Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
com
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Arecentstudyoffallsinformworkcomparedthefall
y p
Copyright, Professor N. Krishnamurthy :: ww
protectionsystemscommonlyusedduringfloorslabformwork
constructioninbuildingsandconcludedthatthesuitabilityof
thedifferentsystemsdependsgreatlyonthewillingnessofthe
workerstousethem.
Overexertioninjuryisthesinglelargestcategoryofinjuriesin
construction work accounting for about 24% of all injuries
constructionwork,accountingforabout24%ofallinjuries.
Industryresponse:
Threemainstakeholdersinformwork:
1. Formworkmanufacturingcompanies
2. Constructioncompanies
2
3. Projectdesigners
1
What does the industry think about PtD? a
Surprisingly,allthreestakeholdersstronglydisagreedwiththe
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followingstatement:
Projectdesignerwouldasktheformworkmanufacturing
companyforadvicewhiletheydesignthestructure.
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Allofthemstronglyagreedwiththefollowingstatement:
Theprojectdesignerdesignsthestructurewithout
consultingtheformwork/falsework manufacturingcompany.
Whenthedesignisfinishedtheconstructioncompanyasks
theformwork/falsework manufacturerforconstructive
solutionstosuitthestructureasdesigned.
Thisresponsedisplaysthelackofunderstandingofand
motivationforPtD [i.e.DfS]incurrentpractice.
Designersmaythereforenotcomeupwiththesafestwayto
buildtheirdesigns.
3
Thismindsetmustchangeassoonaspossible.
3stakeholderschoseminimumcostoversafety.
Mostengineeringandarchitecturestudentsinterviewedwere
eitherignorantofPtD orwerenotofferedanycoursestolearn
aboutit.
about it
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Stakeholdersinvolvedintheuseanddesignofformworks
tendedtoconsiderthemselvesasisolatedgroups,ratherthan
aspartoftheproductionprocess.
Projectdesigners,whostarttheconstructionprocess,would
notaskthemanufacturingcompanyforadvicewhiletheyare
d i i th t t
designingthestructure.
Inaddition,mostoftheprojectsdonotspecifythetypeof
formworkintheprojectsdocumentation.
Consequently,formworkelectionislefttotheconstruction
4
company,whodidnotdesigntheprojectortheformworks.
2
What does the industry think about PtD? c
Newstandardsandlegislationaboutdesignanduseof
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formworksmayimprovetheiroccupationalsafety.
Moreeffectivecommunicationbetweenthestakeholders
wouldimproveoccupationalhealthandsafetylevels.
Copyright, Professor N. Krishnamurthy :: ww
Thesemeasures,combinedwithbettertrainingandinclusion
ofPtD inUniversitycourses,wouldultimatelyleadtoadequate
implementationofPtD intheuseanddesignofformworks,
improvingtheoccupationalsafetylevelsoftheprojects,
helpingtodecreaserisklevelsandtoremovecertainhazards
completely.
Thisimprovementinsafetyrisklevelswouldhaveapositive
impactonaccidentratesandfatalities.
NK: ResponseinSingaporeisalsosimilar.
RTOsfeeltheyhavenothingtodowitheventheprinciples
5
offormworkdesign!Howwilltheyknowitissafe?
inadequatelyimplementedintheconstructionsector.
ContributingfactorsinconstructionaccidentsintheUK:
ProblemsarisingfromworkersortheWorkteam 70%
Workplaceissues
Workplace issues 49%
49%
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Shortcomingswithequipment(includingPPE) 56%
Problemswithsuitability&conditionofmaterials 27%
Deficiencieswithriskmanagement 84%
5.83%offallswereattributedtotheconstructionofformwork
ortotheconstructionoftemporarystructures,andaround
21% f ll id t i l d df i
21%ofallaccidentsinvolvedwoodframing.
Anotherwayofclassifyingfactorsinaccidents:
1. Macro:Involvingstakeholders(e.g.society,industry)
2. Mezzo:Projectmanagement,procurement,etc.,
6 3. Micro:Worker,workplace,andsupervisorissues.
3
Prevention through Design (PtD) b
EffectiveimplementationofPtD duringconstructionprojectis
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nottheresponsibilityofasinglepersonorgroup.
