Industrial Training Report

BWEL
BHARAT WAGON & ENGINEERING COMPANY LTD.
(A Govt. of India Undertaking, Ministry of Railways)

MUZAFFARPUR

SUBMISSION OF TRAINING REPORT IN THE PARTIAL

FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD
OF DEGREE OF B.TECH

SUBMITTED TO :- SUBMITTED BY :-
ER.SATISH KUMAR NAME : FAIZ AHMAD
(HOD, MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT) ROLL NO. - 1714654
TO DEC 2017 SEMESTER: - 7TH
SESSION : AUG. 2017

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
HCTM TECHNICAL CAMPUS, KAITHAL
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

It is my pleasure to be indebted to various people, who directly or

indirectly contributed in the development of this work and who
influenced my thinking, behaviour and acts during the course and
study.
I express my sincere gratitude to Dr. D P GUPTA , Director of
HCTM TECHNICAL CAMPUS, KAITHAL for providing me an
apportunity to undergo four weeks industrial trainning at
BHARAT WAGON & ENGINEERING COMPANY LTD.,
MUZAFFARPUR.
I am very thankful to Er. SATISH KUMAR, HOD OF
MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT for its valuable support and
cooperation, insipiration and support they provide me during the
training.

FAIZ AHMAD(1714654)
 CONTENTS

SR. NO CHAPTER PAGE NO

1. Introduction

2. Press & Smithy Shop

3. Cutting & Welding Shop

4. Template Shop

5. Drilling Shop

6. Machine Shop

7. Wagon Assembly Shop

8. Finishing Shop

9. refrences
CHAPTER 01 INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION ABOUT THE PLANT

The Bharat Wagon & Eng. Co. Ltd muzaffarpur unit is engaged
in manufacture of goods wagon for INDIAN RAILWAYS. It also
manufacture and supplies sugar machineries. Agriculture
implements and other mechanical and structural jobs.
The company was started an English man Mr. Arthur Butler
around 1870, when industrial revolution was taking place. In the
starting period the company did not have more than 120 workers.
During this the business expanded greatly and the number of
employees increased tremendously. The company has 600
employees during the period
Up to the april 1996 the company was managed by M/S jubilee
agents limited on 1st may 1946. After that british management
sold the same to Indians and since 1948 the management was in
the hands of Indian businessman. The production of company
was renamed as BHARAT WAGON & ENGG. CO. Ltd.
Muzaffarpur
Presently more than 400 employees are contributing their
services to this unit of BWEL.

Total area of factory is 196200ft

Covered Area of factory is 164691ft
THERE ARE NINE SHOPS NAMELY:

1. Press and smithy shop

2. Cutting and welding shop
3. Template shop
4. Drilling shop
5. Structural shop
6. Machine shop
7. Foundry shop
8. Wagon assembly shop
9. Finalizing shop
CHAPTER 03 PRESS & SMITHY SHOP
INTRODUCTION:-
In this shop there are seven small open hearth furnaces where
coal burns on the bed.
On these furnaces various types of parts are heated. The heated
parts is kept is kept on the anvil & with the help of hammer the
required shape is formed. In this shop mere than 50 components
are pre pared as like.
Head stock pressing
Anchor plate pressing
Foot step
Pull rod
Head stock
Hand wheel
Bolster
List and Numbering of M/C:-
NAME OF MACHINE CAPACITY NO. OF
MACHINES
Hydraulic Press 400T 01
Hydraulic Press 250T 02
Press Machine 600T 01
Power Hammer 400kg 01
Power Hammer 250kg 01
Power Hammer 100kg 01
Power Hammer 80kg 01
Coal Fired Forged - 01
Oil Fired Furnace - 01
Blower - 02
PRESS AND PRESS WORK
The press is a metal forming machine tool designed to shape or
cut metal by applying mechanical formed into desired shape
without removing chips. The presses are exclusively intended in
mass production work and they present the fastest & most
efficient way to form a sheet metal into finished product.

