-
ism often asserts prejudice and intolerance towards Jews,
and that 'antiSemitism, antiZionism and other forms of
discrimination have no place at the University of Califor-
nia,' Rabbi Brant Rosen, an alumnus of UCLA replied
that while some anti-Semites lurk behind the label of anti-
Zionism, 'it is incorrect and even disingenuous of the re-
port to make the unsupported claim that anti-Zionism is
often expressed (as) assertions of prejudice and intol-
erance toward Jewish people and culture, and blithely
conate anti-Semitism with anti-Zionism as a form of
discrimination. .'[99]
Tariq Ali, British-Pakistani historian
Tariq Ali, a British-Pakistani historian and political
activist, argues that the concept of new antisemitism
amounts to an attempt to subvert the language in the in-
terests of the State of Israel. He writes that the campaign
against the supposed new 'anti-semitism'" in modern Eu-
rope is a cynical ploy on the part of the Israeli Govern-
ment to seal o the Zionist state from any criticism of its
regular and consistent brutality against the Palestinians ...
Criticism of Israel can not and should not be equated with
anti-semitism. He argues that most pro-Palestinian, anti-
Zionist groups that emerged after the Six-Day War were
careful to observe the distinction between anti-Zionism
and antisemitism.[100][101] Others go the other way and
claim anti-Zionism has become a requisite proof of
progressive conviction today, and is similar to Jews con-
verting to Christianity a century ago.[102]
Norman Finkelstein
According to Norman Finkelstein: Every time Israel
comes under international pressure, as it did recently be-
cause of the war crimes committed in Lebanon, it steps
up the claim of anti-Semitism, and all of Israels critics
are anti-Semitic.[103]
Finkelstein argues that anti-Zionism and often just crit-
icism of Israeli policies have been conated with anti-
semitism, sometimes called new antisemitism for politi-
cal gain: Whenever Israel faces a public relations db-
cle such as the Intifada or international pressure to re-
solve the Israel-Palestine conict, American Jewish or-
ganizations orchestrate this extravaganza called the 'new
anti-Semitism.' The purpose is several-fold. First, it is to
discredit any charges by claiming the person is an anti-
Semite. Its to turn Jews into the victims, so that the vic-
tims are not the Palestinians any longer. As people like
Abraham Foxman of the ADL put it, the Jews are be-
ing threatened by a new holocaust. Its a role reversal
the Jews are now the victims, not the Palestinians. So it
7
[104][105]
Brian Klug
Brian Klug argues that equating anti-Zionism to anti-
semitism poisoned the debate regarding Israel and their
policies, stating,
We should unite in rejecting racism in all
its forms: the Islamophobia that demonises
Muslims, as well as the anti-semitic discourse
that can infect anti-Zionism and poison the
political debate. However, people of good-
will can disagree politically - even to the ex-
tent of arguing over Israels future as a Jew-
ish state. Equating anti-Zionism with anti-
semitism can also, in its own way, poison the
political debate.[106]
On January 15, 2004, Klug wrote:
Nonetheless, the inference is invalid. To
argue that hostility to Israel and hostility to
Jews are one and the same thing is to conate
the Jewish state with the Jewish people. In fact,
Israel is one thing, Jewry another. Accord-
ingly, anti-Zionism is one thing, anti-Semitism
another. They are separate. To say they are
separate is not to say that they are never con-
nected. But they are independent variables that
can be connected in dierent ways.[101]
Further discussion
In the early 21st century, it was also claimed that a "new
antisemitism" had emerged which was rooted in anti-
Zionism.[6][7][8][9][91][107][108] Advocates of this concept
argue that much of what purports to be criticism of Israel
and Zionism is demonization, and has led to an interna-
tional resurgence of attacks on Jews and Jewish symbols
and an increased acceptance of antisemitic beliefs in pub-
lic discourse.[109] Critics of the concept as Noam Chom-
sky, Norman Finkelstein, Michael Marder, and Tariq Ali
have suggested that the characterization of anti-Zionism
as antisemitic is inaccurate, sometimes obscures legiti-
mate criticism of Israel's policies and actions and trivial-
izes antisemitism.
4.2 Alternate theories
David Cameron, Prime Minister of the United King-
dom
According to David Cameron, the Prime Minister of the
United Kingdom, there has been an insidious, creeping
attempt to delegitimize the state of Israel, which spills
over often into anti-Semitism.[110]
8 4 ANTI-ZIONISM AND ANTISEMITISM

