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Introduction to Resistivity/SP
 Objectives
At the end of this learning session, you should be
able to:

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List four applications of resistivity
measurement
Define Archies Equation and its components
Define Invasion
Explain the different types of Resistivity Tools
Describe Spontaneous Potential (SP)
 Resistivity applications

Determine if hydrocarbons are present and at

what depth.

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Determine the quantity of hydrocarbon material
that exists (if porosity is known) through
Archie's equation.
Determine mud resistivity to help define the
invasion profile.
Correlation
 Resistivity

The opposition to flow of electrical current

offered by a material of unit length and unit

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cross sectional area. It expressed
L
in ohm-
meter2/meter, usually written as ohm-m.

V
Common formation Resistivities

Formation type Resistivity Range (ohm-m)

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Soft Formations - shaley sands 0.2 to 50
Hard Formation - carbonates 100 to 1000
Evaporites - salt and anhydrite > 1000
 Typical reservoir formation
Rock Matrix

Porosity (F )

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Formation
Fluids
- Formation
water (Sw)
-Hydrocarbons
(1-Sw)
 Archies formula
F

Rt Rw

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Sw

Lets find out the relationship between all

these parameters.
 Archies Equation
a Rw Rw
Rt = m n = F n
Sw Sw

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m Cementation factor
related to the degree and type of cementation
(1.6 to 2.2, usually 2 for chalky rock and 2.15 for sandy rocks)

a Local correction factor

related to tortuosity, granular shape and size (0.6 to 1, usually 1)

n Saturation exponent (usually 2)

F Called formation factor F=a/ m

Note: Values for a, m & n are found experimentally for different formations
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Idealized Log Set
 What is invasion?

Process by which mud filtrate is forced into

permeable formations, and the solid particles

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of the mud are deposited on the borehole wall
where they form a mudcake.

Due to pressure difference between mud

column and formation pressure.
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Before Invasion
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During Invasion
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After Invasion
 No Invasion - Shale
Known condition:
Curves overlay
indicating no invasion,
impermeable

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Resistivity

Virgin

10 60 90
Depth of Investigation
 Transition Zone - Oil Zone

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Resistivity

Flushed Virgin

10 60 90
Depth of Investigation
 Transition - Water Zone (Rmf > Rw)

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Resistivity

Flushed Virgin
10 60 90
Depth of Investigation
An example of resistivity Instrument
EMT (Electronic Mud Tester)

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 Types of Resistivity Tools
Laterolog Tools : Induction Tools :
Respond to resistivity Respond to conductivity
Emit current directly Induce current in the

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into the formation formation
Better for high Better for low resistivity
resistivity formations formations
Require conductive Can also work in non-
mud conductive (oil-based) mud
DLT, HALS, HRLA AIT-B, AIT-H, Triaxial
MSFL, MCFL Induction
 Spontaneous Potential (SP)
SP is a naturally occurring voltage potential in
the formation which develops because of
salinity contrasts between fluids.

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Conditions for SP :
Requires conductive mud
Only possible in Open Hole
Salinity contrast between
Rw & Rmf
 SP Applications

Correlation
Identify the fresh / salt
water interface

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Qualitative indication of bed
shaliness
Determination of formation
water resistivity