CHAPTER 5.

PROTECTIVE RELAY IN SUBSTATION

Types of relays and it application

Over current relay
Differential Relay
Distance relay
Typical applications of relays
for Transformer Protection
Bus bar Protection
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Function of Protective Relays are used to control
Circuit breakers
Lamp signal and
alarm.

The types of relay based on technology

i). Electromechanical relays
ii). Static relay
iii). Microprocessor-based protective relay

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Electromechanical relays
Attracted armature,
moving coil,
inductions disc and
inductions cup type relays.
Electromagnetic relays contain
an electromagnet and
moving part.

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Static relay contain
electronic circuit
transistor,
ICs, diodes and
other electronic components.
a comparator circuit in the relay, .

The function of a comparator is Compares two

or more current or voltage and gives an
output which is applied to either a slave relay
or a thyristor circuit
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Over Current Relay (OCR)
A protective relay which operates when the load current
exceed a preset value called an over current relay.
Pick-up value is a value that can causes relay to operate
is used in substation for the power equipment protection
against short circuit of phase to phase and ground fault.

OCR Characteristics
Definite-time
Instantaneous
Inverse-time Definite Minimum Time (IDMT)
Very Inverse-time
Exteremely Inverse 6
 Definite-time Over current Relay
The operating time is constant,
irrespective of the magnitude of the current
Instantaneous Over current Relay
The operating time is constant,
irrespective of the magnitude of the currents
There is no intentional time delay.
It operates in 1s or less.
Inverse-time Over current Relay
The operating time depends on the magnitude of current.
The operating time decrease as the current increases. .

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Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT)
Gives an inverse-time current characteristic at lower
values of the fault current and definite-time Characteristic
at higher values of the fault current.
Inverse time characteristic is obtained if the value of the
plug setting multiplier between 10 and 20,
the characteristic tend to become a straight line, i.e.
toward the definite time characteristic.
These relays are widely used for the protection of lines.

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Very Inverse-time
Gives more inverse characteristic than previous ones.
Characteristic gives better selectivity than the IDMT
Can be used where an IDMT relay fails in selectivity,
Extremely inverse relays
Its time-current characteristic according to I 3.5 t = K.
Very suitable for the protection against overheating for
machines, power transformers, grounding transformers, and
expensive cables.

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 INVERSE TIME CHARACTERISTIC

Operating time

DEFINITE TIME CHARACTERISTIC

Pick Up Value

Actuating Quantity

Characteristic of Definite and Inverse time OCR

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Moderately, Very and Extremely inverse-time characteristics
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 0.14
IDMT t = 0.02
I 1

13.5
Very Inverse t=
I 1

80
Exttremely Inverse t= 2
I 1

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The time-current curves by the following equation

A
t = TD P + B
M 1

t : trip time (sec)

M : multiple of pickup current (M>1)
TD : time dial setting
A,B,p : curve shaping constant

IEEE Standardized Relay Curve Equation Constant

A B p
Moderately inverse 0.0515 0.114 0.02
Very inverse 19.61 0.491 2.0
Extremely inverse 28.2 0.122 2.0
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Current Setting
A relay is set 5 A. The current > 5 A (operate) and
The current <5 A (not operate).
For phase to phase fault protection can be set
at 50% to 200% of rated current in steps of 25%.
The usual current rating is 5A.
For protection against ground faults has setting
20% to 80% of rated current in steps of 10%.
The current rating of a ground fault relay is usually 1A.

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The Plug Setting Multiplier
PSM = Secondary Current / Relay Current Setting
= (Primary fault current)/(Relay current setting x C.T.ratio)

Time Setting
There are 10 steps and over.
The values of TMS are 0.1, 0.2, , 0.9, 1.0

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Time-current characteristics
for different values of TMS

Figure 5.3

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Example:
An over current relay (OCR) available current tapping
are 2.5, 3.75, 5, 6.25, 7.5,10 A.
Fault current = 6.000 A, CT ratio is 400/5.
TMS likes in Figure 5.3.
Determine the operating time of the relay

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Differential Relay
The principle operating of differential relay
based on Kirchhoffs current law.
Not operated for external fault and operated for
fault in protected zone
Using two pairs CT in each phases
Using CT ratio gives the same secondary current

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Fig. a typical differential connection in normal condition.

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Figure Differential relay with internal fault
(trip relay)

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 Fig. Percentage Differential relay

Usually, the rating of the percentage differential relays are

designed to trip given values, such as 30% or 40%.
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Characteristic of Percentage differential relay
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Distance relay.
The distance relay operates on the principle of
comparing the voltage and current in some way to
obtain a measure of the ratio between quantities.
The relay apparent impedance, Z = V/I.

Types of distance relay

i). Impedance relays
ii). Reactance relays
iii). MHO relays, etc
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Impedance relay
The current produces a positive torque (operating torque)
and the voltage produces a negative torque (restraining torque).
The equations for the operating torque

The equations for the operating torque,

T = K1 I2 K2V2 K3
K1, K2 , and K3 are constants,
K3 being torque due to the control spring effect.

Neglecting the effect of the spring used,

T = K1 I2 K2V2
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For the operation of the relay, the following
condition should be satisfied.
K1 I2 > K2V2 or K2V2 < K1 I2
or
V K1
<
I K2

V
< K where K is a constant
I Or Z < K

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The Characteristics
of impedance relay

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Faults in transformer can be divided in two classes:
External and
Internal faults.