InEurope,architectsanddesignengineersarerequiredto
implementdesignforconstructionsafety(Dir92/57/EEC).
PolytechnicandUniversitycurriculalackadequatecourse
Polytechnic and University curricula lack adequate course
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contentonoccupationalhealthandsafety.
Variablesinvolvedinconstructionaccidents:
Personalvariables
Age&otherworkercharacteristics
Businessvariables
Administrativeaspectssuchaslengthofservice
Administrative aspects such as length of service
Temporalvariables:
Dayofweek,numberofdaysofabsence,etc.
Materialvariables
Deviationsfromacceptedpractice
7
Geographicvariables, suchasclimate.
80%ofallrisks.
Craneliftingofmaterialisoneofthemajorcausesoffatalities
inconstruction.
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Reasonsinclude:Insufficienttrainingforcrewanddifficulties
incommunicationamongcrewmembers,includinglanguage
andcorrectunderstandingofsignals.
Ascendinganddescendingladdershasbeenassociatedwitha
highpercentage(33.5%)ofnonfatalaccidentsinconstruction
workersintheUSA.
Ladderswerealsoassociatedwith11%ofallfatalfallsover
theperiod19801989intheUS.
Ladderrelatedaccidentshavebeenshowntobeassociated
withriskfactorsthatincreasedtheprobabilityofaseriousor
8
fatalaccident.
4
Const. & Formwork Fatalities vs. Age
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Formworkfatalitiesmoreinshaded(X)range,16toabout30
yearsofage.
Formworkfatalitiesmoreinshaded(X)range,incompanies
uptoabout25workers.
10
5
Const. & Formwork Fatalities vs. Service
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Formworkfatalitiesmoreinshaded(X)range,forworkers
withabout11/2monthsto4yearsofservice(inthesame
11
company)
Launching of Course on
Formwork Design and Safety
with Code of Practice SS580:2012
By Institution of Engineers - Singapore
Opening Address
Dr Gan Siok Lin
Executive Director
WSH Institute
23 Sep 2014
12
6
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13
7
Common Incident Types of Major & Minor Injuries
Involving Formwork in Construction Sector, 2011-2014
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Case Example:
Injured worker was dismantling metal formwork
when a piece of metal form weighing about 20kg
fell from about 1m and hit his hand. He
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1
6
8
Workplace Injuries & Dangerous Occurrences
Involving Formwork in Construction Sector
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A challenging issue
Fatal injuries mainly involve Collapse/Failure of formwork & Fall from formwork
90
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Minor Injuries
Mi I j i
80
70
Major Injuries
60
Fatal Injuries
Dangerous
50 Occurrences
40
30
20
10
0
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
FatalInjuriesInvolving
1 4 2 5 4 4
Formwork@1Aug2014
DangerousOccurrences
Collapse/FailureofFormwork 2 3 1 1 3 0
@26Aug14
MajorInjuriesInvolving
6 9 16 5
Formwork@3Jul2014
MinorInjuriesInvolving
31 49 83 42
Formwork@3Jul2014
To bring
g the various stakeholders in the
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9
Roles of Main Stakeholders in Industry
Ensure formwork properly Implement WSH Mgmt
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Erect
E t fformwork k ((woodd stating that the
/ steel) Monitor form- formwork is safe
work until concrete for its intended use
solidifies
Determine root
causes in preventing
formwork incidents
Industry proposes
Formwork
solutions Solutioning Session
1. Lack of Competency
Formwork workers
Formwork supervisors
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Professional engineers
Project managers
2. Lack of Communication
Between engineers and architects
Among Professional Engineers
Among all stakeholders
3. Lack of Clarity
Roles
Method of safe erection
4. Poor Resource Management
Materials
Time
Manpower
10
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Key Findings (Competency)
1. Lack of Competency
a. Workers
Unable to identify hazards
Deploy to other worksites after training from suppliers