POWER PRESS
The constructional features of power press is almost similar to the
hand press the only difference being the arm instead of driven by
power. The power press may be designed as mechanical or
hydraulic according to the type of working mechanism is used to
transmit power on the ram. In a mechanical press, the rotary
motion is obtained from electric motor is obtained from an
electric motor is converted into reciprocating moment of the arm
by using different mechanical device. In a hydraulic press the
fluid under high pressure is pumped on one side of piston and
then on the other in a hydraulic cylinder to drive the reciprocating
movement. Power press is driven by a crank and connecting rod
mechanism. The working of power press is similar to as that of
hand press. The punch is fitted on the end of the ram and die is
attached on the bolster plate. The flywheel is mounted at the end
of the crank shaft stores up the energy for maintaining a constant
downward speed of ram when the sheet metal is pressed between
punch and the die.

POWER PRESS PPARTS

The Different parts of power press are described below:
BASE
FRAME
BOLSTER PLATE
RAM OR SLIDE
PITMAN
CRANKSHAFT
FLYWHEEL
 BRAKE
CLUTCH
HYDRAULIC
PRESS
The hydraulic press is
used to manufacture
anchor plate. For this
the plate is heated in a
oil furnace. The
Heated plate is kept
horizontally on the
machine table and the
arm is allowed to
press the plate due to
downward moment
and the U-shaped
anchor plate is
manufactured.

POWER HAMMER
On this machine the
part, which is to be
manufactured, is kept
on the die after heating
in the furnace and the
arm is allowed to strike
the component on the
die. Due to strike of the
ram the component
takes the shape of that
of the die.

Force increased with hydraulics

F2=F1 (A2/A1)
A1 & A2 Are piston area.
CHAPTER 04 TEMPLATE SHOP

TEMPLATE SHOP

Mechanical template is used to cut and shape a product.

A die manufacturing
A mould
A jig (tool)

JIG AND FIXTURES

Jig and fixtures are production tool used to accurately
manufacture duplicate and interchangeable parts. Jig and fixtures
used speciality to ensure interchange ability of compounds.
Both Jigs and Fixtures position components accurately and hold
component rigid and prevent movement during working in order
to import greater productivity and parts accuracy.
Fixtures are only holding the job during working but jigs are hold
the job as well as guide the tool.

TEMPLATES:-

Template shop forms the layout of the wagon and the structure
of wagon. Template shop give the required dimension of metal to
all shop special metal cutting.
CHAPTER 05 CUTTING AND WELDING SHOP

CUTTING AND WELDING SHOP

This is one of the shop in which the basic work is performed as

the name indicates of this shop. This shop mainly involved in
cutting the plates of different thickness in the desired shapes and
size.

Machine which are involves in metal cutting are given below:

S.No. NAME OF THE MACHINE No. OF MACHINE

1. Shearing Machine 01
2. Cropping Machine 02
3. Chipping Machine 01
4. Profile cutting Machine 03
5. Kangaroo Machine 01

SHEARING MACHINE
On the shearing machine the plate to be cut should be flat and the
thickness should not be
more then 8mm for
cutting the flat plate is
kept on the bed of the
machine and is moved
manually. It is done with
the help of crane. It
consists of cutting blade
and no. of pressing bolts.
Which holds the plate.
CHIPPING MACHINE

This machine is used to used to produce an incline shape at the

end of plate, which is necessary in the end-to-end welding. This
machine has a gun through which high pressure air comes. This
machine holds a chisel. The high pressure pushes the chisel
which causes to cut the plate.

PROFILE CUTTING MACHINE

This machine has a vertical column and two horizontal arm. One
arm consist of template and consist of the welding torch and the
small driving motor. It can cut the plate upto 35mm to 40mm,
through the welding torch oxygen and acetylene gas supplied.
This machine requires extra
amount of oxygen gas so
two oxygen pipe are
connected to the torch. To
cut the plate in desired
shape, the same shaped
template is fixed to the
upper arm and the magnetic
roller of the second i.e.
lower arm is touched to the
template. The torch moves
through the profile of the
template and the plate cuts
in the desired shape
KANGAROO MACHINE

One another plate-cutting machine in the shop is kangaroo

machine. This is the biggest cutting machine in the shop. This
machine consist of two welding torch. The torch moves in all the
co-ordinate axis, i.e. X, Y &Z-axis. This is fully electronic
controlled machine. This consists of an electric sensor and a
horizontal plate. The drawing of the required shape is kept on the
horizontal plate and the sensor moves through the black lines of
drawing. This machine can also move manually. The amount of
oxygen and acetylene gas can be controlled with the knob.