External faults are faults that occurs out side of

transformer protection zone

Internal faults are faults that occurs within then

transformer protection zone

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External faults
Overloads cause the transformer to over heat. One cause
of overload may be due to unequal sharing of parallel
transformers or unbalance loading of three phase banks.
Over voltage can be either due to short term transient
conditions or long-term power frequency conditions.
Transient over voltage cause end turn stresses and possible
breakdown
Under frequency also is caused by a major system disturbance
that causes an imbalance between generation and load
The conditions is similar to over voltage in that exciting current
is greatly increased at low frequencies, causing over- fluxing of
the transformer circuits.
External system short circuits are external to the transformer
protection zone, but cause high transformer currents,
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can cause transformer winding damage.
Two classifications of internal fault namely:
Incipient faults and
Active faults

Incipient faults are faults that develop slowly,

but that may develop into major faults
if the cause is not detected and corrected
(overheating, over fluxing, overpressure).
Active faults are caused by the breakdown in
insulation or other components that create a sudden
stress situation that requires prompt action to limit the
damage and prevent further destructive actions (SC). 29
Over heating may be caused by
Poor internal connections, in either the electric/magnetic circuit.
Loss of coolant due to leakage
Blockage of coolant flow.
Loss of fan or pumps that designed to provide cooling

Over pressure in the transformer thank occurs due to

The release of gasses or products that accompany
the localized heating due to any cause.
For example, a turn to turn fault may burn slowly,
releasing gases in the process, or local heating of
insulations may give off gases.

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Transformer protection using differential relay
is recommended For large transformers (>10 MVA).

Delta Wye Connected 31

The currents in the restraint windings we
get ratio as,

N N C 3I LY 3VLL
n= = = =
N Y N CY I L VLLY

I S N CY I LY
= 3 =0
I SY N C I L 32
Over current relay
Protection of transformers of rating 100 kVA
and below 5 MVA.
Used as back up protection where differential protection
is used as primary protection.
For small transformer, OCRs are used for both overload
and fault protection.
An extremely inverse relay for overload and light faults
Instantaneous OCR for heavy faults.
A very inverse residual ocr with instantaneous relay
is suitable for ground faults.
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 POWER
TRANSFORMER

CT CT

RESIDUAL
OVER CURRENT RELAY

RESTRICTED EARTH
FAULT RELAY

Earth fault protection of a power transformer

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Distance relaying.
As back up protection.
Using Directional distance relaying when the
Setting or coordination of the over current relays is
a problem.
The directional distance relays are connected to
operate when the fault current flows toward the
protected transformer.
They are set to reach into, but not beyond the
transformer.
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Over excitation protection,
May result in thermal damage to cores due to excessively
high flux in the magnetic circuits.
Excess flux saturates the core steel and flows into the adjacent
structure, causing high eddy current losses in the core.
A transformer designed for a voltage limit of 1.2 p.u at rated
frequency will experience over excitation whenever the per
unit volts/hertz exceed 1.2.

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Protections against magnetizing inrush current.
When a transformer is first energized, a transient magnetizing
or exiting inrush current may flow. Magnetizing inrush current
has a high harmonic content (the second harmonics).
A high speed biased differential scheme incorporating
a harmonic restraint.

Over-heating protection
Caused by Over loading
The maximum allowed temperature is about 950C and
depend on insulations class.
The protection against overload is usually measured
by thermal relay. 37
Buchholz relay
To detect incipient faults which are initially minor faults but
may cause major faults in due course of time.
When a fault develops slowly, it produces heat, thereby
decomposing solid or liquid insulating material in the transform.
The decomposing solid or liquid insulating material produces
inflammable gases give alarm.

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Sudden pressure relay (SPR)
Capable of detecting a rapid rise of pressure
It operates with a sealed air or gas chamber above oil level.
The SPR relay is recommended for all units of 5 MVA or more.
It operating time varies from one-half cycle to 37 cycles.

Over-fluxing protection.
The magnetic flux increase when voltage increases.
This results in increased iron loss and magnetizing current
and the lamination insulation is affected.
Protection against over-fluxing due to sustained over-voltage
can occur
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Protection Transformer Bank

Legend
87 T :Transformer differential relays
50/51 : Inverse time CO relay
(phase fault)
50G : Ground fault relay (GFR)
50/51N : Back up GFR
151G : Feeder ground back up
which trip breaker 52-11
63 : SPR 40
 Bus-bar Protection.

Location of current transformer for bus-bar protections

There are three CT location that used for protection

1. Double bus and single breaker

2. Breaker and half

3. Ring bus

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Information is required for the scheme selections, relay
selections, and setting calculations;
i). Bus-bar configuration such as in Figure 5.11.
ii). Maximum and minimum bus fault current.
iii).Current transformer information including
location, ratio, accuracy class and saturation
curve of current transformers.

iv).Operating speed requirement.

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The Other Bus Bar protection

Figure 5.12. Over current differential bus protection.

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Figure 5.13. Connection of one CA-16 relay per phase to protect a bus
with three equivalent circuits.

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Figure 5.14. Connection of one CA-16 relay per phase
to protect a bus with four equivalent circuits.

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