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Energy Instruments
Identification and quantification of energy necessitates measurements
Measurements require the use of instruments - Portable, Durable, Easy
to operate and Relatively inexpensive
Parameters generally monitored during energy audit may include -
Basic Electrical Parameters in AC &DC systems Voltage (V), Current
(I), Power factor, Active power (kW), apparent power (demand) (kVA),
Reactive power (kVAr), Energy consumption (kWh), Frequency (Hz),
Harmonics, etc.
Parameters of importance other than electrical - temperature & heat
flow, radiation, air and gas flow, liquid flow, revolutions per minute
(RPM), air velocity, noise and vibration, dust concentration, Total
Dissolved Solids (TDS), pH, moisture content, relative humidity, flue gas
analysis CO2, O2, CO, SOx, NOx, combustion efficiency etc.
List of Instruments Used
Sophisticated three Phase power analyzers (Portable load
managers) used for electrical systems
To measure, monitor, log, diagnose the electrical
parameters with computer interface & software
Hand held three Phase power analyzers to measure loading
parameters of motors, MCC and distribution boards
Ultrasonic flow meters to measure water flow rate of pumps
and pipe lines
Digital multi-meters
Energy monitors
A stand alone device that can read various types of elect. signals &
store the data in int. memory for later download to a computer
Emissivity
= 0.365(/)
- resistivity
Here detector temp > casting temp
Detector losses its temp. in all ways
If detector temp. finally settles to T2 & casting
temp is at T0 and target temp is T1
Ko (T2- T0 ) = K1 T1 4 = heat input
V= Kv T n
Thermopile-
Photocell
Metal bolometer
Thermister
Thermopile
Larger o/p
Lower response time
Adaptable for industrial applications
Bolometer
Fast in response
Good sensitivity
costly
Thermister
Not used due to
Poor precision
Difficult to provide compensation
Low response time
Photocell
Fast
Large sensitivity
But limited spectral sensitivity
Lens for focusing targets
Flexible
Portable
Convient to use
Light weight
Can monitor moveable objects
Non contact type
accurate
disadvantages
Expensive
Human error
Not useful for measuring temp of
clear gas
At high temp. filament erodes
frequently
Radiation pyrometer disappering
filament type
Infrared Pyrometer
The Lux takes into account the surface area over which
this light is spread, which affects how bright it appears
All this data can also be logged & analyzed with PC Software
3-Phase Power Analyser