專題製作

UV LED INSECT LAMP TRAP
By
KAREN DAMARIS ACAJABON LANTAN

And
LUIS CARLOS UBEDA ARAUZ

PROJECT FOR BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING
TAINAN, TAIWAN R.O.C.
JUNE 2012
UV LED FLYING INSECT LAMP TRAP 2012
ABSTRACT
In this work, a UV LED is developed by the

application of a numerical analysis and later on by
experimental tests that aided to prove the theoretical
results.
Firstly, appropriate UV LED and structure material in
order to have the best efficiency. This could be performed
by the materials analysis. This analysis leads the
conclusion that the materials chosen are the best for pour
purposes. The design and construction of prototype was
carried out based on the design made by CAD program
Solid Works. The model was build by experimental
processes, which was part of our work for senior bachelor
project.
The UV LED Insect Lamp Trap was built with the
purpose of compare two different performances of LEDs.
There already exists some lamps like this one; however
our purpose as we mentioned before was to prove that
both kinds of LED can be used with the same purpose and
that this design not only will work to trap insect but also
can be located in places where the customer would need a
good looking device, therefore the lamp can be also used
to decorate.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all we want to thank God and Virgin Mary

Auxiliatrix because they gave us the strength and wisdom
to finish these 4 years of work and sacrifice being away
from home.
We specially want to thank our parents: Sergio
Acajabon, Veronica Lantan, Harvey Ubeda and Lucy de
Fatima Arauz, for growing us up with strength and
courage, for being our friends and guides and for their
unconditional love, patience and for always being there for
us. For encourage us always to keep studying to have a
better life. LOS AMAMOS.
To our families and best friends who despite the

distance have always been supporting us with your love.
We would like to express our gratitude to our dear

advisor Prof. Davis Chu, who has support us through this
time with his patient and knowledge. For the moments
He got angry and pushed us to do it better, in order to
have a brighter future, and especially for your
encouragement to be a better and prepared engineer.
To Taiwan ICDF, for giving us the great opportunity

to come to Taiwan, you opened us the door of a bigger
world, with the biggest opportunities, and the greatest
challenges, we are taking from this country its sense of
attention and respect to others.
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To our team THE TRANSPORTERS for shared your

abilities and knowledge with us throughout all these years,
for being there every day. Definitely we are already
family, we will never forget all the moments we shared
with you. No matter what, we were always together.
For your support and help all these years, our sincere
gratitude to the International Office and the Mechanical
Engineering personnel, for helping us to solve our
problems, for being there when we needed you.
To our Professors for giving us some of the
knowledge they have learned, and for your professional
behavior and patient to explain everything during class.
We really appreciated all graduated students, those

who spend their firsts years helping us, specially Alejandro
Delgadillo, Miaoling Yao, and Christopher Sevilla because
they encourage us a lot to keep on, studying hard and to
do things better every day, always willing to help us not
only on school but also in our daily life. Thanks for your
love and friendship.
To the KSU family; thanks for being more than

friends our family in Taiwan; definitely we will miss.
From Karen:
To Sergio Jose, my dear brother, because God made

us family and life made us best friends, mi checho you are
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the best friend Ive ever had thank you with all my heart
for EVERYTHING! You are an essential part of my life.
To David because despite de distance you are always

letting me know that you love me and you are always
encouraging me to be keep going I love you baby bro.
To the best Girl Friends I could ever ask for, Ingrid

Rodriguez, Nicole Carballo, Lesly Orozco, Lucia Rodriguez,
Monserrat Machado, Vanessa Pea, Evelyn Soto, Miaoling
Yao, Viria Delgadillo, Patricia Escobar, Cristiana Ortega, I
want you to know that my life wouldnt be the same
without you, because near or far you have always been
there for me with the best support a person might need. I
LOVE YOU GIRLS.
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CONTENTS
Abstract 2
Acknowledgments 3
List of figures 8
List of tables 10
1. Introduction 11
1.1 Purpose of Study 11
2. Background 12
2.1 Insects 12
2.1.1 Pests 14
2.1.2 Flying insects 15
2.2 UV Light 19
2.3 LED Light 22
2.3.1 UV LED 28
2.4 Insect Lamp Trap 30
2.5 Glues Insect Trap 31
2.6 Aluminium 35
3. Numerical Analysis / Material Analysis 42
3.1 Aluminum Analysis 42
3.1.1 Aluminum Physical Analysis 42
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3.1.2 Aluminum Chemical Analysis 43
3.1.3 Isotopes 44
3.2 UV LED and Violet LED 45
3.2.1 Ultraviolet LED analysis 45
3.2.2 Violet LED analysis 47
4. Experimental Methods 49
4.1 UV LED Insect Lamp Trap Design 49
4.1.1 CAD of UV LED Insect Lamp Trap 49

4.2 UV LED Insect Lamp Trap Parts and Assembly
54
Process
4.2.1 Insect Lamp Structure 54
4.2.2 Insect Trap PCB and Power Source 57
4.3 Trace Pro Analysis 59
4.4 Comsol Analysis 62
5. Results and Discussion 68
Conclusions 73
Future Work 75
References 77
Appendix 82
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Insect Near Human Body 18
Figure 2 UVA spectrum captured by insect sight 19
Figure 3 Electromagnetic Spectrum 21
Figure 4 LED structure 24
Figure 5 UV LED Graph (wavelength vrs Optical 28

Output Power
Figure 6 Thermal Conductivity 44
Figure 7 UV LED wavelength vrs intisity Graph 45
Figure 8 UV LED Reflected on a white Surface 46
Figure 9 Violet LED wavelength vrs intisity Graph 47
Figure 10 - Violet Reflected on a white Surface 48
Figure 11 Lamp Diametric view 49
Figure 12 - Lamp Isometric view 49
Figure 13 - Lamp Isometric view (front, top and side 50

view)
Figure 14 - Lamp Isometric view (2D) 51
Figure 15 - LED Isometric view 52
Figure 16 - LED Isometric view (front, top and side 52

view)
Figure 17 - LED Isometric view (2D) 53
Figure 18 - Lamp final Assembly (real) 54
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Figure 19 Lamp Parts 55
Figure 20 Lamp Final assembly 56
Figure 21 Power Source 57
Figure 22 Violet LED 57
Figure 23 PCB 58
Figure 24 LED Final Assembly 58
Figure 25 Wavelength and Radiation Pattern 59
Figure 26 LED beam Pattern 60
Figure 27 TracePro Simulation 60
Figure 28 - TracePro Simulation 61
Figure 29 - TracePro data file 61
Figure 30 - TracePro Reflector 62
Figure 31 - TracePro Candle Plot 62
Figure 32 - Comsol Simulation 65
Figure 36 Results of the Changes in light intensity 69

by varying LED arrangement and
reflector angle as well as reflector length
Figure 37 Faceted Lamp and its reflector design 72
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Kinds of Pests 15
Table 2 Flying Insects Orders 16
Table 3 Kinds of UV Lights 20
Table 4 Kinds of UV LED 29
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1. INTRODUCCION
1.1 PORPUSE OS STUDY
Of all the insects that jeopardize man's health,

