Volume 5, Issue 1 SEP 2015

DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF A MARINE PROPELLER

1
T. CHITTARANJAN KUMAR REDDY, 2 K.NAGARAJA RAO

1
PG Scholar, Department of MECH, VIVEKANANDA GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, Ranga Reddy, Telangana, India.

2
Associate Professor (HOD), Department of MECH, VIVEKANANDA GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, Ranga Reddy,
Telangana, India.

Abstract and Newton's third law. A marine propeller is sometimes

colloquially known as a screw propeller or screw.
A propeller is a type of fan that transmits power by
converting rotational motion into thrust. A pressure
difference is produced between the forward and rear
surfaces of the airfoil-shaped blade, and a fluid (such as air
or water) is accelerated behind the blade. Propeller
dynamics can be modelled by both Bernoulli's principle
and Newton's third law. A marine propeller is sometimes
colloquially known as a screw propeller or screw.

The present work is directed towards the study of marine

propeller working and its terminology,simulation and flow
simulation of marine propeller has been performed.The
von misses stresses ,resultant deformation ,strain and areas
below factor of safety has been displayed.
The velocity and pressure with which the propeller blades
pushes the water has been displayed in the results.
KEYWORDS: Propeller, Design, Analysis, Static, CDF
(Computational Flow Dynamics)
Marine propeller
HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT:
The concept of a propulsion device resembling what is
now called the screw propeller is certainly not new. The
experience of ancients with sculling oars, coupled with the
later development of rotary engines, obviously suggested a
combination of a series of inclined plates secured to a
rotary hub. In 945 B.C., the Egyptians used a screw-like

INTRODUCTION device for irrigation purposes. Archimedes (287-212 BC),

INTRODUCTION TO PROPELLER:
A propeller is a type of fan that transmits power by
converting rotational motion into thrust. A pressure
difference is produced between the forward and rear
surfaces of the airfoil-shaped blade, and a fluid (such as air
or water) is accelerated behind the blade. Propeller
dynamics can be modelled by both Bernoulli's principle
the first scientist whose work had a lasting effect on the
history of naval architecture and ship propulsion, has been
credited with the invention of the screw.Hecreated the
screw to pump out flooded ships.
The screw pump, designed by Archimedes for supplying
irrigation ditches, was the forerunner of the screw
propeller. Drawings done by Leonardo DA Vinci (1452-
1519) (Figure 1-1 below) contain pictures of water screws

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 Volume 5, Issue 1 SEP 2015
for pumping. However, his famous helicopter rotor more debris away from the blades. There is no clear-cut
nearly resembles a marine screw. evolution of the bladed wheel into the modern screw
propeller, although the bladed wheel possessed most of the
elements of a successful propulsive device. It seems to
Despite this knowledge, application of screw propulsion to
have been used in the original Ericsson form and then
boats and ships didn't take place until the advent of steam
dropped in favor of the conventional screw.
power. Due to greater suitability with the slow-turning,
early steam engines, the first powered boats used paddle
wheels for a form of water propulsion. In 1661, Toogood
and Hays adopted the Archimedian screw as a ship
propeller, although their boat design appears to have
involved a type of water jet propulsion.
At the beginning of the 19th century, screw propulsion was
considered a strictly second-rate means of moving a ship
through the water. However, it was during this century that
screw propulsion development got underway. In 1802, BASIC PROPELLER PARTS :

Colonel John Stevens built and experimented with a

single-screw, and later a twin-screw, steam-driven boat.
Unfortunately, due to a lack of interest, his ideas were not
accepted in
The first step to understanding propellers and how they
work is familiarizing your-self with the basic parts of a
boat propeller.
America.

The Invention of the Screw Propeller

The credit for the invention of the screw propeller narrows
down to two men, Francis Petit Smith and John Ericsson.
In 1836, Smith and Ericsson obtained patents for screw
propellers, marking the start of modern development.
Ericsson's patent covered a contra-rotating bladed wheel,
as well as twin-screw and single-screw installations.
Ericsson's propeller design took advantage of many of the
unique benefits of the bladed wheel. With the wheel, it was
possible to obtain the increased thrust of a large number of A. Blade Tip: The maximum reach of the blade from the
blades in a small diameter without cluttering up the area center of the propeller hub. It separates the leading edge
adjacent to the hub. from the trailing edge.
Yet, both the inner and outer elements supplied propulsive
thrust. The wheel design was inherently strong, without
B. Leading Edge: The part of the blade nearest the boat,
much unnecessary material to interfere with its basic
which first cuts through the water. It extends from the hub
action. The outer ring also served to keep lines, ice, and
to the tip.

