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ASME B31.1 (2008) ASME B31.3 (2008) ASME B31.8 (2007)

Power piping: typically found in electric power Process piping: typically found in petroleum Gas transportation and
generating stations, in heating and cooling refineries, chemical, pharmaceutical, textile distribution systems: piping
systems and paper plants transporting products,
predominantly gas
Applicable: boiler external piping from first Exclusions: Exclusions:
joint up to and including first block valve for
boilers where: piping systems pressure above 0 and pressure vessels, heat
less 105 kPa nonflammable, nontoxic exchangers, pumps
steam or vapor is generated over 100 kPa and not damaging to human tissues metal temperatures below
high temperature water over 1103 kPa power boilers covered in BPV code -28.88 Celsius (-20 F) or
and/or temperatures of 120 Celsius and external piping covered in B31.1 over 232.22 Celsius (450 F)

Excluding: fatigue due to pressure cycling tubes, tube headers, crossovers and
manifolds of fired heaters
pressure vessels, heat exchangers,
pumps
Including: fatigue due pressure cycling and
thermal cycling
piping beyond customer's
meter set assembly
piping in refineries, natural
gasoline extraction, gas
treating plants
vent piping to substantially
atmospheric pressures
wellhead assemblies
proprietary items such as
equipment

liquid petroleum
transportation systems,
 ASME B31.1 (2008)
Allowable stress:
as per tables in Appendix A
shear to remain below 80%, bearing to
remain below 160% of allowable stress
basis are same as ASME section II Part D
Appendix 1 except for cast iron and
ductile iron
Materials: material of unknown specification
shall not be used for pressure containing
components
Quality factor E: depending type of weld,
radiography and material
Factor y: factor depending Ferritic, Austenitic,
Nickel and design temperature
Factor W: weld strength reduction factor
ASME B31.3 (2008) ASME B31.8 (2007)
slurry transportation, carbon
dioxide and liquefied
natural gas piping systems
Allowable stress: Allowable stress:
as per Table A-1 and A-2 as per table Appendix D
times temperature derating
shear to remain below 80%, bearing to factor in table 841.116A
remain below 160% of allowable
stress
basis for bolting, cast iron, other
material
flanges due to leakage below 75%
allowable stress of unlisted material
(not conforming 323.1.2) can not be
used
Materials: material of unknown specification Materials: material only as per
shall not be used for pressure containing Appendix A
components
Quality factor E: depending type of weld, Quality factor E: depending type
radiography and material of weld, radiography and material
Factor W: weld strength reduction factor
 ASME B31.1 (2008)
Pipe under internal pressure (104.1.2 and
104.1.4 (in creep)):
P = internal design pressure
D0 = outside diameter of pipe
SE = maximum allowable stress, including
quality factor
tm = minimum required thickness
ASME B31.3 (2008)
Factor f: stress range factor
Pipe under internal pressure (304.1.2):
P = internal design pressure
D = outside diameter of pipe
S = stress value for material
E = quality factor
t = pressure design thickness
ASME B31.8 (2007)
Factor F: design factor
Factor T: temperature derating
factor, compensate material
allowable stress values for
temperature, Table 841.166A
Pipe under internal pressure
(841.11):
P = internal design pressure
D = nominal outside diameter of
pipe
S = specified minimum yield
strength
E = longitudinal joint factor, table
 ASME B31.1 (2008) ASME B31.3 (2008) ASME B31.8 (2007)

y = coefficient table 104.1.2A y = coefficient, also from table 304.1.1 841.115A

A = additional thickness to compensate W = Weld strength reduction factor t = wall thickness

threading, provide additional strength, corrosion
allowance F = design factor from table
841.114A
W = Weld strength reduction factor when in
creep range, is 1 outside creep range (table T = Temperature derating factor
102.4.7) from table 841.116A
 ASME B31.1 (2008) ASME B31.3 (2008) ASME B31.8 (2007)
Bend under internal pressure (102.4.5): Bend under internal pressure (304.2.1): Bend under internal pressure
(841.231):

For cold bends the deflection of

longitudinal axis and the radius is
limited according table in
pipe under internal pressure where I for intrados pipe under internal pressure where I for paragraph 841.231
is: intrados is:

Hot bends are to be designed and

manufactured according ASME
B16.49, the internal pressure rating
shall not be less than that which is
and I for the extrados is: calculated for straight seamless
and I for the extrados is: pipe and the intrados wall thickness
should be:

and at sidewall I = 1.0,

and at sidewall I = 1.0,
R = radius of pipe bend where the t the wall thickness of the
R = radius of pipe bend pipe is
 ASME B31.1 (2008) ASME B31.3 (2008)
Elbows under internal pressure (102.4.5): Elbows under internal pressure (304.2.1):

Elbows manufactured according standards listed Elbows manufactured according standards

in Table 126.1 are suitable for use at the listed in Table 326.1 are suitable for use at the
pressure-temperature ratings specified by such pressure-temperature ratings specified by
standards. such standards.