mosquitoes rank first. They transmit some of the worst
diseases known to man, including dengue fever, malaria,
encephalitis, and yellow fever. Few species are harmless
or even useful to humanity, most are a nuisance because
they suck blood from vertebrates, many of them
attacking humans. In feeding on blood, various species of
mosquitoes transmit some of the most harmful human
and livestock diseases. Some authorities argue
accordingly that mosquitoes are the most dangerous
animals on earth.
We sincerely believe that LEDs have a long future

across many applications and functions especially with
regards to health, LEDs generate narrow band diffused
light, barely produce any heat and they are very cheap.
Thanks to its compactness, lower cost of ownership

and environmental friendly composition, it is expected
that UV LED will replace traditional lamps and also will
open the door to many new applications. In 2008, LEDs in
the UV A/B spectrum were the dominant device in the
sub-400nm applications.
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This project will go into a little detail that explains

the ranges of the ultraviolet spectrum used in these
different applications, especially pest management, light
bulbs in fly traps and how flying insects are affected by UV
light bulbs.
Although insects (photo-positive) can see ultraviolet
energy and will respond to it, response range is
completely dependent upon the visual acuity of the insect
species. Insect visual range is generally less than 100 feet.
A night flying insect doesn't necessarily maintain a beeline
to the source, at least over the last several feet. Unlike
the human eye, with its single lens, many night flying
insects have eyes made up of hundreds, sometimes
thousands, of tiny windows which diffuse the image.
Fly traps that use ultraviolet (UV) or pheromones are
generally safer to use indoors than conventional space
sprays or surface sprays. There are certain situations that
call for the use of insecticide sprays to kill flies but care
should be taken before using such products.
The following pages reflect our honest attempt to
blend together the vast information available to the
entomologist, and technical knowledge of the engineer,
with our knowledge of insect control and trapping and
turn it into a practical approach that will help solve a
problem common to all industries worldwide.
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2. BACKGROUND
2.1 INSECTS
Insects (from Latin insectum, "cut into sections") are

a class of living creatures within the arthropods that have
a three-part body (head, thorax, and abdomen), three
pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes, and two antennae.
They are among the most diverse groups of animals on
the planet, including more than a million
described species and representing more than half of all
known living organisms.
The insects go through four stages in their life

cycle: egg, larva, pupa, and adult or imago. Insects
growth is constrained by the inelastic exoskeleton and
development involves a series of molts. The immature
stages can differ from the adults in structure, habit and
habitat and can include a passive pupal stage in those
groups that undergo complete metamorphosis. Insects
that undergo incomplete metamorphosis lack a pupal
stage and adults develop through a series
of nymphal stages.
Insects typically move about by walking, flying or
occasionally swimming. Insects are the only invertebrates
to have evolved flight. Many insects spend at least part of
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their life underwater, with larval adaptations that
include gills and some adult insects are aquatic and have
adaptations for swimming. Insects are mostly solitary, but
some insects live in well-organized colonies. Insects can
communicate with each other in a variety of ways; some
male insects can sense the pheromones of female over
distances of many kilometers. Other species communicate
with sounds and others communicate with light.
Most insects, except some species of cave crickets,

are able to perceive light and dark. Many species have
acute vision capable of detecting minute movements. The
eyes include simple eyes or ocelli as well as compound
eyes of varying sizes. Many species are able to detect
light in the infrared, ultraviolet and the visible
light wavelengths.
2.1.1 PESTS
Pests are recognized as pests, because they are very

good at finding food and shelter in places we don't want
them to be.
Every pest has special adaptations, or abilities, that

let it live and thrive in and around our homes. In the table
below you can find the different kinds of pests. Humans
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regard most of the insects as pests and attempt to control

them using insecticides and a host of other techniques.
PEST CLASS
Ants Insect
Bed Bugs Insect
Bees Insect
Beetles Insect
Birds Aves
Cockroaches Insect
Dust Mites Insect
Earwigs Insect
Fleas Insect
Flies Insect
Gophers Rodent
Lice Insect
Mice Rodent
Mosquitoes Insect
Moths Insect
Opossums Mammal
Pill Bugs Insect
Rats Rodent
Spiders Arachnid
Stink Bugs Insect
Termites Insect
Ticks Arachnid
Voles Mammal
Wasps Insect
Table 1 Kinds of pests
2.1.2 FLYING INSECTS
The flying insects are the subclass Pterygota.
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ORDER FLYING INSECT

Ants, bees, wasps,
Hymenoptera
horntails, and sawflies
Coleoptera Beetles
Lepidoptera Butterflies and Moths
Trichoptera Caddisflies
Odonata Dragonflies and Damselflies
Siphonaptera Fleas
Diptera Flies
Ephemeroptera Mayflies
Grasshoppers, Crickets and
Orthoptera
Katydids
Blattaria, cockroaches, and
Dictyoptera
mantis
Phasmida Stick and Leaf Insects
Plecoptera Stoneflies
Isoptera Termites
Bugs, Aphids, Cicadas and
Hemiptera
Hoppers
Table 2 Flying Insects Orders
Of all the insects that jeopardize man's health,

mosquitoes rank first; there are more than 3,500 species
of mosquitoes.
Only female mosquitoes bite people. Both male and

female feed mainly on fruit and plant nectar, but the
female also needs the protein in blood to help her eggs
develop. Once she's had her fill of blood, she'll rest a
couple of days before laying her eggs.
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Mosquitoes don't have teeth. The females bite with

a long, pointed mouthpart called a proboscis. They use
the serrated proboscis to pierce the skin and locate a
capillary, then draw blood through one of two tubes.
A mosquito can drink up to three times its weight in

blood.
Female mosquitoes can lay up to 300 eggs at a

time.
The average mosquito lifespan is less than two

months and they feed day and night
Mosquitoes can't fly very far or very fast. Most

mosquitoes can fly no more than about one to three miles,
and often stay within several hundred feet of where they
were hatched. However, a few salt marsh species can
travel up to 40 miles. The top speed for a mosquito is
about 1.5 miles per hour. Generally they fly below 25 feet.
Mosquitoes don't see very well, but they zoom in like

a heat-seeking missile. In the spherical arrangement of
their compound eyes, blind spots separate each eye from
the next one. As a result, they can't see you until they are
10 meters away. Even then, they have trouble
distinguishing you. When they are 3 meters away they
use extremely sensitive thermal receptors on the tip of
their antennae to locate blood near the surface of the skin.
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The range of these receptors increases threefold when the

humidity is high.
Mosquitoes can smell human breath, because of the
receptors on their antennae that detect carbon dioxide
released when we exhale. They can also detect octenol, a
chemical released in sweet, cholesterol, folic acid, certain
bacteria, skin lotions and perfume. They have in their
around their mouthsparts some heat sensors, so they are
also attracted to our body heat.
Figure 1 - Insect near Human Body
The eye of the insect is made up of hundreds of tiny