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2. Lack of Communication
11
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Key Findings (Clarity)
3. Lack of Clarity
a. Materials
inadequate material ordered for project
mix and match of two or more types of formwork
Copyright, Professor N. Krishnamurthy :: ww
systems
b. Time
Late notification to PE to conduct inspections
Insufficient time given to PE to inspect altered
formwork structures
c. Manpower
Lack of PE to conduct inspections
Lack of formwork supervisors and workers
Supervisors have too many roles
High worker : supervisor ratio
12
Copyright, Professor N. Krishnamurthy :: ww
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13
SS580 : 2012 Working Group
TheWorkingGroupappointedbytheTechnicalCommitteeto
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assistinthepreparationofthisstandard:
Convenor :DrTingSeng Kiong
Members: Building and
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C
Construction
t ti A Authority
th it
Er.ChongChinHin Lim CS Precast & Civil
Mr C.Kirubakaran Consultants
Ministry of Manpower
MsLeeGuek Hoon
R Star Consultants Pte
(serveduntil23June2011) Ltd
MsKoh ChinChin Singapore Contractors
Association Ltd
Er.LimChongSit
Singapore Institute of
Dr.N.Krishnamurthy Technology
Er.TanChongLin SIPM Consultants Pte
Ltd
27
Foreword 7
CODEOFPRACTICE
1.Scope 8
2. Normativereference 8
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3. Definitions
f 8
4. Materialsandformworksystems 11
5. Design 13
5.1. Applicationofsection 13
5.2. Designconsiderations 14
5.3. Loads 15
y g
5.4. Analysisanddesignmethods 17
6. Drawings 26
7. Erectionanduse 29
8. Dismantling 33
9. Safety 34
28
9.1. Riskassessment 34
9.2. Safetyprecautions 34
14
Factor of Safety a
Inacirculardated31Jan2013,theMinistryofManpower,
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concernedwiththeescalatingaccidentsandfailuresinvolving
formworkstructures,issuedacircularwhichread(inpart)as
follows:
Copyright, Professor N. Krishnamurthy :: ww
29
4 WSH (Construction) Regulation 58(2), SS 580:2012
Factor of Safety b
Chargedwithaddressingtheincreasingnumberofformwork
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accidents,CodeofPracticeworkgroupimplementedrecom
mendation ofwhatitcalledtheLoadSafetyFactorto2.0for
anyandalldeterminationofformworkdesignanderection:
5.4.2Alternativemethodsofdesign
5 4 2 Alternative methods of design states,ineffect:
states in effect:
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CodedesignbySS580forsteelstructuresorotherCode
applicabletoformworkstructuresforothermaterials,with
factorofsafety2.0 onyieldstress,oraloadsafetyfactorof
2.0 toallactiveloadsontheformworkstructure.
Genericanalysisanddesign proceduresaccordingtostan
dard formulasandestablishedstructuralmechanicsprinci
ples,withaloadsafetyfactorof2.0 onactiveloads;and/or,
Testresults onproductsandproceduresbasedonprototype
testingfromapprovedmanufacturingfirmsoraccredited
30 laboratorieswithminimumloadsafetyfactorof2.0.
15
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31
Ifconcreteheapstogreaterdepth=AverageDepthin1m2
Liveloadsforpersonnel=0.75kN/m2 overareasnotoccupied
byconcretebeingcast,machinery,orequipment
Totalimposedload(i.e.wetconcrete,personnel,machinery,
etc.)notlessthan1.5kN/m2[5.3.2.2]
H
Horizontalloads[5.3.3]:
i t l l d [5 3 3]
Lateralloadofconcretedumping,windetc.,not<1.5kn/m
offlooredge,or2.5%oftotalverticalload
Lateralconc.pres.onform,p =w.H,whereH issmallerof
32
depthofformworkorofconcretecastingabovecoldjoint.
Windloads,asperapplicableCode
16
Design in SS580:2012
5.4.3Codedesign
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lfandwherethisCodedoesnotcoveranyaspectofstructural
analysisordesignoftheformworkstructureoranyofits
components,therelevantSSEurocode andcorresponding
SingaporeNationalAnnexshallgovern.
Singapore National Annex shall govern
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WherethisCodediffersfromSSEurocode orSingapore
NationalAnnex,thisCodeshallprevail.