Joschka Fischer, German Foreign Minister and the mosques; between an increasingly anti-
In July 2001, the Simon Wiesenthal Center reported that American Europe and an endemically anti-
during a visit there, German Foreign Minister Joschka Western Arab-Muslim Middle East; a point of
Fischer stated that anti-Zionism inevitably leads to convergence between conservatives and radi-
antisemitism.[111] In 2015, the Center observed in a cals and a connecting link between fathers and
newsletter introducing its report on North American cam- sons.
pus life, that 'virulent anti-Zionism is often a thinly-veiled
disguise for virulent anti-Semitism'.[112] Ben-Dror Yemini, Israeli journalist
Israeli journalist Ben-Dror Yemini maintains that anti-
4.3 Interlinked Zionism is "politically correct antisemitism" and argues
that the same way Jews were demonized, Israel is demo-
Robert S. Wistrich, Israeli professor nized, the same way the right of Jews to exist was denied,
the right for Self-determination is denied from Israel, the
Professor Robert S. Wistrich, head of the Vidal Sassoon same way Jews were presented as a menace to the world,
International Center for the Study of Antisemitism at the Israel is presented as a menace to the world.[114]
Hebrew University of Jerusalem, is the originator of Mar-
cuss second view of anti-Zionism (that anti-Zionism and Germany
antisemitism merged post-1948) argues that much con- In the 2015, a German court in Essen ruled that anti-
temporary anti-Zionism, particularly forms that compare Zionism and antisemitism were equivalent. "'Zionist in
Zionism and Jews with Hitler and the Third Reich, has the language of anti-Semites is a code for Jew, Judge
become a form of antisemitism: Gauri Sastry said in a groundbreaking legal decision.
Taylan Can, a German citizen of Turkish origin, yelled
Anti-Zionism has become the most danger- death and hate to Zionists at an anti-Israel rally in Es-
ous and eective form of anti-Semitism in our sen in July 2014, and was convicted for hate crime.[115]
time, through its systematic delegitimization, In contrast, in February 2015, a court in Wuppertal con-
defamation, and demonization of Israel. Al- victed two German Palestinians of an arson attack on a
though not a priori anti-Semitic, the calls synagogue, but denied that the crime was motivated by
to dismantle the Jewish state, whether they antisemitism.[116]
come from Muslims, the Left, or the rad-
Dina Porat, head of ISAR
ical Right, increasingly rely on an anti-
Semitic stereotypization of classic themes, Dina Porat (head of the Institute for Study of Anti-
such as the manipulative Jewish lobby, the semitism and Racism at Tel-Aviv University) contends
Jewish/Zionist world conspiracy, and Jew- that anti-Zionism is antisemitic because it is discrimina-
ish/Israeli warmongers.[113] Nevertheless, I tory:
believe that the more radical forms of anti-
Zionism that have emerged with renewed force ...antisemitism is involved when the be-
in recent years do display unmistakable analo- lief is articulated that of all the peoples on
gies to European anti-Semitism immediately the globe (including the Palestinians), only
preceding the Holocaust....For example, anti- the Jews should not have the right to self-
Zionists who insist on comparing Zionism and determination in a land of their own. Or, to
the Jews with Hitler and the Third Reich ap- quote noted human rights lawyer David Matas:
pear unmistakably to be de facto anti-Semites, One form of antisemitism denies access of
even if they vehemently deny the fact! This is Jews to goods and services because they are
largely because they knowingly exploit the re- Jewish. Another form of antisemitism denies
ality that Nazism in the postwar world has be- the right of the Jewish people to exist as a peo-
come the dening metaphor of absolute evil. ple because they are Jewish. Antizionists dis-
For if Zionists are Nazis and if Sharon re- tinguish between the two, claiming the rst is
ally is Hitler, then it becomes a moral obliga- antisemitism, but the second is not. To the an-
tion to wage war against Israel. That is the bot- tizionist, the Jew can exist as an individual as
tom line of much contemporary anti-Zionism. long as Jews do not exist as a people.[117]
In practice, this has become the most potent
form of contemporary anti-Semitism....Anti-
Zionism is not only the historic heir of earlier Liel Leibovitz, Israeli American journalist
forms of anti-Semitism. Today, it is also the Israeli American journalist Liel Leibovitz says that 21st
lowest common denominator and the bridge century anti-Zionists do not like Jews whether they live
between the Left, the Right, and the militant in Israel or anywhere else in the world. He cites the exam-
Muslims; between the elites (including the me- ple of the anti-Zionist professor at Oberlin who posted
dia) and the masses; between the churches antisemitic conspiracy theories on her website and the
 9