hexagonal lenses, which form a curved lattice across the
of the eye. Unlike humans, flies can see ultraviolet light,
due to the complex makeup of their eyes. Insects are
attracted to light, are said to be phototactic. All light
sources emit some level of UV and it is this UV that flying
insects actively search out, mistaking it for the sun's rays.
Insects are most attractive to UV light between 350 and
370 nm in wavelength, but the can detect up to 410nm.
This UV falls in UVA spectrum.
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Figure 2 UVA spectrum captures by insect sight
2.2 UV LIGHT
Ultraviolet (UV) light is electromagnetic

radiation with a wavelength shorter than that of visible
light, but longer than X-rays, in the range 10 nm to
400 nm, and energies from 3 eV to 124 eV. It is named
because the spectrum consists of electromagnetic waves
with frequencies higher than those that humans identify
as the color violet. These frequencies are invisible to
humans, but visible to a number of insects and birds.
They are also indirectly visible, by
causing fluorescent materials to glow with visible light.
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Ultraviolet light is not visible to the human eye, but

can be found slightly to the right of visible light on the
light spectrum. Measured in nanometers, UV light has a
wavelength lying between 10 and 400 nanometers in
length.
UV is divided into three spectrums,
UV-C, also known as Germicidal Irradiation, lies in the
spectrum between 100 and 280 nm and is used for
purification of air, water and surfaces.
UVB is used for tanning purposes and has a
wavelength of between 280 and 315 nm.
UVA, sometimes referred to as black light/blue, lies
between 315 and 400 nm and is used within insect control
equipment.
The electromagnetic spectrum of ultraviolet light can
be subdivided in a number of ways. (ISO-DIS-21348,
determining solar irradiances)
Wavelength Energy per

Name Abbreviation
(nm) photon (eV)
Before UV
Visible light Over 400 Under 3.10
spectrum
Ultraviolet A,
UVA 400 -315 3.10 3.94
long wave
Near (visible
NUV 400 300 3.10 4.13
to birds,
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insects and
fishes)
Ultraviolet B,
medium UVB 315 280 3.94 4.43
wave
Middle MUV 300 200 4.13 6.20
Ultraviolet C, UVC
280 100 4.23 12.4
germicidal
Far FUV 200 122 6.20 10.2
Vacuum VUV 200 100 6.20 12.4
Low LUV 100 88 12.4 14.1
Super SUV 150 10 8.28 124
Extreme EUV 121 - 10 10.2 - 124
Table 3 Kinds of UV Lights
Ultraviolet rays (or UV rays) used in light bulbs can

be used for flying insect traps, tanning beds and in
sanitation programs.
Figure 3 Electromagnetic Spectrum
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2.3 Light Emitting Diode
LED is short for Light Emitting Diode, a small device

that converts electricity in light and heat. LED technology
is based on the semiconductor technology, the first LEDs
in 1962 emitted light in the red color spectrum, now days
LEDs emit light across the visible, ultraviolet and infrared
wavelengths, with very high brightness.
When a light-emitting diode is switched on, electrons
are able to recombine with electron holes within the
device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This
effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the
light is determined by the energy gap of the
semiconductor. An LED is often small in area (less than 1
mm^2), and integrated optical components may be used
to shape its radiation pattern. LEDs present many
advantages over incandescent light sources including
lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved
robustness, smaller size, faster switching, and greater
durability and reliability.
Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as
diverse as replacements for aviation lighting, automotive
lighting, as well as in traffic signals. The compact size, the
possibility of narrow bandwidth, switching speed, and
extreme reliability of LEDs has allowed new text and video
displays and sensors to be developed, while their high
switching rates are also useful in advanced
communications technology. Infrared LEDs are also used
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in the remote control units of many commercial products

including televisions, DVD players, and other domestic
appliances.
The first commercial LEDs were commonly used as
replacements for incandescent and neon indicator lamps,
and in seven-segment displays, first in expensive
equipment such as laboratory and electronics test
equipment, then later in appliances.
These red LEDs were bright enough only for use as
indicators, as the light output was not enough to
illuminate an area. Readouts in calculators were so small
that plastic lenses were built over each digit to make them
legible. Later, other colors grew widely available and also
appeared in appliances and equipment. As LED materials
technology grew more advanced, light output rose, while
maintaining efficiency and reliability at acceptable levels.
The invention and development of the high power white
light LED led to use for illumination, which is fast replacing
incandescent and fluorescent lighting. Most LEDs were
made in the very common 5 mm T1 and 3 mm T1
packages, but with rising power output, it has grown
increasingly necessary to shed excess heat to maintain
reliability, so more complex packages have been adapted
for efficient heat dissipation. Packages for state-of-the-art
high power LEDs bear little resemblance to early LEDs.
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The first high-brightness blue LED was demonstrated

by Shuji Nakamura of Nichia Corporation and was based
on InGaN borrowing on critical developments in GaN
nucleation on sapphire substrates and the demonstration
of p-type doping of GaN which were developed by Isamu
Akasaki and H. Amano in Nagoya.
The efficiency and reliability of high brightness LEDs
and demonstrated a very impressive result by using a
transparent contact made of indium tin oxide (ITO) on
(AlGaInP/GaAs) LED. The existence of blue LEDs and high
efficiency LEDs quickly led to the development of the first
white LED, which employed a Y3Al5O12:Ce, or "YAG",
phosphor coating to mix yellow (down-converted) light
with blue to produce light that appears white.
In 2009, a process for growing gallium nitride (GaN)
LEDs on silicon has been reported. Epitaxy costs could be
reduced by up to 90% using six-inch silicon wafers instead
of two-inch sapphire wafers.
Figure 4 LED structure
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The advantages we can mention about LEDs are:

LEDs emit more light per watt than incandescent
light bulbs. Their efficiency is not affected by shape
and size, unlike fluorescent light bulbs or tubes.
LEDs can emit light of an intended color without
using any color filters as traditional lighting
methods need. This is more efficient and can lower
initial costs.
LEDs can be very small and are easily populated
onto printed circuit boards.
LEDs light up very quickly. A typical red indicator
LED will achieve full brightness in under a
microsecond. LEDs used in communications devices
can have even faster response times.
LEDs are ideal for uses subject to frequent on-off
cycling, unlike fluorescent lamps that fail faster
when cycled often, or HID lamps that require a long
time before restarting.
LEDs can very easily be dimmed either by pulse-
width modulation or lowering the forward current.
In contrast to most light sources, LEDs radiate very
little heat in the form of IR that can cause damage
to sensitive objects or fabrics. Wasted energy is
dispersed as heat through the base of the LED.
LEDs mostly fail by dimming over time, rather than
the abrupt failure of incandescent bulbs.
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LEDs can have a relatively long useful life. One

report estimates 35,000 to 50,000 hours of useful
life, though time to complete failure may be longer.
Fluorescent tubes typically are rated at about
10,000 to 15,000 hours, depending partly on the
conditions of use, and incandescent light bulbs at
1,0002,000 hours.
LEDs, being solid state components, are difficult to
damage with external shock, unlike fluorescent and
incandescent bulbs which are fragile.
The solid package of the LED can be designed to
focus its light. Incandescent and fluorescent
sources often require an external reflector to collect
light and direct it in a usable manner.
The disadvantages we can mention about LEDs are:

LEDs are currently more expensive, price per lumen,
on an initial capital cost basis, than most
conventional lighting technologies. The additional
expense partially stems from the relatively low lumen
output and the drive circuitry and power supplies
needed.
LED performance largely depends on the ambient
temperature of the operating environment. Over-
driving an LED in high ambient temperatures may
result in overheating the LED package, eventually
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leading to device failure. Adequate heat sinking is

needed to maintain long life.
LEDs must be supplied with the voltage above the
threshold and a current below the rating. This can
involve series resistors or current-regulated power
supplies.
Most cool-white LEDs have spectra that differ
significantly from a black body radiator like the sun
or an incandescent light. The spike at 460 nm and
dip at 500 nm can cause the color of objects to be
perceived differently under cool-white LED
illumination than sunlight or incandescent sources,
due to metaerism, red surfaces being rendered
particularly badly by typical phosphor based cool-
white LEDs. However, the color rendering properties
of common fluorescent lamps are often inferior to
what is now available in state-of-art white LEDs.
There is a concern that blue LEDs and cool-white
LEDs are now capable of exceeding safe limits of the
so-called blue-light hazard as defined in eye safety
specifications such as ANSI/IESNA RP-27.105:
Recommended Practice for Photo biological Safety for
Lamp and Lamp Systems.
Unlike incandescent light bulbs, which illuminate
regardless of the electrical polarity, LEDs will only
light with correct electrical polarity.
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2.3.1 UV LED
LEDs can be manufactured to emit light in the

ultraviolet range, although practical LED arrays are very
limited below 365 nm. LED efficiency at 365 nm is about
5-8%, whereas efficiency at 395 nm is closer to 20%, and
power outputs at these longer UV wavelengths are also
better. Such LED arrays are beginning to be used for UV
curing applications, and are already successful in digital
print applications and inert UV curing environments.
Power densities approaching 3000 mW/cm2 (30
30 kW/m2) are now possible, and this, coupled with recent
developments by photoinitiator and resin formulators,
makes the expansions of LED-curved UV materials likely.
UV LED provides high-power output and superior cost
performance. Every spectral wavelength from 365nm to
430nm & various kinds of package sizes from 3mm round
type, 5mm round types to 5mm cylinder type are
available
Figura 5 UV LED graph

(wavelength vrs optical output power)
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UV LED
Dia. 3mm 5mm
Package Type Round Round Cylinder
Viewing angle 20 15 90
Series
Data Range Part Number
Sheet
365nm~375n
370nm 370-3R20 370-5R15 370-5C90
m
375nm~385n
380nm 380-3R20 380-5R15 380-5C90
m
385nm~395n
390nm 390-3R20 390-5R15 390-5C90
m
395nm~405n
400nm 400-3R20 400-5R15 400-5C90
m
400nm~410n
405nm 405-3R20 405-5R15 405-5C90
m
405nm~415n
410nm 410-3R20 410-5R15 410-5C90
m
410nm~420n
415nm 415-3R20 415-5R15 415-5C90
m
415nm~425n
420nm 420-3R20 420-5R15 420-5C90
m
420nm~430n
425nm 425-3R20 425-5R15 425-5C90
m
425nm~435n
430nm 430-3R20 430-5R15 430-5C90
m
Table 4 Kinds of UV LED
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2.4 INSECTS LAMP TRAMP
Fluorescent lamps without a phosphorescent coating

to convert UV to visible light, emit ultraviolet light. Eighty-
five to ninety percent of the UV produced by these lamps
is at 253.7 nm, while only five to ten percent is at 185 nm.
Most of the insect lamp Traps have one thing in

common, which is attract the mosquitoes with UV light, as
you could read in the past sections of this document,
mosquitoes are attracted to a variety of elements there
are different kinds of insect lamp tramps, but most of
them use Uv light and other methods. You can find lamp
tramps using different principals to attract insects like the
ones listed below:
UV light
UV LED light
Zappers, which means the lamp has some kind of
electricity between the light and the rest of the
environment so when the mosquito flies on the
light direction get electrocuted by it.
Chemical and thermal attractants
Some of them use as power source electricity and

some others work with solar energy. Lamp can be made
of different materials and their well performance depends
on different factors like:
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The size, phosphor, intensity, age, and brand.

Size, shape and type of reflector
Species, age, sex and number of insects
Design and position of traps
Size and layout of test area
Temperature
Humidity
Existing lighting
In the appendix you can find some example pictures

referring to an insect lamp trap examples.
2.5 GLUE INSECT TRAP
These are setup to eliminate the use of poisons as

well as get rid of the mess someone could leave trying to
swat a fly. Insect glue traps like the glue board have been
around for years, and are setup as trays coated with a
sticky adhesive. Even though trays are extremely popular,
there are other options as well. For instance, if you want
to alleviate your fly frustration in the garage then hanging
traps would be used.
How to do they work?
Once the fly runs into or lands on the trap it's

stopped in its tracks. The more it tries to move around
and get away, the more immobilized it becomes. This is
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due to the various ingredients found in each of these

insect glue traps. Whether it's mineral oils, resins, or
synthetic rubber, the mixture is the perfect solution.
You will also find that these are usually treated with
food flavoring. Just think of it as the part which attracts
the flies.
How long before they Die?
If by chance you forget to check your insect glue

traps each day, it could take anywhere from 3 to 5 days
for the fly to die. Several different issues can occur once
the fly is trapped. Most of the time they die from
exhaustion from struggling so mightily to break free.
Eventually they lay their heads down and suffocate once it
is embedded in the glue.
Oddly enough, you might find the insect biting off the
limbs that are stuck in order to break free. Then again,
you probably won't be watching this happen at all.
Are Insect Glue Traps Safe?
This is an ongoing question considering the issues

with other trapping options. In regards to the tray itself,
this is probably the safest option out there. However, you
do have to consider the health concerns when feces and
urine is left on the tray. If not discarded probably, it's
possible you could become sick.
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In the end, glue boards can be the best insect glue

traps available. All you have to do is utilize them the right
way.
Insect trap specifications:
Chemical ingredients:
a. Polybutylenes
b. Polyisobutylenes
Insect and/or rodent traps function by means of a

permanently tacky polymeric coating.
These coatings contain the same group of resins

coated on plastic trays or paper cardboard. However, the
percentage of each component varies for each formula.
Risks for Health (Acute and Chronic): The Product

can be harmful if swallowed in huge quantities and in case
of contact with the skin.
Precaution norms:
Keep out of reach of children and pets.