WherenoguidanceisavailablefromthisCodeortheSS
Eurocode /SingaporeNationalAnnex,andsomeothercodeis
used,andthesafetyorloadfactorsinthatcodearelessthan
2.0,suchfactorsshallbeupgradedto2.0.
Anyandallproprietaryormanufactureditems usedinthe
formworkstructureshallsatisfythecriterionofloadsafety
factorof2.0inactualuse.
33
Theallowablestressshallbetakenas(Yieldstress/2).
5.4.3.2Ultimatestrengthdesign(USD)
Allformworkstructuresatworksiteshallsustaintotaldead,
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live,impact,andwindloadsimposedonthemwithaload
li i d i dl d i d h ih l d
safetyfactorof2.0,beforestructuralorfunctionalfailure.
Duetoexposednatureofformworkandmanyandvariedsub
contractorsandtradesutilising thefacilityduringconstruction,
allconventionalloadfactorsforvariousloadcombinations
shallbetakenasloadsafetyfactor2.0.
Henceultimatedesignloadamountstotwicetheworst
combinationofserviceloads.
Ultimatedesignstress,wherenotspecifiedbymaterial
vendor,shallbetakenaslesserofyieldstressand0.9times
34 ultimatetensilestrengthofthematerial.
17
Compression member design by code
5.4.3.3.1Compressionmemberendsandconnections
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Frompracticalconsiderations,thefollowingshallbeassumed
andimplemented:
(a)Allcompressionmemberendsarepinendedand
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fabricatedtobedisplacementfreeatsupportedends;
(b)Allconnectionsarepinnedandnonmomentresistant.
lfthedesignoftheactualendconditionsandconnectionsat
sitearedifferentfromtheassumptionsabove,then
appropriatemodificationsmaybemadetotheKfactorandto
th ff ti
theeffectiveunbraced
b d lengthchosenasperEurocode.
l th h E d
Erectionsshallconformtodesignassumptions.
SSEN1993provideschartsofnondimensionalslenderness
ratios(c)versuscompressivestressreductionfactor(c)for
35 varioustypesofcrosssections,shownasFigure1.
36
18
Curve Selection Table for Chart
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curves
37
Bendingbehaviour iscomplicatedbypossiblebucklingofthethin
elementsofsteelflexuralmemberssuchaschannelsand'l'
beams,aswellastheirtorsional twisting,betweenpointsof
transverseandtorsional
transverse and torsional support.
support
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Mostlocalbucklingproblemsmaybe
avoidedbychoosingaclosedsection
likecircularorrectangularpipe,orby
providingsufficientstiffenersin
channelsand'l'beams.
Anglesandotherunsymmetrical
sectionsshouldbeavoided.
38
19
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39
curves
Curve Selection Table for Chart
Permissible Bending Stress Chart
20
Deflection Checks
NOTE: Forbothcolumnsandbeams,thedeflectionshallalso
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bechecked.
5.4.8Deflectionandmovement
Verticaldeflectionundersuperimposedloadsshallnot
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normallyexceedthefollowinglimitsunderfactoredload
ll d h f ll l d f dl d
condtions:
(a)Columns Length/180
(b)Beams Span/200
41
AsanalternatetothechartsofFigures1and2,Table3lists
permissiblecompressiveandbendingstressratiosforvaluesof
slendernessratiofactorsc orb asappropriate,rangingfrom
0.0to3.0inincrementsof0.1.
0 0 to 3 0 in increments of 0 1
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Thetableappliestocolumnsandweldedbeamsforwhichb0
=0.2and =1.0,aswellastononwelded(i.e.rolled)beams
forwhichb0 =0.4and =0.75,asperTables1and2.
Permissiblestressratiosforslendernessratiofactorsbetween
thelistedvaluesmaybeinterpolatedlinearlybetweenthe
listedvalueswithsufficientaccuracy.
Thus,ifpermissiblestressratiosfor1 and2 are1 and2,we
mayestimatethevalueof for between1 and2 as:
1 +(21)(1)/(21).