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C. Trailing Edge: The part of the blade farthest from the
boat. The edge from which the water leaves the blade. It
extends from the tip to the hub (near the diffuser ring on
through-hub exhaust propellers).
D. Cup: The small curve or lip on the trailing edge of the
blade, permitting the propeller to hold water better and
normally adding about 1/2" (12.7 mm) to 1" (25.4 mm) of
pitch.
E. Blade Face: The side of the blade facing away from the
boat, known as the positive pressure side of the blade.
F. Blade Back: The side of the blade facing the boat,
known as the negative pressure (or suction) side of the
blade.
G. Blade Root: The point where the blade attaches to the
hub.
H. Inner Hub: This contains the Flo-Torq rubber hub or
Flo-Torq II Delrin Hub System (Figures 2-2 above and
2-3). The forward end of the inner hub is the metal surface
which generally transmits the propeller thrust through the
forward thrust hub to the propeller shaft and in turn,
eventually to the boat.
I. Outer Hub: For through-hub exhaust propellers. The
exterior surface is in direct contact with the water. The
blades are attached to the exterior surface. Its inner surface
is in contact with the exhaust passage and with the ribs
which attach the outer hub to the inner hub.
J. Ribs: For through-hub exhaust propellers. The
connections between the inner and outer hub. There are
usually three ribs, occasionally two, four, or five. The ribs
are usually either parallel to the propeller shaft ("straight"),
or parallel to the blades ("helical").
K. Shock-Absorbing Rubber Hub: Rubber molded to an
inner splined hub to protect the propeller drive system
from impact damage and to flex when shifting the engine,
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Volume 5, Issue 1 SEP 2015
to relieve the normal shift shock that occurs between the
gear and clutch mechanism - generally used with low
horsepower applications.
L. Diffuser Ring: Aids in reducing exhaust back pressure
and in preventing exhaust gas from feeding back into
propeller blades.
M. Exhaust Passage: For through-hub exhaust propellers.
The hollow area between the inner hub and the outer hub
through which engine exhaust gases are discharged into
the water. In some stern drive installations using a
through-transom exhaust system, this passage carries air.
N. Performance Vent System (PVS): PVS, is a patented
Mercury ventilation system, allows the boater to custom
tune the venting of the propeller blades for maximum
planing performance. On acceleration, exhaust is drawn
out of the vent hole located behind each blade.
When the next propeller blade strikes this aerated water,
less force is required to push through this water allowing
the engine RPM to rise more rapidly.
Water flows over the vent holes once the boat is on plan
sending exhaust through the exhaust passage. Varying the
size of the exhaust holes engine RPM can be controlled,
outboards perform better with venting and stern drives
typically require less venting if any at all.
Hub Configurations :
At the center of the propeller is the hub. If exhaust gases
are discharged into the water through the hub, the propeller
is called a through-hub exhaust (or Jet-Prop exhaust)
propeller.
If the exhaust gases are not discharged into the water
through a passage in the hub, but rather over the hub, the
propeller is called an over-the-hub exhaust propeller.
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 Volume 5, Issue 1 SEP 2015
MODELLING OF MARINE PROPELLER

through the propeller's hub. This is accomplished by Modeling of marine propeller :

extending the drive shaft out through the very bottom of
the transom. When running properly only one blade of a First sketching the outer hub on right plane as shown

two bladed propeller is actually in the water. The surface below:

propeller is very efficient at minimizing or eliminating

cavitation by replacing it with ventilation. With each
stroke, the propeller blade brings a bubble of air into what
would otherwise be the vacuum cavity region.

SOLIDWORKS

Solid Works is mechanical design automation software

Figure : sketch of outer hub
that takes advantage of the familiar Microsoft Windows
graphical user interface. Then by using revolve option outer hub is generated as
shown
It is an easy-to-learn tool which makes it possible for
mechanical designers to quickly sketch ideas, experiment
with features and dimensions, and produce models and
detailed drawings.