Elbows not according above standards or for Elbows not according above standards or for
which design formulas and not given in the code which design formulas and not given in the
shall be based on calculations consistent with the code shall be based on calculations consistent
design criteria of this code. These calculations with the design criteria of this code. These
shall be substantiated by one or more of the calculations shall be substantiated by one or
means stated in A B C or D of 104.7.2 (Does this more of the means stated in A B C or D of
mean or allow that an elbow can be calculated 304.7.2, or the elbow can be calculated
according a bend with uniform thickness? Refer according the Bend calculation, refer 304.2.2.
B31.3)
Miter bends under internal pressure (104.3.3): Miter bends under internal pressure
(304.2.3):
1. Only straight pipe calculations required if:
1. When theta =< 22.5 deg than max.
allowable pressure shall be the lesser of (
T - c):

2. Pressure shall be limited to 70 kPa if:

or
and
and thickness is not less than required for
straight pipe
 ASME B31.1 (2008)
3. Pressure shall be limited to 700 kPa if:
and
and thickness is not less than required for
straight pipe
4. For pressure over 700 kPa: proof test, FEA,
etc required with a defined minimum for closely
spaced and widely spaced miter bend
Reducer under internal pressure (104.6):
1. Flanged reducer according Table 126.1 are
considered suitable at the specified pressure
temperature ratings.
ASME B31.3 (2008)
2. When theta > 22.5 deg than max.
allowable pressure shall calculated as (
c):
For all miter bends the R1 shall not be less
than:
with A:
(T-c) =< 13 mm A = 25
13 < (T-c) =< 22 mm A = 2(T-c)
(T-c) > 22 mm A = 2(T-c)/3 + 30
Reducer under internal pressure
(304.6.1(b)):
1. Reducers according Table 326.1 shall be
considered suitable for use at established
 ASME B31.1 (2008) ASME B31.3 (2008)

2. Where butt welding reducers are made to a pressure-temperature ratings or corresponding Standard Practice
nominal pipe thickness, the reducers shall be straight pipe with 87.5% of nominal wall pressure and temp
considered suitable for use with pipe of the same thickness. based on stresses f
nominal thickness. same of equivalen
2. Concentric reducers not listed in Table (831.31b)
3. Components not covered by the standards 326.1 may be designed according closures as
listed in Table 126.1 shall be based on per ASME VIII div.1 2. Other pressure c
calculation consistent with this code. components shall
Calculations are to be substantiated by one of: 3. Eccentric reducers not listed in Table 326.1 according design p
are qualified as unlisted components and shall code substantiated
- extensive, successful service experience be designed and documented substantiated by
one of: - extensive, succes
- experimental analysis experience
- extensive, successful service experience
- proof test - experimental ana
- experimental analysis
- detailed stress analysis, such as finite element - proof test
analysis - proof test
- engineering calc
(Is ASME VIII div.1 UG32 acceptable?) - detailed stress analysis, such as finite
element analysis 3. Closure heads s
ellipsoidal, spheric
(Is ASME VIII div.1 UG32 acceptable?) heads are allowed
code. Such items m
in accordance with
div.1 (UG32).
Stubon under internal pressure (104.3.1(D)): Stubon under internal pressure (304.3.3): Stubon under int
(831.4 and app. F
 ASME B31.1 (2008) ASME B31.3 (2008)

Required reinforcement area is Required reinforcement area is Required reinforce

(Fig.

= angle between branch and run = angle between branch and run

with A is additional thickness excess header, header

for corrosion and tolerances, tmh from straight with
pipe calculation (104.1.2)
branch with
header excess area,
with

area and other area

Assessment:

Area
the ratio of allowa
stress, maximum m
branch excess attached reinforcement, weld area and factor is 1.0 (para.
other area

Assessment:
tr is reinforcement pad thickness
Area A2, A3 and A4 to be multiplied by the
ratio of allowable working stress, maximum
 ASME B31.1 (2008) ASME B31.3 (2008) ASME B31.8 (2007)

weld area multiplication factor is 1.0 (para. 304.3.3(f3))

area reinforcement ring

area saddle on right angle connections

Assessment:

Area A2, A3, A4 and A5 to be multiplied by the

ratio of allowable working stress, maximum If then assess
multiplication factor is 1.0 (para. 104.3.1(D.2.3))
If then assess

Tee (extruded outlet) under internal pressure
(104.3.1(G)):
Required reinforcement area is
Tee (extruded outlet) under internal
pressure (304.3.4):
Required reinforcement area is
Tee (extruded outlet) under
internal pressure (831.4 ref. App.
F):
Required reinforcement area is