42
21
Compr. & Bending Str. Reduction Table
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Copyright, Professor N. Krishnamurthy :: ww
43
Only(i) wherenoapprovedcodesexistfortheparticular
structureorcomponenttobeused,and(ii)wherethe
structureorcomponentistoocomplexforpracticalgeneric
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analysis,shalltestingberesortedto.
l h ll b
Evenincaseswherecomponentsandsubstructureshavebeen
designedbycodeorgenericmethods,sitecommissioningtests
mayberequired,inwhichcaseavalidationcertificateissued
byatestinglaboratoryaccreditedbytheSingapore
AccreditationCouncil(SAC)ortheirMutualRecognition
( ) g
Agreement(MRA)Partnershallbeacquiredbeforeformwork
erectioncancommence.
ln anycase,structureorcomponentshalldemonstrateaload
safetyfactorof2atstructuralorfunctionalfailure.
44
22
5.4.5 Test-approved design - b
5.4.5.2Testingofnondesignedcomponents
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Forproprietaryorcontractorproposedformworkstructure,or
components,theprototypestructureorcomponent,as
completeinall respectssimilartoerection,use,and
dismantlingconditionsatsiteaspossible,shallbetestedtono
dismantling conditions at site as possible shall be tested to no
Copyright, Professor N. Krishnamurthy :: ww
lessthantwice worstcombinationofserviceloads.
Erection,alteration,use,anddismantlingshallbedoneby
personnelassimilartothoseavailableatsiteaspossible.
Testingshallbeconductedundercontrolledconditionsinan
approvedtestingfacility.
Acertificateandreportshallbeissuedwithalldetails,
A certificate and report shall be issued with all details
includinghowsuperimposedloadsweresimulated.
Stress,deflectionandswayhistoriesshallbeincluded.
Testresultsmaynotbeacceptedifsomevalidtheoretical
analysisshowsthatthestructureorcomponentmaynotbe
45
abletotakeloadingasclaimed.
Miscellaneous designs
5.4.6.1Designfornonsteelmembers
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Membersofwood,plastic,aluminium oranyothernonsteel
materialshallbedesignedbyapplicableSingaporeStandards
orotherrelevantcodes/regulations,orshownbygeneric
methodsorteststobesatisfactorilydesigned.
methods or tests to be satisfactorily designed
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Allsuchdesignsshallbedemonstratedtohaveloadsafety
factorof2.0againstcollapseunderworstdesignloading.
5.4.6.2Designforworkingplatformsforformwork
Workingplatformsforformworkshallbedesignedanderected
independentlyoftheformworkandthereinforcementonit.
However,whereworkingplatformsformpartofintegrated
formworksystemssuchasclimbingformsortableforms,
scaffoldregulationsinforcewillapplytotheworkingplatform
extensions.
46
23
Special cases for design
Specialattentionshallbepaidtodesignanderectionofform
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workcomponentsbytheEngineerinfollowingcases(5.1.3)
Cantileverspans;
Heightsexceeding9m;
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Slabsthickerthan300mmorasperRegulationwhicheveris
morestringent;
Beamsexceedingcrosssectionalareaof0.5m2 orasper
Regulationwhicheverismorestringent;
Columnsorwallsexceeding2minheight;
Formwork structure in two or more tiers;
Formworkstructureintwoormoretiers;
Layercastingofconcrete,forwhich,unlessthesharingof
subsequentlayerloadsbysupportingcolumnsisjustifiedby
calculations,theentirelayerloadshallbebornebythe
47 formwork.
framemustsatisfyfollowingcriteria
accordingtoSS580:2012:
1. Columnsmusthaveadequatecapacity
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t
toresistcombinedaxialforceand
it bi d i l f d
bending;
2. Columndeflection<Height/180
3. Beamstress<Fy,yieldstress
4. Beamdeflection<Span/200
Inadditiontothesestructural
In addition to these structural
considerations,designermust
highlightthehorizontalreaction
requiredtoberesisted,andanyother
practicalerectionsafeguards,as
48
relatedtothestructureitself.
24
Example Behaviour of Rectangular Frame
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Copyright, Professor N. Krishnamurthy :: ww
SS580
Checks:
Leg load <
Col. Capa-
city, 50kN
Col. Def <
Ht/180,
11.1 mm
Bm. Str < Fy,
460 MPa
Bm. Def <
Span/200,
5 mm
49
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50
25
9 Safety - a
9.1Riskassessment
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9.2Safeworkprocedures
9.3Workatheight
9.4Permittowork
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9.5Lifting
9.6ModularandSystemFormwork
51
Safetyaspectsshallbeconsideredandcontrolsimplemented
ateverystageinlifecycleofformworkstructure,including
planningandinspection,andduringconstruction.