When using, do not contaminate food, drinks or
containers meant to contain them.
Avoid contact with skin and eyes.
Hazardous Components:
OSHA has established no permissible exposure limits

for this blend of polymers. However, no significant health
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and safety hazard is expected since individual components

of blend have good health and safety profile.
Personal Protection:
PVC or rubber gloves, do not handle with bare hands.

Spread the product with means of spatulas.
Procedures to be followed for disposal:
The damaged product or the polluted material must

be delivered to authorized companies for the appropriate
disposal in accordance with norms into force.
Physical Characteristics:
Softening Point: 50 70 C
Boiling Point: N/A
Volatile: N/A
Water Solubility: Negligible
Specific Gravity: Greater than 0.70
Stability: Stable.
Polymerization: Will not occur
Conditions to avoid: Do not combine with strong

oxidizing agents.
Hazardous Decomposition products: None other

than ordinary product of combustion.
Store it in dry and cool area.
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2.6 ALUMINIUM
Aluminium or aluminum is a silvery white member of

the boron group of chemical elements. It has the
symbol Al, and its atomic number is 13. It is not soluble in
water under normal circumstances.
Aluminium is the third most abundant element

(after oxygen and silicon), and the most abundant metal,
in the Earth's crust. It makes up about 8% by weight of
the Earth's solid surface. Aluminium metal is too reactive
chemically to occur natively. Instead, it is found combined
in over 270 different minerals. The chief ore of aluminium
is bauxite.
Aluminium is remarkable for the metal's low density

and for its ability to resist corrosion due to the
phenomenon of passivation. Structural components made
from aluminium and its alloys are vital to the aerospace
industry and are important in other areas and structural
oftransportation materials. The most useful compounds of
aluminium, at least on a weight basis, are the oxides and
sulfates.
Despite its prevalence in the environment, aluminium

salts are not known to be used by any form of life. In
keeping with its pervasiveness, aluminium is well
tolerated by plants and animals. Due to their prevalence,
potential beneficial (or otherwise) biological roles of
aluminium compounds are of continuing interest.
Natural occurrence
Stable aluminium is created when hydrogen fuses

with magnesium either in large stars or in supernovae.
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In the Earth's crust, aluminium is the most abundant

(8.3% by weight) metallic element and the third most
abundant of all elements (after oxygen and
silicon). Because of its strong affinity to oxygen, it is
almost never found in the elemental state; instead it is
found in oxides or silicates. Feldspars, the most common
group of minerals in the Earth's crust, are aluminosilicates.
Native aluminium metal can only be found as a minor

phase in low oxygen fugacity environments, such as the
interiors of certain volcanoes. Native aluminium has been
reported in cold seeps in the northeastern continental
slope of the South China Sea and Chen et al. (2011) have
proposed a theory of its origin as resulting by reduction
from tetrahydroxoaluminate Al(OH)4 to metallic
aluminium by bacteria.
It also occurs in the minerals beryl, cryolite,

garnet, spinel and turquoise. Impurities in Al2O3, such
as chromium or iron yield, the gemstones ruby and
sapphire respectively.
Although aluminium is an extremely common and

widespread element, the common aluminium minerals are
not economic sources of the metal. Almost all metallic
aluminium is produced from the ore bauxite (AlOx(OH)32x).
Bauxite occurs as a weathering product of low iron and
silica bedrock in tropical climatic conditions. Large
deposits of bauxite occur in Australia, Brazil, Guinea and
Jamaica and the primary mining areas for the ore are
in Australia, Brazil, China, India, Guinea, Indonesia, Jamai
ca, Russia and Suriname.
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Production and refinement
Aluminium forms strong chemical bonds with oxygen.

Compared to most other metals, it is difficult to extract
from ore, such as bauxite, due to the high reactivity of
aluminum and the high melting point of most of its ores.
For example, direct reduction with carbon, as is used to
produce iron, is not chemically possible because
aluminium is a stronger reducing agent than carbon.
Indirect carbothermic reduction can be carried out using
carbon and Al2O3, which forms an intermediate Al4C3 and
this, can further yield aluminium metal at a temperature
of 19002000 C. This process is still under development;
it requires less energy and yields less CO2 than the Hall-
Hroult process, the major industrial process for
aluminium extraction. Electrolytic smelting of alumina was
originally cost-prohibitive in part because of the high
melting point of alumina, or aluminium oxide,
(about 2,000 C (3,600 F)). Many minerals, however, will
dissolve into a second already molten mineral, even if the
temperature of the melt is significantly lower than the
melting point of the first mineral. Molten cryolite was
discovered to dissolve alumina at temperatures
signifcanlty lower than the melting point of pure alumina
without interfering in the smelting process. In the Hall-
Hroult process, alumina is first dissolved into
molten cryolite with calcium fluoride and then electolyticall
reduced to aluminium at a temperature between 950 and
980 C (1,740 to 1,800 F). Cryolite is a chemical
compound of aluminium and sodium fluorides: (Na3AlF6).
Although cryolite is found as a mineral in Greenland, its
synthetic form is used in the industry. The aluminium
oxide itself is obtained by refining bauxite in the Bayer
process
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Aluminum recycling
Aluminium recycling is the process by

which scrap aluminium can be reused in products after its
initial production. The process involves simply re-melting
the metal, which is far less expensive and energy
intensive than creating new aluminium through
the electrolysis of aluminium oxide (Al2O3), which must
first be mined from bauxite ore and then refined using
the Bayer process. Recycling scrap aluminium requires
only 5% of the energy used to make new aluminium. For
this reason, approximately 31% of all aluminium produced
in the United States comes from recycled scrap. Used
beverage containers are the largest component of
processed aluminum scrap, with most UBC scrap
manufactured back into aluminum cans.
A common practice since the early 1900s and

extensively capitalized during World War II, aluminium
recycling is not new. It was, however, a low-profile
activity until the late 1960s when the exploding popularity
of aluminium beverage cans finally placed recycling into
the public consciousness.
Sources for recycled aluminium include aircraft,

automobiles, bicycles, boats, computers, cookware, gutter
s, siding, wire, and many other products that need a
strong light weight material, or a material with
high thermal conductivity. As recycling does not damage
the metal's structure, aluminium can be recycled
indefinitely and still be used to produce any product for
which new aluminium could have been used.
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Advantages
The recycling of aluminium generally produces

significant cost savings over the production of new
aluminium even when the cost of collection, separation
and recycling are taken into account. Over the long term,
even larger national savings are made when the reduction
in the capital costs associated with landfills, mines and
international shipping of raw aluminium are considered.
Application
Aluminium is the most widely used non-ferrous

metal. Global production of aluminium in 2005 was 31.9
million tonnes. It exceeded that of any other metal
except iron (837.5 million tonnes). Forecast for 2012 is
4245 million tonnes, driven by rising Chinese output.
Aluminium is almost always alloyed, which markedly