A Solid Works model consists of parts, assemblies, and

drawings.

Figure : revolve of outer hub

Typically, we begin with a sketch, create a base feature,
and then add more features to the model. (One can also Now blade profile is sketched on reference plane which is
begin with an imported surface or solid geometry). taken by 30 deg angle to right plane .
We are free to refine our design by adding, changing, or
reordering features.
Associativity between parts, assemblies, and drawings
assures that changes made to one view are automatically
made to all other views.
We can generate drawings or assemblies at any time in
the design process.
The SolidWorks software lets us customize functionality sketching of blade profile
to suit our needs.
Then blade extrusion of 5mm is performed as shown

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circular pattern of blades

Now Ribs are extruded as shown

Extrusion of blade

By using flex operation bending of blade is generated as

shown

Extrusion of ribs

Necessary filleting and chamfering is done and the final

marine propeller is as follows:

Figure : Bending of blade

Next extrusion of inner hub is performed as shown below

Marine propeller

Four different views of marine propeller as shown below :

Extrusion of inner hub

Now blades are circularly patterned on the outer hub

.here we are generating three blade propeller as shown

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 Volume 5, Issue 1 SEP 2015
of these equations gives the approximate behaviour of the
continuum or system. The continuum has an infinite
number of degrees of freedom (DOF), while the discretised
model has a finite number of DOF. This is the origin of the
name, finite element method.

SIMULATION OF MARINE PROPELLERThe static

Different views of marine propeller analysis is performed on marine propeller .When the ice
block of 2000N hits the marine propeller the effects have
FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING been observed .

INTRODUCTION TO FEM Naming the static analysis as marine propeller simulation

Many problems in engineering and applied science are

governed by differential or integral equations. The
solutions to these equations would provide an exact, closed
form solution to the particular problem being studied.
However, complexities in the geometry, properties and in
Marine propeller simulation
the boundary conditions that are seen in most real world
problems usually means that an exact solution cannot be ADDITION OF MATERIAL TO PROPELLER:
obtained in a reasonable amount of time. They are content
to obtain approximate solutions that can be readily Adding 6061 alloy material to the propeller as shown
obtained in a reasonable time frame and with reasonable below.
effort. The FEM is one such approximate solution
technique.

The FEM is a numerical procedure for obtaining

approximate solutions to many of the problems
encountered in engineering analysis. In the FEM, a
complex region defining a continuum is discretised into
simple geometric shapes called elements. The properties
and the governing relationships are assumed over these
elements and expressed mathematically in terms of
unknown values at specific points in the elements called
nodes. An assembly process is used to link the individual
elements to the linked system. When the effects of loads
Figure : Addition of alloy steel to propeller
and boundary conditions are considered, a set of linear or
nonlinear algebraic equations is usually obtained. Solution
FIXING OF GEOMETRY :

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Shaft diameter is kept fixed in propeller becase it connects
the propeller and engine.

Fine meshing of size 6mm

SOLVE :

Then running the simulation of propeller to see the von

Figure : fixing of geometry
misses stresses,resultant displacement and areas below
Factor of safety.
APPLICATION OF LOAD :Loads are applied to the
blades ,outerhub,inner hub and ribs of the propeller.

running the simulation

RESULTS :

Figure : Application of load of 2000N

MESHING:

Fine Meshing of size 6mm is performed on the propeller

then the meshing modelled is shown below:

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von misses stresses for fine meshing

The yield strength for the material is 620.4MPa and the

maximum stress obtained is 699.4(Mesh size 6mm) MPa.
It means that if the stress is greater than the yield stress
the material will not break but will deform plastically.

areas below factor of safety

A factor of safety less than 1 at a location indicates that the

material at that location has failed.A factor of safety of 1 at
a location indicates that the material at that location has

Deflection for fine meshing of size 6mm just started to fail. A factor of safety greater than 1 at a
location indicates that the material at that location is safe.

COMPARISION OF RESULTS:

Figure : strain produced on propeller

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Figure :comparision of results boundary condition. The boundary conditions are divided
in three different types: flow openings, pressure openings
FLOW SIMULATION and walls.