anti-Zionist Stanford University student who claimed Semitism may have been less than Korey suggests.[132]
that many of the classical antisemitic conspiracy theories Accusations have been made regarding Zionism and the
are not antisemitic.[118] 2003 invasion of Iraq, claiming that prominent Zionists
were forcing Western governments into war in the Middle
East for Israels interests.[133][134][135]
5 Conspiracy theories The Sudanese government has alleged that the Darfur up-
rising (in which some 500,000 have been killed) is part of
a wider Zionist conspiracy.[136] Egyptian media have al-
See also: Antisemitic conspiracy theories, Zionist
leged that the Zionist movement deliberately spreads HIV
Occupation Government, The Protocols of the Elders of
in Egypt.[137]
Zion, Andinia Plan, and Conspiracy theories in the Arab
world Zionist conspiracies According to the Anti-Defamation League, Neo-Nazi
and radical Muslim groups allege the US government is
controlled by Jews, describing it as the "Zionist Occupa-
The antisemitic hoax The Protocols of the Elders of
tion Government".[138]
Zion came to be used among Arab anti-Zionists, al-
though some Arab anti-Zionists have tried to discour- Article 22 of the 1988 Hamas charter claims that the
age its usage.[119]: 186[120]: 357 Antisemitic sources have French Revolution, the Russian Revolution, colonialism
claimed that The Protocols of the Elders of Zion were and both world wars were created by the Zionists or forces
read at the First Zionist Congress. Neil J. Kressel as- supportive of Zionism. Article 32 alleges that the Zionist
serts that for many years the line between antisemitism movement seeks to create an Empire stretching from the
and anti-Zionism has been blurry.[121]: 102 Nile in Egypt to the Euphrates river in Iraq.[139]
A number of conspiracies involving the Holocaust have In April 2010, Abd Al-Azim Al-Maghrabi, the Deputy
been advanced. One advanced by the Soviets in the 1950s Head of Egyptian Arab Lawyers Union, stated in an inter-
claims that Nazis and Zionists had a shared interest or view with Al-Manar TV (as translated by MEMRI) that
even cooperated in the extermination of Europes Jewry, the Hepatitis C virus was produced by the Zionists and
as persecution would force them to ee to Palestine, then that this virus is now spreading in Egypt like wildre.
under British administration.[122]: 237 Claims also have He also called for it to be classied as one of the war
been made that the Zionist movement inated or faked crimes perpetrated by the Zionist enemy.[140]
the impact of the Holocaust.[123]: 2122 The President of In June 2010, Egyptian cleric Musid Anwar gave a
the State of Palestine Mahmoud Abbas wrote in his 1983 speech which aired on Al-Rahma TV (as translated by
book, "The Other Side: The Secret Relationship Between MEMRI) in which he alleged that the game of soccer (as
Nazism and Zionism" based on his CandSc thesis com- well as swimming, bullghting and tennis) was in fact a
pleted in 1982 at the Moscow Institute of Oriental Stud- Zionist conspiracy, stating that:
ies, with Yevgeny Primakov as thesis advisor.[124][125]
In 1968, the East German communist paper Neues As you know, the Jews, or the Zionists,
Deutschland justied the Warsaw Pact invasion of have The Protocols of the Elders of Zion.
Czechoslovakia with the headline In Prague Zionism Over 100 years ago, they formulated a plan
is in power.[129] In 1995, William Korey released a to rule the world, and they are implementing
work entitled Russian antisemitism, Pamyat, and the de- this plan. One of the protocols says: Keep
monology of Zionism. Koreys central argument is that the [non-Jews] preoccupied with songs, soccer,
the Soviet Union promoted an ocial Judeophobic and movies. Is it or isn't it happening? It is
propaganda campaign under the guise of anti-Zionism [...] the Zionists manage to generate animos-
from 1967 to 1986; after this program was shut down ity among Muslims, and even between Muslim
by Mikhail Gorbachev, a populist and chauvinist group countries, by means of soccer.[141]
called Pamyat emerged in the more open climate of
Glasnost to promote an openly anti-Semitic message.[130]
Korey also argues that much ocial late-period Soviet
anti-Semitism may be traced back to the inuence of Pro- 6 See also
tocols of the Elders of Zion. He notes, for instance, that a
1977 Soviet work entitled International Zionism: History Anti-globalization and antisemitism
and Politics contains the allegation that most major Wall
Street nancial institutions are large nancial-industrial Israel and the apartheid analogy
Jewish monopolies exercising control over many coun-
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Israel
tries in the world.[131] Russian antisemitism was reviewed
by Robert O. Freedman in the Slavic Review; while he Jewish assimilation
concurs with the books central thesis, Freedman nev-
ertheless writes that the actual extent of Soviet anti- Jews Against Zionism (book)
10
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these books called The New Anti-Semitism. So the use
of the charge anti-Semitism is pretty conventional
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[106] Klug, Brian (2 December 2003). No, anti-Zionism is not Routledge. ISBN 9781317983484.
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ception of Jews, which may be expressed as hatred to- [124] Was Abu Mazen a Holocaust Denier? By Brynn Malone
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[125] Abu Mazen: A Political Prole. Zionism and Holocaust
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ifestations could also target the state of Israel, conceived [126] A Holocaust-Denier as Prime Minister of Palestine"? by
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 14 8 EXTERNAL LINKS