CHIPS

The form and dimension of a chip metal machining indicates

the nature and quality of a particular machining process. But the
type of chip formed in generally influenced by the properties of
the material cut and various cutting conditions.

THERE ARE MAINLY TWO TYPES OF CHIP

The discontinuous or Segmental form.
The continuous or Ribbon type.
Discontinuous or Segmental Chip

It consists of elements fractured into fairly small pieces ahead of

cutting tool. This type of chip is obtained in machining most
brittle materials such as cast iron and bronze. These materials
rupture during plastic deformation and form chips as a seperate
small piece. As the chips are produced, the cutting edge smoothes
over the irregularities and a fairly good finish is obtained. Tool
life is also reasonably good, and the power consumption is low
discontinuous chip can also formed on some ductile metals only
under certain conditions particularly at very low speed and if the
coefficient of friction is low with the ductile metals, however
surface finish is bad and the tool life is short.
Conditions:- Ending to promote its formation on brittle metal,
greater depth of cut, low cutting speed and small rake angle.

Continuous or ribbon type chip.

It consists of element bounded firmly together without being
fractured. The best condition of ribbon of metal, under the
microscope shows no signs of tear or discontinuous. The upper
side of a continuous chip has small notches while the lower side
which slides over the tool face, is smooth and shine. The
continuous form is considered most desirable for low friction al
the tool chip material, lower power consumption, long tool life
and good surface finish
CHAPTER 06 DRILLING SHOP

INTRODUCTION

In this shop there are different types of drilling machines. The

drilling Machine one of the important machine tool in the
workshop. As reguards its importance is secondary to thethe
lathe. Although it was preliminary designed to originate a hole, it
can be perform a number of similar oprations. In a drilling
machine holes can be generated quickly and at a low cost. The
holes is generated by rotating edge of a cutting tool known as a
drill which exerts large force on the work clamped on the table.
As the machine tool exerts vertical pressure to originate the holes
it is loosely called the drill press
The following are the drill size & which are used for drilling in
this shop is 5mm, 6mm, 11mm, 13.5mm, 17.5mm, 21.5mm and
23.5mm. These are the drill size which are used here for drilling
marking takes a lot of time and it requires more skilled person for
marking. So drilling of component by marking is used for a few,
component where it is difficult to set a jig. For mass production
of components jig is used for drilling . The thickness of the jig
plate, which is in practice, is 12mm. To manufacture jig a hole
greater dia. is done in the jig plate and bush of required drill size
is fitted in the hole . The material of the jig bush is class IV and
IS:1875
In this drilling shop there are universal drilling machine, radial
drilling machine , two semi universal radial drilling machine and
a few ordinary radial drilling machine . There is one gang drilling
machine and one sensitive drilling machine .
RADIAL DRILLING MACHINE

The radial drilling machine intended for drilling medium to large

and heavy work pieces. The machine consist of a hevy, round
vertical column mounted on a large base. The coulmn support a
radial arm, which can be raised or lowered to accommodate work
piece of different heights. The drill head containing mechanism
for rotating and feeding the drill is mounted on a radial arm and
can be moved horizontally on the guide ways and clamped at any
desired position. As it is possible to swing the arm relative to the
machine's base, a radial drilling machine is able to operate over a
large area without having to reposition the work piece. This saves
considerable time because it is much faster to reposition the drill
head than it is to unclamp, move, and then re-clamp the work
piece to the table. When several holes are drilled on a large work
piece, the position of the arm and drill head is altered so that a
drill spindle may be moved from one position to another after
drilling the hole without altering the setting of the work. The
work may be mounted on the table or when the work is very large
it may be placed on the floor or in a pit.
The radial drilling machines are used in small and big workshops,
engineering industries, dies, tools, and mould manufacturing,
machine tool builders, automobile and ship building industries,
railway, defense, fabrications shops etc.
RADIAL DRILLING MACHINE PARTTS WITH
SPECIFICATION:

The arm is made of high class cast iron, arm slide is under strike
heat treatment and grinding 2HP motor can be provided diven
sped section under heavy duty cutting. The main spindle is
balanced by special spring. The overload protective devices can
secure the operator against injury.
SPECIFICATION

