Most parents do not know much about the educational programs in their children's school or what

teachers require of them. Effective parent involvement comes when a true partnership exists between
schools and families. Creating that partnership, especially around academics, is what works for student
achievement

. Results and Discussion

3.1. Factors Affecting Academic Performance of Student Nurses

Table 1 shows the set of five factors with their indicators. The indicators for each category were arranged
from highest to lowest mean.

3.1.1. Personal Condition

In the subset personal condition, the indicator with the highest mean was feeling sleepy in class with
high impact. Meanwhile, the indicator with the lowest mean was difficulty in breathing which was
found to have the lowest influence on the academic performance of the student nurses.

3.1.2. Study Habits

For the items included in the study habits section, all are found to be highly impactful with the indicator
I study only when there is a quiz having the highest mean. One indicator though was determined to
belong to the lower range, the item I copy the assignments of friends.

3.1.3. Home-Related Aspect

All home-related factors were discovered to have a low influence on student nurses academic
performance. The indicator with the highest mean in this subset was I live far from school and the
indicator with the lowest mean was I have many brothers and sisters.
3.1.4. School-related Aspect

Among the school-related factors, all indicators fell in the range of high impact with the indicator the
time schedule is followed posing as the most impactful. One indicator, location of classrooms, was
found to belong to the low impact range.

3.1.5. Teacher-Related Aspect

http://article.sapub.org/10.5923.j.nursing.20150502.04.html (First)

Copyright 2014 Scientific & Academic Publishing Co. All rights reserved.

Parental involvement in school, as measured by attendance at a general meeting, a meeting with a

teacher, or a school event, or by volunteering or serving on a committee, rose significantly between 1999
and 2007, but fell on most measures in 2012. In 2007, 89 percent of students in kindergarten through
twelfth grade had parents who attended a general meeting, compared with 78 percent in 1999. In 2012,
87 percent had parents who attended a general meeting. In 2007, 78 percent had a parent who attended
a scheduled meeting with a teacher, 74 percent had a parent who attended a school event, and 46
percent had a parent who volunteered in school or served on a committee, compared with 73, 65, and
37 percent, respectively, in 1999. In 2012, the proportion who attended a scheduled meeting had fallen
to 76 percent, and the proportion who volunteered or served on a committee had fallen to 42 percent.
(Figure 1)

Differences by Grade

Parents are most likely to attend school meetings and events or to volunteer in their childs school when
their children are in primary school. In 2012, more than 90 percent of students in kindergarten through
fifth grade had a parent who attended a meeting with their teachers, compared with 87 percent of
middle-school students, and 79 percent of ninth- through twelfth-grade students. In the same year, 89
percent, each, of students in kindergarten through second grade, and students in third through fifth
grade, had a parent who attended a scheduled meeting with a teacher, compared with 71 percent of
students in middle school and 57 percent of students in high school. Among students in kindergarten
through second grade, 56 percent had parents who volunteered or served on a committee, compared
with 51 percent of students in third through fifth grade, 32 percent of students in sixth through eighth
grade, and 28 percent of students in ninth through twelfth grade. Attendance at school or class events,
however, peaked with older elementary school students. (Appendix 2)

Differences by Race and Hispanic Origin[11]

Hispanic and black students were less likely than white students to have parents who attended general
meetings or school events, or who volunteered their time. In 2012, 85 percent of black, and 86 percent
of Hispanic students had parents who attended a general meeting, compared with 89 percent of white
students. Sixty-eight percent of black, and 64 percent of Hispanic students had a parent who attended
school events, while 82 percent of white students had a parent who had done so. Thirty-two percent of
Hispanic students and 31 percent of black students had a parent who volunteered their time, compared
with 50 percent of white students. (Appendix 1)

Child Trends Databank. (2015). Parental expectations for their childrens academic attainment. Available
at: https://www.childtrends.org/?indicators=parental-expectations-for-their-childrens-academic-
attainment

Successful parent-involvement programs typically develop in response to a specific need in the school or
its community and are both focused and flexible in addressing that need. A strategy that works in one
school might not be the best choice for another. For instance, while Sacajawea Elementary School in
Seattle has established a Parent Mentor program in which parents are designated to contact other
families to tell them about school activities, another school in the same city, High Point Elementary,
began a program that allows parent volunteers to earn points toward rewards such as computers and
other educational materials. Both programs have been recognized for dramatically increasing parent
involvement.