improves its mechanical properties, especially
when tempered. For example, the common aluminium
foils and beverage cans are alloys of 92% to 99%
aluminium. The main alloying agents are copper, zinc,
magnesium, manganese, and silicon and the levels of
these other metals are in the range of a few percent by
weight.
Some of the many uses for aluminium metal are in:
Transportation (automobiles, aircraft, trucks, railway

cars, marine vessels, bicycles, etc.) as sheet, tube,
castings, etc.
Packaging (cans, foil, etc.)
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Construction (windows, doors, siding, building wire,

etc.).
A wide range of household items, from cooking
utensils to baseball bats, watches.
Street lighting poles, sailing ship masts, walking poles,
etc.
Outer shells of consumer electronics, also cases for
equipment e.g. photographic equipment.
Electrical transmission lines for power distribution.
MKM steel and Alnico magnets.
Super purity aluminium (SPA, 99.980% to 99.999% Al),
used in electronics and CDs.
Heat sinks for electronic appliances such as transistors
and CPUs.
Substrate material of metal-core copper clad laminates
used in high brightness LED lighting.
Powdered aluminium is used in paint, and in
pyrotechnic ssuch as solid rocket fuels and thermite.
Aluminium can be reacted with hydrochloric acid or
with sodium hydroxide to produce hydrogen gas.
A variety of countries, including France, Italy, Poland,
Finland, Romania, Israel, and the former Yugoslavia,
have issued coins struck in aluminium or aluminium-
copper alloys.
Some guitar models sports aluminium diamond

plates on the surface of the instruments, usually either
chrome or black. Kramer Guitars and Travis Bean are both
known for having produced guitars with necks made of
aluminium, which gives the instrument a very distinct
sound.
Aluminium is usually alloyed it is used as pure

metal only when corrosion resistance and/or workability is
more important than strength or hardness. A thin layer of
aluminium can be deposited onto a flat surface by physical
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vapour deposition or (very infrequently) chemical vapour

deposition or other chemical means to form optical
coatings and mirrors.
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3. NUMERICAL ANALYSIS / MATERIAL ANALYSIS
3.1 ALUMINUM ANALYSIS
3.1 .1 ALUMINUM PHYSICAL ANALYSIS
Aluminium is a relatively soft, durable

lightweight, ductile and malleable metal with appearance
ranging from silvery to dull gray, depending on the
surface roughness. It is nonmagnetic and does not easily
ignite. A fresh film of aluminium film serves as a good
reflector (approximately 92%) of visible light and an
excellent reflector (as much as 98%) of medium and far
infrared radiation. The yield strength of pure aluminium is
711 MPa, while aluminium alloys have yield strengths
ranging from 200 MPa to 600 MPa. Aluminium has about
one-third the density and stiffness of steel. It is
easily machined, cast, drawn and extruded.
Aluminium atoms are arranged in a face-centered

cubic (fcc) structure. Aluminium has astacking-fault
energy of approximately 200 mJ/m2.
Aluminium is a good thermal and electrical conductor,

having 59% the conductivity of copper, both thermal and
electrical. Aluminium is capable of being a superconductor,
with a superconducting critical temperature of
1.2 Kelvin and a critical magnetic field of about
100 gauss (10 milliteslas).
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3.1 .2 ALUMINUM CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
Corrosion resistance can be excellent due to a thin

surface layer of aluminium oxide that forms when the
metal is exposed to air, effectively preventing
further oxidation. The strongest aluminium alloys are less
corrosion resistant due to galvanic reactions with
alloyed copper. This corrosion resistance is also often
greatly reduced by aqueous salts, particularly in the
presence of dissimilar metals.
Owing to its resistance to corrosion, aluminium is

one of the few metals that retain silvery reflectance in
finely powdered form, making it an important component
of silver-colored paints. Aluminium mirror finish has the
highest reflectance of any metal in the 200400 nm (UV)
and the 3,00010,000 nm (far IR) regions; in the 400
700 nm visible range it is slightly outperformed
by tin and silver and in the 7003000 (near IR) by
silver, gold, and copper.
Aluminium is oxidized by water to produce hydrogen

and heat:
2 Al + 3 H2O Al2O3 + 3H2
This conversion is of interest for the production.

Challenges include circumventing the formed oxide layer
which inhibits the reaction and the expenses associated
with the storage of energy by regeneration of the Al metal.
Aluminum Resistivity Coefficient 2-p-:

2.65x10-8 (ohm m)
Temperature Coefficient2 3.8x10-3 oC
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Conductivity -: 3.77x107/m
Figure 6 Thermal Conductivity
3.1.3 ISOTOPES
Aluminium has many known isotopes, whose mass

numbers range from 21 to 43; however, only 27Al (stable
isotope) and 26Al (radioactive isotope, t1/2 = 7.2105 y)
occur naturally. 27Al has a natural abundance above
99.9%. 26Al is produced from argon in theatmosphere
by spallation caused by cosmic-ray protons. Aluminium
isotopes have found practical application in dating
marinesediments, manganese nodules, glacial ice, quartz
in rock exposures, and meteorites. The ratio of 26Al
to 10Be has been used to study the role of transport,
deposition, sediment storage, burial times, and erosion on
105 to 106 year time scales. Cosmogenic26Al was first
applied in studies of the Moon and meteorites. Meteoroid
fragments, after departure from their parent bodies, are
exposed to intense cosmic-ray bombardment during their
travel through space, causing substantial 26Al production.
After falling to Earth, atmospheric shielding drastically
reduces 26Al production, and its decay can then be used to
determine the meteorite's terrestrial age. Meteorite
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research has also shown that 26Al was relatively abundant

at the time of formation of our planetary system. Most
meteorite scientists believe that the energy released by
the decay of 26Al was responsible for the melting
and differentiation of some asteroids after their formation
4.55 billion years ago.
3.2 UV LED and VIOLET LED ANALYSIS
3.2.1 ULTRA VIOLET LED ANALYSIS
ULTRAVIOLET 250-395nm Gallium Nitride
Figure 7 UV LED wavelength vrs intensity graph
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This is a 5mm UV LED that emits primarily UVA

radiation peaking at 368nm. An LED that emits UVA isn't
exactly new, but this wavelength (365nm) is relatively
uncommon.
Figure 8 UV LED reflected on a white surface
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3.2.2 VIOLET LED ANALYSIS
Violet LED (395-420nm) LEDs
Figure 9 Violet LED wavelength vrs intensity graph
When viewed directly, this LED produces a bluish-

violet color. When the spot is directed at a white surface,
it appears to have a deep purple color to it.
This is a 5mm violet LED. These are marked as

400nm-410nm as 20 degrees.
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Figure 10 Violet LED reflected on a white surface
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4. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
4.1 UV LED INSECT LAMP TRAP DESIGN
4.1.1 CAD OF UV LED INSECT LAMP TRAP and LED
Figure 11 Lamp DIAMETRIC VIEW
Figure 12 Lamp ISOMETRIC VIEW
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Figure 13 Lamp ISOMETRIC View (FRONT, SIDE AND