TPR- TPR- TPR- TPR-

720A 820A 920A 100

Distance from column 750mm 850mm 950mm 1100mm

surface to spindle
Centre maximum

Travel of spindle head 530mm 630mm 730mm 855mm

Distance from base 1060mm 1210mm 1210mm 1280mm
surface to spindle end

Evaluating height of 605mm 650mm 650mm 600mm

arm

PARTS:
BASE

COULMN

RADIAL ARM

DRILL HEAD

SPINDLE HEAD & FEED MECHANISM

There are also many types of drilling machines such as:

Universal drilling machine

Semi universaldrilling machine

Sensitive drilling machine

 Gang drilling machine, etc

UNIVERSALDRILLING MACHINE
SENSATIVE DRILLING MACHINE

DRILLING OF JOB

In this shop drilling is done by two methods:

By marking
By jig

The following are the drill size & which are used for drilling in
this shop is 5mm, 6mm, 11mm, 13.5mm, 17.5mm, 21.5mm and
23.5mm. These
are the drill size
which are used here
for drilling marking
takes a lot of time
and it requires
more skilled
person for marking. So drilling of component by marking is used
for a few, cases.
For mass production of components jig is used for drilling .
The thickness of the jig plate, which is in practice, is 12mm. To
manufacture jig a hole greater dia. is done in the jig plate and
bush of required drill size is fitted in the hole . The material of the
jig bush is class IV and IS:1875 .

FORGING PROCESSES
CHAPTER 07 MACHINE SHOP
INTRODUCTION

This is the biggest shop of this organization. In this shop there are
various types of machines. Such as.

Sr. No. Name of machine Total no. Of machine

1. Lathe 11
2. Drilling machine 02
3. Shaper machine 03
4. Boring machine 02
5. Planner 02
6. Milling machine 02

LATHE

The lathe is a machine tool used principally for shaping articles

of metal, wood, or other material. All lathes, except the
verticalturret type, have one thing in common for all usual
machining operations; the work piece is held and rotated around a
horizontal axis while being formed to size and shape by a cutting
tool. The cutter bit is held either by hand or by a mechanical
holder then applied to the work piece. Principal capabilities of the
lathe are
Forming straight, tapered, or irregularly outlined cylinders,
facing or radial turning cylindrical sections, cutting screw
threads, and boring or enlarging internal diameters. The typical
lathe provides a variety of rotating speeds and suitable manual
and automatic controls for moving the cutting tool.

CENTER LATHE

CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES OF CENTRE LATHE:

The Centre Lathe is used to manufacture cylindrical shapes from

a range of materials including; steels and plastics. Many of the
components that go together to make an engine work have been
manufactured using lathes. These may be lathes operated directly
by people (manual lathes) or computer controlled lathes (CNC
machines) that have been programmed to carry out a particular
task. A basic manual centre lathe is shown below. This type of
lathe is controlled by a person turning the various handles on the
top slide and cross slide in order to make a product.

CONSTRUCTION:

The design of lathes can vary greatly depending on the intended

application; however, basic features are common to most types.
These machines consist of (at the least) a headstock, bed,
carriage, and tailstock. Better machines are solidly constructed
with broad bearing surfaces (slides or ways) for stability, and
manufactured with great precision. This helps ensure the
components manufactured on the machines can meet the required
tolerances and repeatability.
LATHE PARTS

BED
HEAR STOCK
TAIL STOCK
CARRIAGE
FEED MECHANISM

SCREW MECHANISM
THE BED
 The bed is a robust base that connects to the headstock
and permits the carriage and tailstock to be aligned parallel with
the axis of the spindle.
This is facilitated by
hardened and
ground ways which
restrain the carriage and
tailstock in a set track.
The carriage travels by
means of a rack and
pinion system, lead
screw of accurate pitch,
or feed screw.

Types of beds include inverted "V" beds, flat beds, and

combination "V" and flat beds. "V" and combination beds are
used for precision and light duty work, while flat beds are used
for heavy duty work.

THE HEAD STOCK

The headstock houses the main spindle , speed change

mechanism , and change gears . The headstock is required to be
made as robust as possible due to the cutting forces involved,
which can distort a lightly built housing, and
induce harmonic vibrations that will transfer through to the
workpiece, reducing the quality of the finished workpiece.