Successful parent-school partnerships are not stand-alone, add-on programs. Instead, they are well
integrated with the school's overall mission. Typically, quality programs are developed in collaboration
with parents and reflect their needs and interests. Offering child care, translators, and multiple
opportunities to hear information go a long way toward expressing a school's genuine interest in parent
input.

Conclusion

Parents are the most important partner in a child's education and schools can reap large dividends by
capitalizing on their support. To be sure, such relationships require a lot of work by both educators and
parents. Although success will not come easy, the rewards are too great for a school not to try.

Resources

The U.S. Department's Family Involvement in Children's Education offers a useful primer for how to set
up family-involvement partnerships, offering guidelines and case studies.
The Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory (NWREL) published Parent Partners: Using Parents to
Enhance Education, a booklet that examines how and why schools should foster family involvement.

Note: NWREL's Parent Partners booklet has recently been updated and is called Building Trust with
Schools and Diverse Families: A Foundation for Lasting Partnerships.

http://www.readingrockets.org/article/getting-parents-involved-schools

Parental involvement is known to be linked with improved behavior, regular attendance and positive
attitudes. In addition, being involved shows your child you care about his or her education and
schooling. That in itself can make children appreciate the importance of education and help them to
understand that what they are doing has a purpose.

Parental involvement provides a support network for children, which is particularly important when they
face academic hurdles or other challenges with friendships or extra-curricular activities. It also means
you know where your child's education journey is going and are able to be part of the highs and lows
along the way.

As a result, children whose parents stay involved are more likely to have higher self-esteem, be
disciplined, have more self-motivation and tend to achieve better grades, regardless of their ethnic,
social or racial backgrounds.

As well as boosting motivation and providing discipline for children, getting involved has numerous
benefits for the parent. By walking alongside their son or daughter's education journey, parents are more
likely to be sensitive to their child's emotional and social needs.

Parental involvement creates ties and strengthens bonds with children and can boost your confidence in
parenting and any decision-making when it comes to your child's education.

It also leads to the building of stronger relationships within the school, leading to clearer communication
between teachers, parents and children. This can give you more confidence in the school's approach to
education and learning. Schools that have high levels of engagement with parents tend to experience
better community support and positive reputations. Also, when children see a unified approach to their
education between their parents and the school, they are more likely to understand the importance of
their studies.
BENEFITS FOR YOUR CHILD

Research indicates that two thirds of teachers believe parental involvement in education results in better
performance in school. As mentioned earlier, children tend to achieve better grades and tend to be more
motivated when parents are involved. There are a couple of reasons for that.

Some research suggests parental involvement helps give children attention and praise which, in turn,
helps them recognize their education is worthy of adult interest. As children tend to model adult
behaviors, when parents are actively involved with their schooling, children will learn the importance of
education and try to emulate those behaviors from their parents. It also helps children understand that
their schooling isn't just about them. It's a collaborative approach between pupils, teachers and their
parents. This team approach can further motivate them to work hard and produce positive results.
Children who have help from their parents are also more likely to feel competent, and school attendance
becomes more important to them.

Being involved also boosts the mental health of children. It encourages communication between children
and parents, which can foster higher self-esteem and confidence. It can also help children interact better
with their peers and advance their social skills.