SOLIDWORKS FLOWSIMULATION
INTRODUCTION :

SolidWorks Flow Simulation 2010 is a fluid flow analysis

add-in package that is available forSolidWorks in order to
obtain solutions to the full Navier-Stokes equations that
govem the motion of fluids. Other packages that can be
added to SolidWorks include SolidWorks Motion and
List of available boundary conditions in Solid Works Flow
SolidWorks Simulation. A fluid flow analysis using Flow
Simulation
Simulation involves a number of basic steps that are shown
in the following flowchart in figure.

Each boundary condition has a number of parameters

related to it that can be set to different values. The
available parameters for each boundary condition are
shown in table below:

Flowchart for fluid flow analysis using Solidworks Flow

Simulation

INSERTING BOUNDARV CONDITIONS: boundary

conditions are required for both the inflow and outflow
faces of internal flow regions with the exception of
enclosures subjected to natural convection. Visualization
of boundary conditions can be shown with anows of
different colors indicating the type and direction of the
List of available parameters for different boundary
conditions in Solid Works Flow Simulation
The flow parameter depends on the boundary condition but
includes velocity, Mach number and mass and volume
flow rate. The direction of the flow vector can be specified

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as normal to the face, as s'wirl or as a 3D vector. The
thermodynamic parameters include temperature and
pressure. For the turbulence parameters you can choose
between speci[ing the turbulence intensity and length or
the turbulence energy and dissipation (k-e turbulence
model). The boundary layer is set to either laminar or
turbulent. You can also specify velocity and thermal
boundary layer thickness for the inlet velocity boundary
condition as well as speciry the core velocity and
temperature. For the real wall boundary condition you can
speciry the wall roughness together with wall temperature
and heat transfer coefficient. The real wall

also has an option for motion in the form of translational or

angular velocity.

CHOOSING GOALS: Figure : List of available parameters for different goals in

SolidWorks Flow Simulation
Goals are criteria used to stop the iterative solution
process. The goals are chosen from the physical VIEWING RESULTS
parameters of interest to the user of Flow Simulation. The
Results can be visualized in a number of different ways as
use of goals minimizes errors in the calculated parameters
indicated by table :
and shortens the total solution time for the solver. There
are five different types of goals:

Global goals, point goals, surface goals, volume goals and

equation goals. The global goal is based on parameter
values determined everywhere in the flow field whereas a
point goal is related to a specific point inside the
computational domain. Surface goals are determined on
specific surfaces and volume goals are determined within a
specific subset of the computational domain as specified
by the user. Finally, equation goals are defined by
List of available results in SolidWorks Flow Simulation
mathematical expressions. Table is showing 48 different
parameters that can be chosen by the different types of ADVANTAGES OF FLOW SIMULATION :
goals.
Low Cost:

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The most important advantage of computational prediction
is its low cost. In most applications, the cost of a computer
run is many orders of magnitude lower than the cost of
corresponding experimentation. This can reduce or even
eliminate the need for expensive or large-scale physical
test facilities. This factor assumes increasing importance
as the physical situation to be studied becomes larger and
more complicated. Further whereas the prices of most
items are increasing, computing cost is likely to be even
lower in the future.
Speed:
A computational investigation can be performed with
remarkable speed. A designer can study the implication of
hundreds of different configurations in less than a day and
choose the optimum design process; rapid evaluation of
design alternatives can be made. On the other hand, a
corresponding experimental investigating would take a
long time.
Complete information:
A computer solution of problem gives detailed and
Volume 5, Issue 1 SEP 2015
in treating very low or very high temperatures, in handling
toxic or flammable substances, or in following very fast or
very slow processes.
Ability to stimulate Ideal Conditions: A prediction
method is sometimes used to study a basic phenomenon,
rather than a complex engineering application. In the
study of phenomenon, one wants to focus attention on a
few essential parameters and eliminates all irrelevant
features. Thus many idealizations are desirable for
example: two dimensionally constant densities an adiabatic
surface of an infinite reaction rate. In a computation
approach, such conditions can be setup with case and
precision, whereas even careful experimental can barely
approximate the idealization.
Reduction of Failure risks: CFD can also be used to
investigate configurations that may be too large to test or
which pose a significant safety risk including pollutant
spread and nuclear accident scenarios. This can often
provide confidence in operation, reduce or eliminate the
cost of problem solving during installations, reduce
product liability risks.