[131] William Korey, Russian antisemitism, Pamyat, and the de-

monology of Zionism, Routledge, 1995, pp. 5657.

[132] Robert O. Freedman, review of William Korey, Russian

antisemitism, Pamyat, and the demonology of Zionism,
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[133] The Jews started the War Again (this time its the Iraq
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[134] Brian Whitaker, Playing skittles with Saddam. The

gameplan among Washingtons hawks has long been to
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[135] The Website of Political Research Associates. Public-

Eye.org. Retrieved 17 May 2012.

[136] Iran Supports Khartoum policies in Darfur Sudan Tri-

bune: Plural news and views on Sudan. Sudan Tribune.
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[137] Anti-Semitism in the Egyptian Media Conspiracy The-

ories. Adl.org. Retrieved 17 May 2012.

[138] The Nation of Islam in 1996. Jewishvirtuallibrary.org.

16 June 1996. Retrieved 17 May 2012.

[139] Hamas Covenant 1988. Yale.edu. Retrieved 18 May

2015.

[140] Deputy Head of Egyptian Arab Lawyers Union Abd Al-

Azim Al-Maghrabi: The Zionists Produced the Hepatitis
C Virus and Injected 400 Prisoners with It, MEMRITV,
Clip No. 2506, 21 April 2010.

[141] Against the Backdrop of Soccer World Cup in South

Africa, Egyptian Cleric Musid Anwar Blasts Soccer,
Other Harmful Sports, as a Means Prescribed by the
Protocols of the Elders of Zion in Order to Rule the
World, MEMRITV, Clip No. 2503, 6 June 2010.

8 External links
Why I Am a Zionist feature article by Tom Doran,
an ex-anti-Zionist

The Other Israel: The Radical Case Against Zionism

essays by members of Matzpen

Stanley Aronowitz, "Setting the Record Straight:

Zionism from the Standpoint of its Jewish Critics,
Logos, Issue 3.3 (summer 2004)
Lawrence Davidson , The Present State of Anti-
Semitism, Logos, Issue 9.1, (Winter 2010)
Torah Jews Against Zionism

Jews Confront Zionism by Daniel Lange/Levitsky,

Monthly Review, June 2009

Works related to Zionism at Wikisource

 15

9 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

9.1 Text
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