Since parental involvement has many benefits for you, the teachers and of course your child, help him or
her succeed by thinking about what you can do to get involved.

http://www.washingtonchristian.org/washington/the-importance-of-parental-involvement-in-your-
childs-education

2017 Washington Christian Academy

Lack of Involvement

Parents who work a lot or are away from home often have children who misbehave or perform poorly at
school. This trend is even more true for children who are raised in single-parent homes. Due to the fact
that they are now the sole proprietor of income, single parents may not be around to help with
homework, often use wavering forms of discipline and are not seen as a consistent parental figure. In
homes where one or both parents remarry to another person or family, children may have to compete
with step-siblings for help or attention, thus negatively impacting their behavior and achievement at
school as well.

Poor Learning Environment

Children who watch more than 2 hours of television a day do more poorly at school than their peers who
watch less television, according to the U.S. Department of Education Family Involvement Partnership for
Learning. Lack of a daily routine or a quiet, well-lit place to do homework and study may also negatively
impact a child's grades and attention span at school. According to the organization, parents whose
children do well at school play an active role in their children's television viewing habits. They also
establish a family routine, including dividing up chores and implementing certain hours of the day for
homework, dinner and bed.

Other Considerations

You can be more involved in your child's academic achievement in a variety of ways. Set high standards
and goals for your child and always ask about school. Make sure he arrives to school on time and does
not skip class. Help with homework whenever you can and establish a relationship with your child's
teacher or school supervisor. Talk to your child about what he wants to be when he grows up and what it
takes to get there. Most importantly, provide a loving, supportive and safe environment at home that
fosters healthy communication and study habits.

"Parent involvement," a term researchers use to describe the interest family takes in a child's education,
is of special interest to educators who encourage parents to help kids at home with homework and
projects. School districts also focus on methods to encourage parents to view the school as an important
part of family life as children grow. Theories on parent involvement explore the links between family and
school interaction and attempt to identify the reasons for high and low parent participation.

Involvement Measures

Studies on parent involvement use several measures, including the type and amount of parent-school
communication. This involves tracking the number of calls made to the student's home, participation in
returning notes or surveys, and recording the number of parents receiving and reading district or school
newsletters. Studies also monitor the time parents spend at the school as volunteers, attendance at
open houses and the number of times parents visit school during the year. Involvement measures also
survey how parents support the school in the home such as offering assistance with homework and
projects, and encouragement for sports and activities. Measures also evaluate the voluntary actions of
parents to enhance school lessons with special trips to museums or travel that incorporates education.

Education Level

Parents have greater involvement at the elementary level, according to "Education Week" published by
Editorial Projects in Education, an independent, nonprofit publisher of products on K-12 education. As
children grow, parents of students involved in extracurricular activities continue to show interest in
school activities, but many parents reduce the amount of time spent volunteering at school and
attending parent activities sponsored by the district or school. The level of parent education also plays a
role in parental involvement. Parents with college and professional degrees also typically have greater
involvement in school activities and understand the importance of encouraging children to do well
academically.

Income and Economics

Income frequently pays an important role in parent involvement in education, according to the
University of Michigan. Time off from work to attend open houses means less income for food in some
households. Jung-Sook Lee and Natasha K. Bowen, social work researchers reporting in the "American
Educational Research Journal," note parents earning a higher income also feel the influence of "cultural
capital" more compared with low-income families. The culture of higher-income families promotes
education and social interaction with other parents, teachers and administrators at the school. Middle-
and high-income families set achievement standards for children and judge success using a standard that
frequently includes comparing child achievement with the level achieved by other children.

Geography and Demographics

Education plays an important part of life in rural areas where entertainment and sports focus on a
central school that serves as a community meeting place, public sports venue and place to see kids
perform in the school auditorium. Parent participation diminishes in areas with schools for different
grade levels. Rural areas have higher levels of parent interaction compared with urban families,
according to educational researchers Peter McDermott and Julia Rothenberg in an article appearing in
"The Qualitative Report" in 2000. Schools with extremely large student populations discourage personal
interaction due to the high student-teacher ratio with limited time for staff to meet with individual
parents.