TOP VIEW)
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Figure 14 Lamp ISOMETRIC View (2D)
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Figure 15 LED ISOMETRIC VIEW
Figure 16 LED ISOMETRIC View (FRONT, SIDE AND TOP

VIEW)
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Figure 17 LED ISOMETRIC View (2D)
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4.2 UV LED INSECT LAMP TRAP PARTS AND

ASSEMBLY PROCESS
Figure 18 Lamp Final Assembly (real)
4.2.1 INSECT LAMP TRAP STRUCTURE
The insect lamp trap whole body is made of

aluminium. Its dimensions are 40*15*10.5. Its weight is
0.45 kg.
These are the parts we used to build the lamp:
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Figure 19 Lamp Parts
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To assembly the lamp we used welding and some screws.
In the images below you can see the lamp structure

and the final assembly.
Figure 20 Lamp Final Assembly (real)
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4.2.2 INSECT LAMP TRAP PCB AND POWER SOURCE
For the PCB (printed circuit board) we used a PCD for

LEDs and 20 5mm UV LEDs. As power source we are used
a AC/DC power source for 3V.
In the images below you can see the pieces we

used to create the PCB structure, the final assembly and
power source.
Figure 21 Power Source
Figure 22 Violet LED
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Figure 23 PCB
Figure 24 LED Final Assembly
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4.3 TRACE PRO ANALYSIS
First choose the Led for your application, the

following characteristics must be
considered in order to make the right choice:
LED color
LED Flux
LED angle type:
I. Side Emitting
II. Lambertian
III. Batwing
LED Manufacturer
Wavelength and its radiation pattern (Violet LED data

Properties)
Figure 25 - Wavelength and its radiation pattern
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Figure 26 LED Beam Pattern
TracePro Source Property Generator and reference

points and input the data.
Figure 27 TracePro Simmulation
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LED angular intensity distribution
Figure 28 TracePro Simmulation
TracePro data file
Figure 29 TracePro data file
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Reflector
Figure 30 TracePro Reflector
Candela plots
Figure 31 TracePro Candela Plots
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4.4 COMSOL ANALYSIS
Introduction to Comsol Multiphysics
Comsol Multiphysics is an integrated environment for

solving systems of timedependent or stationary second
order in space partial differential equations in one, two,
and three dimensions. Moreover, such equations may be
coupled in an almost arbitrary way. Comsol Multiphysics
provides sophisticated (and convenient) tools for
geometric modeling. Therefore, for many standard
problems, there exist predened so-called application
modes which act like templates in order to hide much of
the complex details of modeling by equations. The
application modes make use of the language used in the
respective engineering discipline. For our purposes, it is
sufficient to work with the core equation model because
we do not need to use the advanced features of Comsol
Multiphysics. There are two forms of the partial differential
equations available, the coefcient form and the general
form.
They read
And
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respectively. We will stick to the coefcient form. It can

only be used for mildly nonlinear problems. For most
nonlinear problems, the general form needs to be used.
The coefcients of the coefcient form may depend both
on x, t, and u. Observe that a dependence on u is not
recommended.
There are several application-specific modules in
COMSOL Multiphysics. The most common applications are:
AC/DC Module
Acoustics Module
CAD Import Module
Chemical Engineering Module
Earth Science Module
Heat Transfer Module
Material Library
The application of the governing equations and

boundary conditions for Comsol Multyphisics is as follows:
LED exterior boundary condition:
Contact Point between various material boundary

conditions:
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P, q come from x and z coordinates
Where, Kxi, Kyi and Kzi are thermal conductivity

direction values from material table, the I represents
different material types. QLED is the heat source that is
generated from the chip, and h is the natural convection
heat transfer coefficient, Ta and To represent the ambient
surrounding temperature and the initial temperature
respectively. In addition, Comsol simulation is used for a
3W UV LED heat setting, the heat flux is about 5-6W /
(m2 k), and at each time step between the grid points,
using iterative algorithms to converge to prove the
transient numerical calculation and experimental accuracy.
Example: LED mosquito lamp
Figure 32 Comsol Simulation
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Figure 33 Comsol Simulation
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Figure 34 Comsol Simmulation
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5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
LED to LED Distance Results
In the matter of LED to LED distance it can be observed

that for a range of 10 to 20 mm light output decreases or
increases by an insignificant value without the use of any
reflector or diffusion film. Also uniform irradiance cannot
be achieved without some external aid. The results are
shown in Figure below. The only critical factor in LED to
LED distance is heat dissipation, if the arrangement is too
clustered together for example in triangular arrangement
heat accumulation is inevitable and heat will not dissipate
properly causing improper function of LED. Using the
range of 10 to 20 mm is safe for all arrangements.
Figure 35 - LED to LED distance light Units measured in foot candle
LED Arrangements Patterns
LED arrangement patterns do prove that different

arrangements produce better results.
For the rectangular model shown in Figure avobe,
linear arrangement had the poorest performance; it had
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the worst uniform irradiance and lowest light intensity.

Staggered and Triangular arrangement proved to be the
best, although triangular arrangement had better
performance over staggered the difference is not much.
Staggered and Triangular had about 20% better uniform
irradiance over Linear without any external aid. In the
case of circular patterns there is barely any difference in
the results from both arrangements. Results are shown in
the figure below.
Figure 36 - Results of the changes in light intensity by varying LED

arrangement and reflector angle as well as reflector length
LIGHT CHANGES DUE TO REFLECTOR

When a reflector is added to an LED luminary many
changes are produced in light intensity and uniform
irradiance. From the five types of reflectors, they all
showed different application possibilities.
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The effect reflector has on LED light source is solely

dependent on LED radiation pattern, LED angle, incident
angle, and the distance between the reflector and the LED.
If the same reflector is used, but the distance of the LED
is changed the entire outcome is changed. It is the same
if LED radiation pattern is changed. A reflector created for
LEDs with radiation pattern of 120 degrees cannot have
the same light intensity and uniform irradiance if using a
LED with a different radiation pattern. Equations (11)-(14)
below demonstrate why LED distance to reflector is
important
It is of extreme importance that when creating a

three dimensional representation of the LED it must be
the exact with the existing LED, or else the correct value
will not concur. LED to LED spacing does not have any
change on lighting because it does not change the angles
that interact with the reflector. The Larger Length L, the
higher the light intensity, as the angle varies so does
the uniform irradiance. The last figure shows how L and
the angle affect the uniform irradiance and light
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intensity. It can be noticed that the best uniform

