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CIE 5260
Dr. Apostolos Tsouvalas
Lecture 17
CIE 5260
Structural Response to Earthquakes
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences
Delft, 2017
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Contents of lecture 17
CIE 5260
Structural Response to
Earthquakes
Lecture 17
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Soil-Structure Interaction (SSI) in
Earthquake Engineering
List of contents:
Introduction
Effects of SSI
Conceptual formulation of
SSI problem
Modelling of soil-foundation
system
Case study
CIE 5260
The mechanism of soil-structure interaction
Structural Response to
Earthquakes
in Earthquake Engineering
Lecture 17
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Effects of SSI on the structural response
Modelling of soil-foundation
The ground motion beneath the structure needs to be
system
determined together with the response of the structure.
Case study
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Effects of SSI on the structural response
CIE 5260
Structural Response to
Earthquakes
Lecture 17
A soil column may amplify the
structural response at certain
Energy radiated away from the periods (Lecture 5)
structure on the form of waves
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Engineering practice regarding SSI
Introduction
Structural period elongation moves the eigenperiods
Effects of SSI
outside the energy containing periods of the ground motion.
Conceptual formulation of
SSI problem
Extra damping radiation of waves carrying energy away
Modelling of soil-foundation
from the vibrating structure.
system
Case study
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Engineering practice regarding SSI
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Contents of lecture 17
CIE 5260
Structural Response to
Earthquakes
Lecture 17
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Formulation of the SSI problem
Case study
CIE 5260
Structural Response to
Earthquakes
Lecture 17
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Direct approach
List of contents:
Introduction
Effects of SSI
Conceptual formulation
of SSI problem
Modelling of soil-foundation
system
Case study
Both soil and structure are modelled in a single step using a FE model.
CIE 5260
Structural Response to (t ) + Cx (t ) + Kx(t ) =
Mx b (t )
Mru
Earthquakes
Lecture 17
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Direct approach
Conceptual formulation
o Soil domain should be large enough longest wavelength;
of SSI problem
Case study o FE package should be able to model both structure and soil with
equal rigour;
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Substructure method
List of contents:
Introduction
Effects of SSI
Conceptual formulation
of SSI problem
Modelling of soil-foundation
system
Case study
CIE 5260
Structural Response to
Earthquakes
Lecture 17
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Classification of foundation types
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Modelling methods for dynamic soil
resistivity
List of contents:
Frequency dependent
Introduction Local springs and
dashpots
Modelling methods for soil-
Effects of SSI
(dynamic springs)
foundation systems
Conceptual formulation of
SSI problem
Frequency independent
Modelling of soil-
foundation system
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Contents of lecture 17
CIE 5260
Structural Response to
Earthquakes
Lecture 17
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Shallow foundations
A foundation system in which the structure rests either
on individual footings on top of a uniform (and rather
rigid) mat foundation;
List of contents:
Modelling of soil-
foundation system
Case study
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Frequency-dependent stiffness and
damping
List of contents:
Introduction
Effects of SSI
Conceptual formulation of
SSI problem
Modelling of soil-
foundation system
Case study
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Definition of dynamic stiffness
z (t ) + Rz (t ) =
I. Force balance mu Fz (t )
List of contents:
LB
Introduction
Effects of SSI
II. Reaction force Rz (t ) =
00
z ( x, y ,t )dxdy
Conceptual formulation of
SSI problem
Case study m 2u z ( ) + R z ( ) =
Fz ( )
R z ( ) = kz ( ) u z ( )
CIE 5260
(m + kz ( ))u z ( ) =
Structural Response to
Earthquakes
Lecture 17
2
Fz ( )
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Definition of dynamic stiffness
List of contents:
Introduction
Effects of SSI
Conceptual formulation of
SSI problem
Modelling of soil-
kz()
foundation system
Case study
CIE 5260
Structural Response to
Earthquakes
Lecture 17
How can we determine the soil dynamic
stiffness accurately?
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Derivation of the dynamic stiffness for
vertical motion
List of contents:
Introduction
Effects of SSI
Conceptual formulation of
SSI problem
Modelling of soil-
foundation system
R z ( )
k z ( ) =
Case study
u z ( )
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Derivation of the dynamic stiffness for
vertical motion
List of contents:
Introduction
Effects of SSI
Conceptual formulation of
SSI problem
Modelling of soil-
foundation system
Case study
Let R z ( ) =1
R z ( ) 1
CIE 5260 u z ( ) = = 1 fz ( ) = 1 kz ( ) = fz ( )
Structural Response to
Earthquakes
kz ( ) kz ( ) kz ( )
Lecture 17
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Derivation of the dynamic stiffness for
vertical motion
List of contents:
A foundation block has 6 degrees of freedom.
Introduction
Application of a vertical unit force yields the first column of
Effects of SSI
the flexibility matrix:
Conceptual formulation of
SSI problem
fz ( ) = [ f zz ; f zy ; f zx ; f z ,rx ; f z ,ry ; f z ,rz ]T
Modelling of soil-
foundation system
Case study
The rest of the columns are obtained by application of unit
forces at each of the six degrees of freedom.
