Electromagnetic Principle

Application
Science project

SEVY OKTAVIYANTI
IX-1/22
 CHAPTER 1

ABSTRACT

1.1 Background research

Elektromagnetism is a branch of physics of electromagnetic fields
menpelajari about electric and magnetic fields. The magnetic field can be
produced by the motion of electric charges such as electric current that flows
along the wires and give rise to the cable.
We can use the electromagnetic principle to our daily lives. This time I am
going to make a scientific work on elektromagnetim principle application. I will
combine electromagnetic concepts with other components in order to work
automatically. I combined it with a light sensor in a circuit.

1.2 Problem Formulation

If my family was away from home until late at night. At home there is no one
who can turn on the lights when it was getting late. Is it possible even in the
absence of the person but the house lights turn on automatically if the outside of
the house had begun the night.

Based on the above statement:

By combining electromagnetic components with a light sensor, if it can be
made a tool that can turn my house lights automatically?

1.3 Objectives Research

1. To find out what are the other benefits of electromanetism
2. To to see whether electromagnetism can be combined with other components to
use in their daily lives

1.4 Benefits of Research

1. In order to benefit another of electromanetism
2. In order to use electromagnetism in everyday life

1.5 Hyphothesis
If the iron is wrapped with a coil and an electric current flows through a wire,
so the electromagnetic field would be formed and the iron magnet. Magnet will attract
ferromagnetic objects around it and make electromagnetic components in the circuit.
 Chapter 2

Assesing Library

2.1 Study of theory

We can find out what application components as follows:

1. Relay
Relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an
electromagnet to operate a switching mechanism mechanically, but other
operating principles are also used. Relays are used where it is necessary to
control a circuit with low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation
between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be
controlled by one signal. The first relay is used in long distance telegraph
circuits, repeating the signal coming in from one circuit and re-transmitting to
another. Relay is used extensively in telephone exchanges and early computers
to perform operations logis.Sebuah type relay that can handle the high power
required to directly control an electric motor or other loads is called contactors.
Solid-state relays control power circuits with no moving parts, instead using a
semiconductor device to perform switching. Relays with calibrated operating
characteristics and operating coils occasionally some are used to protect
electrical circuits from overload or faults, in modern electric power systems
these functions are performed by digital instruments still called "protective
relays".

2. Light Dependent Resistor

LDRs or Light Dependent Resistors are very useful especially in
light/dark sensor circuits. Normally the resistance of an LDR is very high,
sometimes as high as 1000 000 ohms, but when they are illuminated with light
resistance drops dramatically.
 LDR

3. Resistor
Resistors are electronic components poles designed to withstand an
electric current by producing a voltage between the two poles, the value of the
voltage versus resistance to the current flowingResistors are used as part of the
electronic networks and electronic circuits, and is one of the most commonly
used components. Resistors can be made from a variety of compounds and
films, even the resistance wire (wire made of a high resistivity alloys such as
nickel-chromium).
The main characteristics of the resistor are the resistance and electric
power can be delivered. Other characteristics include temperature coefficient,
electrical noise, and inductance.Resistors can be integrated into hybrid circuits
and printed circuit boards, integrated circuits even. The size and location of
the foot depending on circuit design, power requirements and the resistor must
be sufficiently tailored to the current needs of the circuit so as not to burn.

4. Transistor
A transistor is a semiconductor device that is used as an amplifier, as the
circuit breaker and connector (switching), voltage stabilization, signal modulation or
as other functions. Such transistors can function electric faucet, which based on
current inputs (BJT) or input voltage (FET), enabling highly accurate power drainage
from the electrical source circuit.In general, the transistor has three terminals, the
base (B), emitter (E) and collector (C). The voltage at the emitter terminal for
instance can be used to regulate current and voltage greater than the input current
Base, which is the output voltage and output current collectors.
 Transistor is a very important component in modern electronic world. In
analog circuits, transistors are used in amplifiers (amplifier). Analog circuit surround
loudspeakers, stable power source (stabilizers) and the radio signal amplifier. In
digital circuits, transistors are used as high-speed switches. Some transistors can also
be arranged in such a way that it serves as a logic gate, memory and other circuits
function.

5. Diode
In electronics, a diode is bersaluran two active components (thermionic
diodes may have a third channel for heating). Diodes have two active electrodes in
which electrical signals can flow, and most characteristic of the diode is used
because of its direction. Diodes varikap (Variable Capacitor / condenser variable) is
used as a capacitor voltage controller.Kesearahan properties owned most types of
diode characteristics are often referred to rectify. The most common function of a
diode is to allow an electric current to flow in one direction (called the forward bias
condition) and to keep current in the reverse direction (so-called backward bias
condition). Therefore, the diode can be thought of as an electronic version of the
valve on the transmission fluid.
Diodes actually show-off a perfect (really deliver when forward bias and
clog the backward bias), but has the power voltage-current characteristics of
complex taklinier depend on the technology used and the conditions of use. Several
types of diode also has functions that are not intended for the use of
Rectification.Beginning of the diode is the Cat's Whisker crystal devices and vacuum
tubes (also called thermionic valves). Today the most common diodes are made
from semiconductor materials such as silicon or germanium.
 CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Time and Place

Place : School Laboratorium
Time :

3.2 Data Collection Techniques

Collecting data about electromagnetic sensors is collected by experiment

3.3 Tools

1. Project Board

1. Project Board
2. Cabels
3. Variable resistor
4. A Relay
5. LDR (Light Dependent Resistor)
6. 2 4,7k Resistor
7. 5,6k Resistor
8. Transistor D400
9. 9V Battery

3.4 How to work

+9v

Relay

LDR Q1

2,35K

Q2

R1

5K

-9V

B
3.5 Result

When the light touch the LDR, the red LED turned on and the green LED
turned off. But when the LDR doesnt touch the light, the green LED turned on and
the red LED turned off.

3.6 Analysis

When the light touch the LDR the resistance of LDR decrease and flow the
current to relay. Transistor allow the flow of electric current is very accurate from the
electrical source circuit. The lever in the relay will be pulled because of the magnetic
force that occurs in the solenoid so switch contacts will close. It will flow current into
the red LED.

But when the LDR didnt touch by light. The resistance of LDR will increase
and not flow the current to relay. The lever in the relay will not be close because it
doesnt pulled the magnetic force that occurs in the solenoid that flow of electric
current.