The main spindle is generally hollow to allow long bars to extend

through to the work area. This reduces preparation and waste of
material. The spindle runs in precision bearings and is fitted with
some means of attaching workholding devices such
as chucks or faceplates. This end of the spindle usually also has
an included taper, frequently a Morse taper, to allow the insertion
of tapers and centers. On older machines the spindle was directly
driven by a flat belt pulley with lower speeds available by
manipulating the bull gear. Later machines use a gear box driven
by a dedicated electric motor. A fully geared head allows the
operator to select speeds entirely through the gearbox.
THE TAIL STOCK

The tailstock is a tool holder directly mounted on the spindle

axis, opposite the
headstock. The
spindle does not rotate
but does travel
longitudinally under
the action of a lead
screw and hand wheel.
The spindle includes
a taper to hold drill
bits, centers and other tooling. The tailstock can be positioned
along the bed and clamped in position as required. There is also
provision to offset the tailstock from the spindles axis, this is
useful for turning small tapers.
The image shows a reduction gear box between the hand
wheel and spindle, this is a feature found only in the larger center
lathes, where large drills may necessitate the extra leverage. The
tool bit is normally made of HSS, cobalt steel or carbide
CARRIAGE
In its simplest form the carriage holds the tool bit and moves it
longitudinally (turning) or perpendicularly (facing) under the
control of the operator. The operator moves the carriage manually
via the hand wheel or automatically by engaging the feed shaft
with the carriage feed
mechanism. This
provides some relief
for the operator as
the movement of the
carriage becomes
power assisted. The
hand wheels on the
carriage and its related slides are usually calibrated both for ease
of use and to assist in making reproducible cuts.
It consist of following parts:
a. Saddle
b. Cross slide
c. Compound rest
d. Tool post
e. Apron

FEED MECHANISM

Various feed mechanisms exist to feed material into a lathe at a

defined rate. Bar feeder-A bar feeder feeds a single piece of bar
stock into the cutting machine. As each part is machined, the
cutting tool creates a final cut to separate the part from the bar
stock, and the feeder continues to feed the bar for the next part,
allowing for continual operation of the machine.
Bar loader-A bar loader is a variation on the bar feeder concept in
that multiple pieces of bar stock may be fed into a hopper, and the
loader feeds each piece as necessary.

HEAVY DUTY LATHE

The heavy duty lathes have 4 jaw chuck and can hold a job of 1
m. dia. The chuck can rotate up to a maxm speed of 315 rpm. The
motor, which is required to rotate the chuck has the following
specification. This is 3 phase induction motor and require 415
volts . The type is delta connection. The horsepower of the motor
is 50 H.P. & the output shaft of this motor can rotate speed of
1460 rpm. The tail stock of the lathe consists of a separate
electric motor to move it self
on the lathe bed.

SHAPER MACHINE
Shapers have been largely
superseded by milling
nachines or grinding machines
in mordern industrial practice.
The basic function of the
machine is still sound and
tooling for them in minimal and very cheap to reproduce. They
can invaliable joiing or repair shops where only one or few pieces
are required to be produce and the alternative methods are cost or
tooling intensive. The mechanically operated machines are
simple and simple and robust in construction, making their repair
and upkeep easily achievable.

TYPES
Shapers are mainly classified as standard, draw cut, horizontal,
universal, vertical geared, crank, hydraulic, contour and travelling
head. The horizontal arrangement is the most common. Vertical
shapers are generally fitted with a rotary table to enable curved
surfaces to be machined. The vertical shaper is essentially the
same thing as a slotter (slotting machine), although technically a
distinction can be made if one defines a true vertical shaper as a
machine whose slide can be moved from the vertical. A slotter is
fixed in the vertical plane.
Small shapers have been successfully made to operate by hand
power. As size increases, the mass of the machine and its power
requirements increase, and it becomes necessary to use a motor or
other supply of mechanical power. This motor drives a
mechanical arrangement (using a pinion gear, bull gear, and
crank, or a chain over sprockets) or a hydraulic motor that
supplies the necessary movement via hydraulic cylinders.