complete information. It can provide the values of all

APPLICATIONS OF FLOW SIMULATION :
relevant variables (such as velocity, pressure, temperature,
concentration, turbulence intensity) throughout the domain Automobile and Engine Applications:
interest. This provides a better understanding of the flow
To improve performance means environmental quality,
phenomenon and the product performance. For this
fuel economy of modern trucks and cars. It is study of the
reason, even when an experiment is performed, there is
external flow over the body of a vehicle, or the internal
great value in obtaining a companion computer solution to
flow through the internal combustion engines.
supplement the experimental information.
Industrial Manufacturing Applications:
Ability to stimulate Realistic Conditions:
A mould being filed with liquid modular cast iron is a
In theoretical calculation, realistic conditions can be easily
good example. The liquid flow fields are calculated as a
stimulated. There is no need to resort to small scale or
function of time. Another example is manufacture of
cold models. Through a computer program, there is little
ceramics.
difficulty in having a very large or very small dimension,

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Civil engineering Applications:
Problems involving the theology of rivers, lakes etc are
also subject of investigations using CFD. Example is
filling of mud from an underwater mud capture reservoir.
Environmental Engineering Applications:
The discipline of heating, air conditioning and general air
circulation through buildings are some of the examples of
the application situations. The example is fluid burning in
furnaces.
Product design:
Volume 5, Issue 1 SEP 2015
widely used in medical, pharmaceutical, and biomedical
applications.
FLOW SIMULATION OF MARINE PROPELLER
The purpose of the flow simulation is to see the flow
trajectories of the fluid that is moved by propeller .In this
flow simulation no velocity and pressure conditions are
given but aim is to calculate them.
First rotating region has to be extruded around the
propeller that is the volume that will be rotated,

The ultimate functionality of a product depends on its cost,

efficiency, robustness, and acceptance in the commercial
market. In products that are developed to improve the
environment through energy conservation; fluid-flow, heat
and mass transfer plays an important role. CFD now with
its multitude capabilities serves as an essential tool for
modeling these phenomena in the design of such products.

Product improvement:

Figure : Extrusion of rotating region

Many of the current industrial products have been
developed in pre-CFD periods. As we become more
On solidworks flow simulation menu creating new study
energy efficient conscious, we find that the products
name Marine propeller flow simulation as shown.
involving thermal-fluid systems can be redesigned to
reduce their energy consumption. Successfully redesigned
products not only can lower the operating cost but remain
competitive in the market place. In addition they may be
introduced as new lines of products to stimulate the growth
of the business.

Bio medical engineering:

Flow modeling with computational fluid dynamics (CFD)

software lets you visualize and predict physical
phenomena related to the flow of any substance. It is

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water as project fluid

By using default wall conditions and default initial

conditions and setting result resolution as shown.

creating study name

Then selecting SI units , external analysis and rotation

region as shown.

setting result resolution

Then flow simulation tree will appear on left side of the

screen. The computational domain

is adjusted as shown by editing it.

Setting external analysis and rotation region

Adding water as a project fluid from the liquids

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editing of computational domain

Then adding rotational region by selecting the boss extrude

of marine propellers rotational region and the speed is
2000 rpm.

inserting flow trajectories

Addition of rotational region of speed 2000 rpm.

Then running the flow simulation

flow trajectories of water [velocity]

The water velocity has been displayed on the above figure.

The water leaves with 14m/s velocity from the marine

propeller blades as shown above.

running of flow simulation

RESULTS :On the results tree flow trajectories has been

inserted by selecting the surfaces which are in contact
with the fluid i.e, water.

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flow trajectories of water [ pressure]
The pressure increases with in the rotating region and then
decreases as shown
CONCLUSIONS
The marine propeller working and terminology
has been studied.
The marine propeller with 3 blades has been
modeled in solidworks 2014.
The solidworks simulation has been studied and
the marine propeller simulation has been
performed.
The maximum induced stresses i.e, 699.4Mpa in
propeller is greater than the material yield
strength 620.4Mpa.This means that if the stress is
greater than the yield stress the material will not
break but will deform plastically.
The resultant deformation, strain and areas below
factor of safety has been displayed.
The solidworks flow simulation has been studied
and the velocity and pressure with the blades of
the propeller has been calculated.
The flow trajectories for velocity and pressure
have been displayed.
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