CIE 5260
Structural Response to
Earthquakes
Lecture 17
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Derivation of the dynamic stiffness
matrix for horizontal motion
List of contents:
Introduction
Effects of SSI
Conceptual formulation of
SSI problem
Modelling of soil-
foundation system
Case study
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Derivation of the complete dynamic
stiffness matrix
List of contents:
The complete flexibility matrix is built up by gathering all
components obtained column-by-column:
Introduction
Modelling of soil-
The dynamic stiffness matrix is obtained by direct inversion of
foundation system the flexibility matrix:
Case study
( ) = f ( ) 1
K
66 66
CIE 5260
Structural Response to
Earthquakes
Lecture 17 Note that instead of obtaining the flexibility matrix first and then
invert it, the dynamic stiffness matrix can be derived directly by
applying unit displacement (or rotation) in each degree of freedom.
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Models used for derivation of the
dynamic soil stiffness matrix
List of contents:
For the determination of the stiffness matrix, one
Introduction can use:
Effects of SSI
Modelling of soil-
BE models;
foundation system
Semi-analytical or analytical models;
Case study
In-situ measurements;
Any combination of the above.
CIE 5260
Structural Response to
Earthquakes
Lecture 17
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Properties of the dynamic stiffness
matrix
CIE 5260
the flexibility of the foundation block here we focus on
Structural Response to
Earthquakes
rather rigid foundation blocks.
Lecture 17
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Soil stiffness and soil damping
Introduction
( ) Re K
=
K (
( ) + i Im K)
( )( )
Effects of SSI
Conceptual formulation of
Represents soil Represents soil
SSI problem
stiffness and damping
Modelling of soil- added mass
foundation system
Case study
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Steps for derivation of the dynamic
stiffness matrix
List of contents:
Step 1: treat the soil (half-space, layered soil) as
Introduction a 3D continuum;
Effects of SSI
Conceptual formulation of
SSI problem
Step 2: Compose the total dynamic soil stiffness
Modelling of soil-
by application of unit displacement at each
foundation system degree of freedom;
Case study
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Use of tables in engineering design
Case study
These tables are also presented in the lecture notes. Hereafter
we discuss their use in application to a real case study.
CIE 5260
Structural Response to
Earthquakes
Lecture 17
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Use of tables in engineering design
List of contents:
Introduction
Effects of SSI
Conceptual formulation of
SSI problem
Modelling of soil-
foundation system
Case study
CIE 5260
Structural Response to
Link to Table for case (a)
Earthquakes
Lecture 17 Link to Table for case (b)
Link to Table for circular foundations
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Example: derivation of dynamic
stiffness for rigid shallow foundation
List of contents:
Introduction
For the example discussed in the following slides we
Effects of SSI
have made use of engineering tables provided in G.
Conceptual formulation of
Gazetas, Foundation vibrations , 1991, p553-
SSI problem
593. The tables are also included in the lecture
Modelling of soil-foundation
system
notes.
Case study
CIE 5260
Structural Response to
Earthquakes
Lecture 17
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Dynamic stiffness-use of tables
Illustrative example:
= =
L / B 3.5, Ab 57.6m 2 ,
I bx 82m 4 , I by 904m 4
= =
f 30Hz, Vs 310m/s
G =192MPa
= 2000kg/m3
= 0.33
= 0.05
CIE 5260
Structural Response to Earthquakes
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences
Delft, 2017
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Vertical mode (z)
= =
Ab 57.6m 2
, L 7.45m
=
G 192Mpa, 0.33
A
= b2
4L
Static stiffness:
CIE 5260
Structural Response to Earthquakes
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences
Delft, 2017
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Vertical mode (z)
Dynamic stiffness
coefficient:
a0 =
= B 2 302.15
Vs 192106 /2000
=1.308
1 2
k z 0.93
a0 = B
Vs
CIE 5260
Structural Response to Earthquakes
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences
Delft, 2017
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Vertical mode (z)
Dynamic stiffness:
CIE 5260
Structural Response to Earthquakes
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences
Delft, 2017
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Vertical mode (z)
Radiation dashpot
coefficient:
cz =1.0
a0 = B
Vs
CIE 5260
Structural Response to Earthquakes
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences
Delft, 2017
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Vertical mode (z)
= 3.4 V= =
z 1.0, 0.05
VLa s, c
(1 )
Radiation dashpot coefficient:
Total damping:
2Kz
C z ( VLa Ab )cz +
= 6.0104 kN.s/m
CIE 5260
Structural Response to Earthquakes
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences
Delft, 2017
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Lateral horizontal mode (y)
Static stiffness:
CIE 5260
Structural Response to Earthquakes
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences
Delft, 2017
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Lateral horizontal mode (y)
Dynamic stiffness
coefficient:
k y 1.2
CIE 5260
Structural Response to Earthquakes
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences
Delft, 2017
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Lateral horizontal mode (y)
Dynamic stiffness:
CIE 5260
Structural Response to Earthquakes
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences
Delft, 2017
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Lateral horizontal mode (y)
Radiation dashpot
coefficient:
c y =1.0
CIE 5260
Structural Response to Earthquakes
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences
Delft, 2017
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Lateral horizontal mode (y)
= =
c y 1.0, 0.05
Total damping:
2K y
C y ( Vs Ab )c y +
= 3.9104 kN.s/m
CIE 5260
Structural Response to Earthquakes
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences
Delft, 2017
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Rocking mode (rx)
Static stiffness:
() ( )
0.25
=K rx G I 0.75 L 2.4 + 0.5 B 2.7107 kN m
1 bx B L
Dynamic stiffness coefficient:
k rx 1 0.20a0 =
0.74
Dynamic stiffness:
K rx = K rx k rx = 2.7107 0.74 2.0107 kN m
CIE 5260
Structural Response to Earthquakes
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences
Delft, 2017
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Rocking mode (rx)
Radiation dashpot
coefficient:
crx = 0.5
a0 = B
Vs
CIE 5260
Structural Response to Earthquakes
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences
Delft, 2017
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Rocking mode (rx)
= =
crx 0.5, 0.05
Total damping:
2 K rx
Crx ( VLa I bx )crx +
= 5.2104 kN.sm
CIE 5260
Structural Response to Earthquakes
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences
Delft, 2017
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Torsional mode
Static stiffness:
( )
10
= K t GJ b 4 +11 1
0.75 B 1.5108
kN m J=b I bx + I by
L
Dynamic stiffness coefficient:
kt 1 0.14a0 0.82
Dynamic stiffness:
K t =K t kt 1.5108 0.82 1.2108 kN m
CIE 5260
Structural Response to Earthquakes
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences
Delft, 2017
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Torsional mode
Radiation dashpot
coefficient:
ct = 0.90
CIE 5260
Structural Response to Earthquakes
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences
Delft, 2017
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Torsional mode
= =
ct 0.90, 0.05
Total damping:
2 Kt
Ct ( Vs J b )ct +
= 6.1105 kN.sm
CIE 5260
Structural Response to Earthquakes
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences
Delft, 2017
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Dynamic matrix
K z 0 0 0 C z 0 0 0
0 Ky 0 0 0 Cy 0 0
( )
K + i
0 0 K rx 0 0 0 Crx 0
0 0 0 Kt 0 0 0 Ct
CIE 5260
Structural Response to Earthquakes
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences
Delft, 2017
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Dynamic matrix
5.1106 0 0 0
0 5.8106 0 0
K ( ) =
0 0 2.0107 0
8
0 0 0 1.210
6.0104 0 0 0
0 3.9104 0 0
+(2 30) i
0 0 5.2104 0
5
0 0 0 6.110
CIE 5260
Structural Response to Earthquakes
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences
Delft, 2017
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Frequency-independent springs and
dashpots
The use of frequency-independent springs and dashpots
List of contents:
allows one to analyse the system in time domain using
Introduction
classical approaches such as modal analysis.
Effects of SSI
Conceptual formulation of
SSI problem
Frequency-independent springs and dashpots should be used
Modelling of soil-
foundation system with great caution because:
Case study
The true soil response is (necessarily) frequency-dependent;
Earthquake excitation is broadband;
Multiple modes are usually excited in a structure.
CIE 5260
Structural Response to
Earthquakes
Lecture 17
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Frequency-independent springs and
dashpots for a circular rigid foundation block
List of contents:
4Gr 8Gr 8Gr 3
Introduction =kz = ; kh = ; k ;
1 2 3(1- )
Effects of SSI
0.56Gr 3 1
Conceptual formulation of
=k h = ; k 5.66= r ; (
3
).
SSI problem
3(1- ) 3
3 vs r 3 4.6 vs r 2 0.4 vs r 4
Modelling of soil-
foundation system
=Cr = ; Ch = ; C ;
Case study 1 2 1
0.4 vs r 3 1
=C h = ; C 0.8 = vs r 4 ( )
2 3
CIE 5260
Structural Response to
Earthquakes
The subscript , , , stand for vertical, horizontal,
Lecture 17
rocking and torsional motion, respectively.
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Contents of lecture 17
CIE 5260
Structural Response to
Earthquakes
Lecture 17
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Foundations on piles
FE or FE-BE formulations;
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Use of engineering tables in the
design
List of contents:
Introduction
Effects of SSI
Conceptual formulation of
SSI problem
Modelling of soil-
foundation system
Case study
CIE 5260 The active length of a pile. Three characteristic soil profiles.
Structural Response to
Earthquakes
Lecture 17
o Lecture slides
o Lecture notes: Sections 4.1-4.3 of Lecture Notes CIE5260
CIE 5260
Structural Response to
Earthquakes
Lecture 17
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