The Importance of Parent Involvement in Early Childhood Education

by ANDREA PECK Last Updated: Jun 13, 2017 The Harvard Family Research Project defines educational
involvement of families as activities that parents conduct at home and in early childhood settings to
directly or indirectly support their child's learning. Involvement at the preschool level has a number of
lifelong benefits, such as establishing the importance of education and developing a network of helpful
connections. Parental involvement at this critical point provides the child with a springboard that makes
the move to elementary school a more tranquil transition. Parents who are involved in their child's
education create a connection between the home and school. Those who participate along with their
child are privy to the many aspects of their child's day. At home, they are able to replicate and extend
activities that their child experiences in school. An astute parent will pick up where the school left off
and have an intuitive sense for what their child may need to work on to increase his competency and
confidence. Ideas gleaned from the classroom give the parent inspiration for home activities that
coincide with classroom tasks. Involved parents learn the names of various children in their child's class.
They have a sense of who their child's friends are, who may be causing them trouble and how their own
child is getting along in the group.

Why Parent Involvement Is Important

by JAMES ROLAND Last Updated: Jun 13, 2017 Parental involvement can take many forms, including
helping with homework, coaching youth sports, leading scout troops, getting to know a child's teachers
and friends, and much more. The specific form is less significant than the involvement itself. According to
the Michigan Department of Education, research consistently shows that children with involved parents
tend to do better in school, stay out of trouble, and avoid drug and alcohol abuse.

Involvement in School

Involving yourself in your child's education is helpful in many ways. According to a 2001 Michigan
Department of Education report, lack of parental involvement is the biggest problem in the public
schools. Involve yourself in your child's education by helping her to prepare for school and get extra
academic assistance as needed. Students with learning disabilities, whether profound or mild, often
need parents to speak up and advocate for services or accommodations in the classroom. Children of
involved parents consistently have higher test scores, better attendance and higher self-esteem.

Awareness of Problems

By getting involved in your children's lives, you can spot trouble sooner and help your kids faster. The
early signs of anxiety, depression, eating disorders and other mental disorders are sometimes subtle,
such as a comment made in passing, a change of eating and sleeping patterns, dropping old friends and
spending more time alone or with different people, and poor school work. Staying vigilant and watching
for key signals can help save your child's life.

Becoming Responsive

Involvement in your child's school and social life may help you to become more responsive to your
child's needs in all areas--emotional, social, spiritual, intellectual, etc.--according to the website
Education.com. Involved parents report greater confidence in their own parenting and decision-making
skills. Involvement also improves a parent's attitude toward a child's school and toward education in
general.

Reinforcement

Parent involvement signals to your child that his activities are important. When you involve yourself in
what he's doing, your child feels that you respect and value him, his choices and priorities. Involvement
also reinforces the idea that a parent isn't just someone who works and takes care of the home, but
rather is a multidimensional person who can offer a variety of skills, talents and experiences to an
activity. Finally, your involvement in activities outside the home reinforces the vital understanding that
you are there for your children, no matter what the setting.

Setting Examples

You want to teach important lessons that will help your children later in life. By getting involved early and
often, you can help pass along countless lessons. You can establish the importance of reading by taking
your kids to the library and helping them pick out books. You can teach the value of physical activity by
playing tennis or other sports with your children. And you can demonstrate that involvement is a key
part of parenting, so when your children become parents, they will have that experience to draw upon
and carry forward.

https://www.livestrong.com/article/149543-theories-on-parental-involvement/

Sample Best Practices for Parent Involvement in Schools

Research confirms that the involvement of parents and families in their childrens education is critical to
students academic success. House Bill 1, Ohios education reform bill, requires ODE to post examples of
research-based best practices to help schools improve parents involvement in their childrens learning.
The following practices, organized under six categories, are based on the State Board of Educations
Parent and Family Involvement Policy, the National PTAs National Standards for Family-School
Partnerships and Joyce L. Epsteins Framework of Six Types of (Parent) Involvement.