irradiance is achieved for triangular arrangement for an
angle between ten and fifteen degrees.
Conic, Elliptical and Parabolic reflectors produced the
effect of a concentrator. Using ray tracing equations it is
easy to see that the main factor in these three types of
reflectors is the focus point. Using lens equations it is easy
to find the focus point of each reflector. In order to create
a uniform irradiance using these three reflectors the focus
point must be at a center distance or near the center
between the LED luminary and the Absorber surface. Due
to its concentrator characteristics the three reflectors
increased the light intensity to extremely high values that
would make reading, office task, or any visual task under
such LED luminary very unpleasant. Also in order to
achieve a uniform irradiance large and tall reflectors must
be employed which make the LED luminary have a bulky
aspect.
Faceted and Spline reflectors had the best results in
achieving over 70% uniform irradiance while spreading
the light intensity to an acceptable value that complies
with IESNA requirements to perform certain tasks. But
creating Faceted and Spline reflector involves using more
complicated mathematical equations. For cubic B-spline
reflectors refer to reference. A circular arrangement
provides great example of LED flexibility due to its
radiation pattern, and how to maximize it with the use of
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more complicated reflectors modeled with some

mathematical equations.
Figure 37 - A faceted lamp and its reflector design
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CONCLUSIONS
In this project, a design of insect lamp tramp is

developed by the application of a numerical analysis and
later on by experimental tests that aided to prove the
theoretical results. It presents a step by step procedure of
the most important factors in achieving uniform irradiance
in short time without many complications with the use of
ray sketching equations, two dimensional analytical
drawings and simulation software. At the same time it
provides a method to ensure LED luminary is operating at
a moderate temperature. Where reflectors were combined
with LED arrangement, to successfully demonstrate the
effect LED spacing, reflector length, distance, and other
characteristics of light reflection.
Heat analysis was performed demonstrate the
reliability of numerical analysis.
The analysis done to the project leads to the
conclusion that the material chosen to built this lamp is
adequate material because Aluminiums heat transfer
coefficient is very low and because completely recyclable.
After the comparison between kinds of LEDs (UV LED
and Violet LED) we can conclude that both kinds can be
used for this insect lamp trap because as described before
the insects can detect a wavelength under 410 nm which
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shows that both of them can be detected by mosquito

sight.
We can also conclude that LEDs are environmental
friendly, because of the facts listed below:
Once designed in they may never have to be
replaced in the lifetime of the equipment, reducing
maintenance and waste.
They use less than the 50% energy than
traditional lightening source.
LEDs have a lower power consumption, which
means grater battery life on portable and
disposable equipment.
They do not contain any toxic mercury
Therefore we can conclude the UV LED insect lamp

trap is environmental friendly.
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FUTURE WORK
For future improvement, this lamp can be redesign to

charge its self by solar energy, because usually outdoor
you can have more problems with mosquitoes and all kind
of insects. We can use the same techniques to design a
portable lamb, smaller and with the same idea.
Also to make it cheaper we can use another material

called Aluzink(aluminum and sink), it is cheaper and has
the same characteristics as Aluminium. Also to improve
the attraction of the insects we can use more LED lights to
increment the intensity of the light.
Also we can put some handle to it in order to put

everywhere, like under the desk, on the wall, etc. And
also it can work as a decoration on the wall, with some
modification in the design.
It is important to shape the path of this future

technology with a bright start. By 2020 LED lighting will
have replaced more than 90% of all the existing lighting
technologies. The packaged LED market grew from $6.1
billion in 2009 to $10.2 billion in 2010, a revenue growth
of 67%, according to IMS Researchs new report, The
World Market for LEDs. The $4.1 billion increase in 2010
versus 2009 is by far the largest in the history of LEDs. By
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2013, the global LED market will reach $14.3bn, says

iSuppli, nearly double from 2009. From 2013, LEDs in
general lighting are forecast to account for most growth.
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REFERENCES
Shakhashiri, B. Z. (17 March 2008). "Chemical of the

Week: Aluminum".SciFun.org. University of
Wisconsin. Retrieved 2012-03-04.
Helmboldt, O. (2007). "Aluminum Compounds,
Inorganic". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial
Chemistry. Wiley VCH.DOI:10.1002/14356007.a01_5
27.pub2.
Polmear, I. J. (1995). Light Alloys: Metallurgy of the
Light Metals (3rd ed.).Butterworth-Heinemann.
ISBN 978-0-340-63207-9
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APPENDIX
UV LED DATA SHEETS
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EXISTING UV INSECTS LAMP TRAPS
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GLUE INSECT TRAP
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UV LED INSECT LAMP TRAP

KAREN DAMARIS ACAJABON LANTAN

LUIS CARLOS UBEDA ARAUZ

PROJECT FOR BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL

TAINAN, TAIWAN R.O.C.

In this work, a UV LED is developed by the

KUN SHAN UNIVERSITY

First of all we want to thank God and Virgin Mary

To our families and best friends who despite the

We would like to express our gratitude to our dear

To Taiwan ICDF, for giving us the great opportunity

KUN SHAN UNIVERSITY

To our team THE TRANSPORTERS for shared your

We really appreciated all graduated students, those

To the KSU family; thanks for being more than

To Sergio Jose, my dear brother, because God made

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To David because despite de distance you are always

To the best Girl Friends I could ever ask for, Ingrid

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1.1 Purpose of Study 11

2.1.2 Flying insects 15

2.3 LED Light 22

2.4 Insect Lamp Trap 30

2.5 Glues Insect Trap 31

3. Numerical Analysis / Material Analysis 42

3.1 Aluminum Analysis 42

3.1.1 Aluminum Physical Analysis 42

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3.1.2 Aluminum Chemical Analysis 43

3.2 UV LED and Violet LED 45

3.2.1 Ultraviolet LED analysis 45

3.2.2 Violet LED analysis 47

4.1 UV LED Insect Lamp Trap Design 49

4.1.1 CAD of UV LED Insect Lamp Trap 49

4.2.2 Insect Trap PCB and Power Source 57

4.3 Trace Pro Analysis 59

4.4 Comsol Analysis 62

5. Results and Discussion 68

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Figure 1 Insect Near Human Body 18

Figure 2 UVA spectrum captured by insect sight 19

Figure 3 Electromagnetic Spectrum 21

Figure 4 LED structure 24

Figure 5 UV LED Graph (wavelength vrs Optical 28

Figure 6 Thermal Conductivity 44

Figure 7 UV LED wavelength vrs intisity Graph 45

Figure 8 UV LED Reflected on a white Surface 46

Figure 9 Violet LED wavelength vrs intisity Graph 47

Figure 10 - Violet Reflected on a white Surface 48

Figure 11 Lamp Diametric view 49

Figure 12 - Lamp Isometric view 49

Figure 13 - Lamp Isometric view (front, top and side 50

Figure 14 - Lamp Isometric view (2D) 51

Figure 15 - LED Isometric view 52

Figure 16 - LED Isometric view (front, top and side 52

Figure 18 - Lamp final Assembly (real) 54

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Figure 19 Lamp Parts 55

Figure 20 Lamp Final assembly 56

Figure 21 Power Source 57

Figure 22 Violet LED 57

Figure 24 LED Final Assembly 58

Figure 25 Wavelength and Radiation Pattern 59