Somecommonmeasuresforgoodconstructionpracticeto
Some common measures for good construction practice to
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ensuresafeformworkdesignareasfollows:
(a)Provideadequateshoringorreshoring;
(b)Avoidusingapropontopofanotherprop;
(c)Provideadequatelateral&diagonalbracingofshores;
(d) Provide adequate bracing at joints in shores;
(d)Provideadequatebracingatjointsinshores;
(e) Ensurethatadequatetemporarybracingsareinplace
whileinitiallysettinguptheformwork.
(f)Ensurethatanchoringofthesystemformworkcanbe
52
visuallyascertained.
(g)Ensureadequateprovisionforlateralpressureonforms
26
9.7 Safe formwork construction related to
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design b
(h) Controllateralpressureontheformsbytheverticalrateof
placementofconcretebymeansofslumpmeasurement,
typeofvibration,admixtures,etc.;
(i) Regulatehorizontalsequence&rateofplacingconcreteto
(i) Regulate horizontal sequence & rate of placing concrete to
Copyright, Professor N. Krishnamurthy :: ww
avoidunbalancedloadingontheformworkstructure;
(j) Controlloadingsthatmaycausevibrationsandshock;
(k) Preventprematureremovalofsupports;
(l) Complywithrecommendationsofmanufacturersof
componentsandkeepwithinlimitsrequiredbythe
p p q y
designer;
(m) Ensureproperfieldinspectionbyformworksupervisorto
seethatformdesignhasbeenproperlyinterpretedand
implementedbytheformworkerectors;
53
(n) Ensurethatformworkcomponentsnotdesignedby
analyticalmethodsornotcertifiedassafebysuppliersare
validatedforusebyappropriatetesting;
(o) Ensurethatinteractionsbetweenformwork,falsework
Ensure that interactions between formwork falsework and and
Copyright, Professor N. Krishnamurthy :: ww
anypermanentstructurearetakenintoaccountduring
planningandconstruction;
(p) Providesafemeansofaccess,adequateedgeprotection,
perimetercontainmentscreening,etc.toensureasafe
workingzone;
( ) Providetemporarycatchplatformsasfallarrestforfall
(q) P id t t h l tf f ll t f f ll
distancesshorterthanrequiredforbodyharnesses;
(r) Disallowanyfieldrepairofmodularorsystemformwork
componentswithoutmanufacturer'sapproval;
54 (s) Providecableguidedorsupportedsystemswithintegral
freefallbreakingdevices;
27
9.7 Safe formwork construction related to
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design d
(t) Disallowuseofformpanelsfromsystemwall/column
formwork,etc.forpurposesotherthanthoseforwhich
theyweredesignedfor,suchasladders,walkwaybridges
etc ;
etc.;
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(u)Ensurespecificindustrialstandardsareobservedfor
hydraulicandelectricalequipmentusedforoperating
systemformwork.
(v)EnsurecorrectandcontinuouswearinganduseofPPEwhile
onthejob;
(w)Ensurerotationofworkers,restperiods,andother
safeguardsagainstfatigueandMSDduetorepetitivework.
9.8Safetyrelatedconcernsinformworkactivities
Listshazardousactivitiesandsituationsinformworkerection,
55 use,alterationanddismantling,deservespecialattention.
Key Recommendations
Designersandconstructorsmustcooperateandcoordinatefor
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DesignforSafetytobecomeareality.
Designersmustunderstandandbuildinmodificationsand
designsforsafeconstruction,use,maintenance,&
demolition.
demolition
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Constructorsmustinteractwiththedesignerearlyinthe
projecttoavoidcostlyredesignandmodificationslater.
Strictandcontinuoussupervisionisthegluethatwillkeep
designandconstructiontogether!
Betterandmoresupervisionisthekeytosafety.
p y y
28
Copyright, Professor N. Krishnamurthy :: ww
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Thank You
TheEnd
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