Best Practices by Category

Create a welcoming school climate.

Provide families information related to child development and creating supportive learning
environments.

Establish effective school-to-home and home-to-school communication

Strengthen families knowledge and skills to support and extend their childrens learning at home and
in the community.

Engage families in school planning, leadership and meaningful volunteer opportunities.

Connect students and families to community resources that strengthen and support students learning
and well-being

Create a welcoming school climate.

Provide a personal greeting and welcome packet for all parents visiting the school, including a
community services directory, important school contact information, school calendar and coupons to
local businesses.

Have teachers make personal contacts with families through e-mail, phone calls or home visits.

Hold an open house, prior to school opening, at which families can meet their childrens teachers, tour
the school building and meet other parents.

Provide transportation and child care to enable families to attend school-sponsored, family-
involvement events.

Offer translators to welcome and assist families during school activities.

Create a welcoming school climate

 Provide workshops and materials for parents on typical development and appropriate parent and
school expectations for various age groups.

Print suggestions for parents on home conditions that support learning at each grade level.

Partner with local agencies to provide regular parenting workshops on nutrition, family recreation or
communication.

Have school personnel make home visits at transition points such as preschool and elementary, middle
and high school to help families and students understand what to expect.

Establish effective school-to-home and home-to-school communication.

Provide printed information for parents on homework policies and on monitoring and supporting
student work at home.

Send home folders of student work weekly or monthly for parent review and comment.

Develop electronic grade booklets so families can frequently monitor their childrens progress.

Clearly communicate school policies to all families in their home language.

Establish formal mechanisms for families to communicate to administrators and teachers as needed
(e.g., direct phone numbers, e-mail addresses, weekly hours for families to call or meet).

Create a families suggestion or comment box (electronic and onsite) for families to anonymously
provide their questions, concerns and recommendations.

Strengthen families knowledge and skills to support and extend their childrens learning at home and in
the community.

Provide training and materials for parents on how to improve childrens study skills or learning in
various academic subjects.

Make regular homework assignments that require students to discuss with their families what they are
learning in class.
 Provide a directory of community resources and activities that link to student learning skills and
talents, including summer programs for students.

Offer workshops to inform families of the high expectations and standards children are expected to
meet in each grade level. Provide ways for families to support the expectations and learning at home.

Engage families in opportunities to work with their children in setting their annual academic, college
and career goals.

Engage families in school planning, leadership and meaningful volunteer opportunities.

Create roles for parents on all decision-making and advisory committees, properly training them for
the areas in which they will serve (e.g., curriculum, budget or school safety).

Provide equal representation for parents on school governing bodies.

Conduct a survey of parents to identify volunteer interests, talents and availability, matching these
resources to school programs and staff-support needs.

Create volunteer recognition activities such as events, certificates and thank-you cards.

Establish a parent telephone tree to provide school information and encourage interaction among
parents.

Structure a network that links every family with a designated parent representative

Connect students and families to community resources that strengthen and support students learning
and well-being.

Through school-community partnerships, facilitate families access to community-based programs

(e.g., health care and human services) to ensure that families have resources to be involved in their
childrens education.

Establish school-business partnerships to provide students mentoring, internships and onsite,

experiential learning opportunities.

Connect students and families to service-learning projects in the community.

Invite community partners to share resources at annual open houses or parent-teacher conferences.
Sources

Epstein, J. L., et al. (2009). School, family, and community partnerships: Your handbook for action,
second edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press. Also see: www.partnershipschools.org.

http://www.academia.edu/7729575/CHAPTER_2_Review_of_Related_Literature_and_Studies_Foreign_
Literature_Student_Performance_Galiher (very close thesis)