OPERATION

The drive arm revolves less for the return stroke than for the
cutting stroke, resulting in a quicker return stroke and more
power ful cutting stroke.A shaper operates by moving a hardened
cutting tool backwards and forwards across the work piece. On
the return stroke of the ram the tool is lifted clear of the
workpiece, reducing the cutting action to one direction only.
The work piece mounts on a rigid, box-shaped table in front of
the machine. The height of the table can be adjusted to suit this
work piece, and the table can traverse sideways underneath the
reciprocating tool, which is mounted on the ram. Table motion
may be controlled manually, but is usually advanced by
automatic feed mechanism acting on the feed screw. The ram
slides back and forth above the work. At the front end of the ram
is a vertical tool slide that may be adjusted to either side of the
vertical plane along the stroke axis. This tool-slide holds
the clapper box and tool post, from which the tool can be
positioned to cut a straight, flat surface on the top of the work
piece. The tool-slide permits feeding the tool downwards to
deepen a cut. This adjustability, coupled with the use of
specialized cutters and tool holders, enable the operator to cut
internal and external gear tooth profiles, splines, dovetails, and
keyways. The ram is adjustable for stroke and, due to the
geometry of the linkage, it moves faster on the return (non-
cutting) stroke than on the forward, cutting stroke. This action is
via a slotted link or Whitworth link.Cutting fluid may be
employed to improve the finish and prolong the tools life.
USES
The most common use is to machine straight, flat surfaces, but
with ingenuity and some accessories a wide range of work can be
done. Other examples of its use are:
Keyways in the boss of a pulley or gear can be machined
without resorting to a dedicated broaching setup.
Dovetail slides
Internal splines
Keyway cutting in blind holes

HORIZONTAL BORING MACHINE

This machine is used for the boring purpose of big components.

This machine is driven by electric motor & with the help of gear
mechanism the main shaft is rotated. The sail, which is to be
machined, is kept on the bed. Before it, a ring is inserted over the
sail to rigidly damp it. The main shaft consists of two heads,
which has groove in which cutting tool is fitted & fightened with
the bolts. The cutting head starts cutting from opposite sides.
Both the cutting tools rotate in opposite direction.
CHAPTER 08 WAGON ASSEMBLY SHOP

INTRODUCTION

In this shop the various components which are manufactured in

the different shops are assembled and the wagon is completed
and then set to the finishing shop . First of the assembly of
wagon, the centre sill is kept on the fixture.

CENTRE SILL
This is manufactured in the sub-assembly shop. To manufacture
two Z channels are welded after welding the supporting plate is
welded to require position and then it is sent for marking. After
marking, drilling is done and coupler cashing is fitted at both the
ends and riveting is done by the air gun. Lastly it is checked
whether it is true size or not. If not the length is reduced by gas
cutting. The length of the center sill should be 9784mm and the
width should be 2960 mm. The centre seal is placed on the fixture
and cross bar and bolster is welded to it . After welding these two
seal bars are attached and is welded . Now this is known "Under
frame ". Now riveting is done. The head stock is also welded to
the centre sill at both the ends. The gusset plate and the cross bar
bottom plate is welded to bolster and cross bar respectively . The
strenger is welded to the under frame throughout the length. The
under frame is placed on the manipulator for welding at the
bottom side . Now the air brake cylinder and the pipe line is fitted
and clamped . The side body and end body is attached and riveted
and welded to the under frame . This complete box is kept on the
wheel assembly and then it is sent for finishing.
CHAPTER 09 FINISHING SHOP

INTRODUCTION

After assembling the wagon is sent to the finishing shop. In this

shop the wagon is brought to the shot blaster chamber. In this
chamber small iron particle is allowed to strike on the wagon to
remove the extra welding deposit and the rust formed on it . The
high pressure air helps the iron particle to come out from the gun
and to strike rapidly . In this chamber the working condition are
very hazardous . So The worker wears oxygen mask before doing
work inside the chamber .
In this shop painting of wagon are done. The wagon is painted in
three coating.

1. Each primer:- It is avoid the dust.

2. Zinc phosphate:- it is the second coating at the paint.
3. Firozy blue: it is the finishing coating of the painting.

After this the wagon is painted and the specifications are written
on the wagon and then dispatched to INDIAN RAILWAY .
FLOW CHART OF WAGON (BOXNHL MBS)
WHEEL SET BOGIE FROM
& STROKE
OTHER COMPONENT

AIR BRAKE AND OTHER

COMPONENT
References:

This report is completed by myself with the reference of some

medium which is as follows.
Workshop technology By P.S Pragyan

Workshop technology By K.C. John.

Bharat wagon library

Wikipedia.com

Google.com

And special help of Bharat Wagon family.