K = 1.0 when K = 1.0 when

K = 1.0 when d/D > 0.60

K = 0.6+(2d)/(3D) when 0.15 < d/D

K= when K= when
<= 0.60
 ASME B31.1 (2008) ASME B31.3 (2008) ASME B31.8 (2007)

K = 0.7 when K = 0.7 when K = 0.7 when d/D <= 0.15

reinforcement by
header
reinforcement by header reinforcement by
header reinforcement by
reinforcement by branch with branch with
reinforcement by branch
with

excess branch area excess branch

area
Assessment: excess branch area
Assessment:
Assessment:

If then assess

If then assess
Weldolet (branch) under internal pressure Weldolet (branch) under internal pressure Weldolet (branch) under internal
(104.3.1(D)): (304.3.3): pressure (831.4 ref. App. F):

Required reinforcement area is Required reinforcement area is Required reinforcement area is

(Fig. F-5):
 ASME B31.1 (2008) ASME B31.3 (2008) ASME B31.8 (2007)

reinforcement by header, with reinforcement by reinforcement by

header, with header

reinforcement by
branch with

attached reinforcement, weld

reinforcement by branch with
with
= thickness pad or height of 60 deg angle
fitting with in reinforcement material
= area provided by deposited weld metal
excess weldolet area in reinforcement
zone
Assessment:
Area A2, A3, A4 and A5 to be multiplied by the
area and other area
reinforcement by branch Assessment:
with
Area A2 and A3 to be multiplied by
the ratio of allowable working
stress, maximum multiplication
with factor is 1.0 (para. 831.4(f))
= thickness pad or a height of 0
= area provided by deposited weld metal
and attached reinforcement
Assessment:
Area A2, A3 and A4 to be multiplied by the
ratio of allowable working stress, maximum
multiplication factor is 1.0 (para. 304.3.3(f3))
 ASME B31.1 (2008) ASME B31.3 (2008) ASME B31.8 (2007)
ratio of allowable working stress, maximum
multiplication factor is 1.0 (para. 104.3.1(D.2.3))
Cap under internal pressure (104.4.1(B)): Cap under internal pressure (304.4.1(b)): Cap under internal pressure
(831.372 and 831.373):
Can be calculated with ASME VIII div.1 UG-
32 app.1-4 Can be calculated with ASME VIII
Can be calculated with ASME VIII div.1 UG-32 div.1 UG-32 app.1-4
app.1-4

L = radius dish
L = radius dish
L = radius dish r = radius knuckle
r = radius knuckle
r = radius knuckle

or
or
or
Flat closure under internal pressure Flat closure under internal pressure Flat closure under internal
(104.4.1(b)): (304.4.1(b)): pressure (831.373):

Can be calculated with ASME VIII div.1 UG 34 Can be calculated with ASME VIII div.1 UG Can be calculated with ASME VIII
34 div.1 UG 34

Flange under internal pressure (104.5.1(B)): Flange under internal pressure Flange under internal pressure
 ASME B31.1 (2008)
Can be calculated according ASME VIII div.1
app. 2 using B31.3 allowable stresses and
temperature limits with:
= design gauge pressure
= bolt design stress at atmospheric
temperature
= bolt design stress at design temperature
= product SE
Blind flange under internal pressure
(104.5.2(B)):
Can be calculated according ASME VIII div.1
UG-34 with:
= sum of allowances
= internal design gauge pressure
ASME B31.3 (2008) ASME B31.8 (2007)
(304.5.1(b)): (831.2):
Can be calculated according ASME VIII div.1 Allowed to use:
app. 2 using B31.3 allowable stresses and
temperature limits with: ASME B16 series as listed in
Appendix A such as B16.5.
= design gauge pressure
Also MSS SP-44.
= bolt design stress at atmospheric
temperature For slip-on welding flanges
reference is made to ASME VIII
div.1 design.
= bolt design stress at design temperature
= product SEW
Can ASME VIII div.1 be used for
calculation?
Blind flange under internal pressure Blind flange under internal
(304.5.2(b)): pressure:
Can be calculated according ASME VIII div.1
UG-34 with:
Can ASME VIII div.1 be used?
= sum of allowances
= internal design gauge pressure
 ASME B31.1 (2008) ASME B31.3 (2008) ASME B31.8 (2007)

= product SE = product SEW

= pressure design thickness as per ASME VIII = pressure design thickness as per ASME
div. 1 UG-34 VIII div. 1 UG-34
Blanks (spade) under internal pressure Blanks (spade) under internal pressure Blanks (spade) under internal
(304.5.3(B)): (304.5.3(b)): pressure:

Can ASME VIII div.1 be used?

= sum of allowances = sum of allowances

= inside diameter of gasket = inside diameter of gasket