WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

Muneer et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

SJIF Impact Factor 2.786
Volume 3, Issue 12, 1692-1697. Research Article ISSN 2278 4357

PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDIES AND ANTI-BACTERIAL ACTIVITIES

OF AMARANTHUS SPINOSUS.L

J. Muneer Ahamath* and J. Sirajudeen

PG and Research Department of Chemistry, Jamal Mohamed College, Tiruchirappalli,

Tamilnadu, India.

ABSTRACT
Article Received on
08 Oct 2014, Amaranthus spinosus Linn. (Amaranthaceae), commonly known as
Revised on 03 Nov 2014, Mulluharivesoppuin Kannada, It is used in the Indian traditional
Accepted on 29 Nov 2014
system of medicine for the treatment of diabetes. The present study was
Nov 2014 carried out to evaluate the antibacterial effect of Amaranthus spinosus L.
*Correspondence for Phytochemical investigations of their extracts revealed the presence of
Author alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, glycosides, cardiac glycosides,
J. Muneer Ahamath
anthraquinones, tannins and saponins. The study scientifically
PG and Research
validates the use of plant in traditional medicine. Antibacterial
Department of Chemistry,
Jamal Mohamed College, activity of leaf extract of Amaranthus spinosus.l was studied using
Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, ethanol extract against bacterial strains like bacillus subtilis, S.
India. Epidermis, E.coli and Proteus.sp. The anti-bacterial activity was
determined by disc diffusion method.
KEYWORDS: Plant extract, Phytochemicals, Anti-bacterial, GC-MS analysis.

INTRODUCTION
Infectious diseases are worlds leading cause of premature death, killing 50,000 people every
day. Resistance to antimicrobial agents is emerging in a wide variety of pathogens and multiple
drug resistance is becoming common in diverse organisms. The microbial resistance is
growing day by day and the outlook for the use of antimicrobial drugs in the future is still
uncertain. Therefore, measures to be taken to reduce this problem, for example, to control the
use of antibiotic, develop research to better understand the genetic mechanisms of resistance,
and to continue studies to develop new drugs either synthetic or natural. The ultimate goal is to
offer appropriate and efficient antimicrobial drugs to the patient. This has necessitated a search
for new antimicrobial substances from other sources including plants. Many higher plants

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Muneer et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

accumulate extractable organic approaches substances in quantities sufficient to be

economically management of disease. Plants have been a rich source of medicines because
they produce wide array of bioactive molecules, most of which probably evolved as chemical
defense against predation or infection. It is estimated that only one per cent of 2,65,000
flowering plants on earth have been studied exhaustively for their chemical composition and
potential against important medicinal value. There are several reports in the literature regarding
the antimicrobial activity of crude extracts prepared from plants. It is well known that plants,
although lacking the typical immune response, have an in-built system for protection against
biotic and a biotic stress conditions. Since plant shave co-evolved with pathogens, they
understandably have also developed the chemical protection pathways against the parasitic
organisms. Therefore, it is reasonable to expect a variety of plant compounds with specific as
well as general antimicrobial activity and antibiotic potential. Over the past 20 years, there has
been a lot of investigation on plants as source of new anti-bacterial agents. But still there is an
immediate need to identify novel substances active towards pathogens with high resistance.
Amaranthus spinosus.l is also used as anti-inflammatory, antimalerial, antibacterial,
antibacterial, antidiuretic, antiviral and in hepatic disorders. Amarnthus spinosus have several
active constituents like alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolic acids, steroids, amino acids,
terpenoids, lipids, saponins, betalains, b-sitosterol, stigmasterol, linoleic acid, rutin, and
catechuic tannins andcarotenoids. It also contains amaranth side, a lignan glycoside, amaricin,
a coumaroyl adenosine along with stigmasterol glycoside, betaine such as glycinebetaineand
trigonellineThe plant is used in the treatment of abdominal pain, chicken pox, dysentery,
dysurea, fever, hysteria, malaria, mania infantum, tonsillitis & vomiting.A.spinosus is also used
as anti-inflammatory,antimalarial,antibacterial, antibacterial, antidiuretic, antiviral and in
hepatic disorders.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The medicinal plant Amaranths spinosous.L was collected from Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India.
The leaf, stem and root parts were carefully collected from the plant. These cleaned plant parts
were placed separately in polythene bag. Then, these are shade dried in a clean environment to
avoid the contamination for 10days and plant parts were ground into a fine powder by using a
mixy. In the present study 25g of dried leaf powder was extracted using soxhlet apparatus with
150ml of ethanol for about 10hours. The biological activity of Amaranthus spinosus.L extracts
(ethanol) was studied and GC-MS also performed to identify various phytochemicals present in
the plant.

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Muneer et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Gas-Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
GC-MS is a method that combines the features of gas-liquid chromatography and mass
spectrometry to identify different substances within a test sample. Applications of GC-MS can
also be used in airport security to detect substances in luggage or on human beings.
Additionally, it can identify trace elements in materials that were previously thought to have
disintegrated beyond identification.

GC-MS has been widely heralded as a gold standard for forensic substance identification
because it is used to perform a specific test. A specific test positively identifies the actual
presence of a particular substance falls into a category of substances. Although a non-specific
test could statistically suggest the identity of the substances, this could lead to false positive
identification.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Anti-Bacterial studies of Amaranthus Spinosus.L extract (ethanol)
The anti-bacterial activity for the given sample was carried out by Disc diffusion Technique
(Indian Pharmacopoeia 1996, vol II A-105. The test micro organisms of Gram positive
Bacillus subtilis, S.Epidermis and Gram negative bacteria E coli, proteus.sp were obtained
from department of microbiology, Jamal Mohamed College, and maintained by periodical sub
culturing on medium for bacteria respectively. The effect produced by the sample was
compared with the effect produced by the positive control.

The results obtained for ethanol extract are tabulated as follows

S.No. Name of the Dimeter of zone of inhibition (mm)
microorganism Sample (200 l) Control
1 Bacillus subtilis 13 mm 22 mm
2 S.Epidermis 20 mm 22 mm
3 E coli 13 mm 22 mm
4 proteus.sp 17 mm 22 mm

Activity of Phytocomponents identified in the AMARANTHUS SPINOSUS.L

25g of the plant sample was extracted using ethanol as the solvent. The crude extract was
subjected to GC-MS for the identification of different components present in the sample
extract. The various components which are present in the extract of Amaranthus spinosus.l are
shown at the below Table.

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 Muneer et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

S.No. Peak name Retention time Peak area %peak area

Name: N-Formylglycine Formula: C3H5NO3
01 7.86 606145 1.8820
MW: 10
Name: dl-Isocitric acid lactone
02 11.54 190480 0.5914
Formula: C6H6O6 MW: 174
Name: 1,6-Octadien-3-ol,
03 3,7-dimethyl-, 2-aminobenzoate 12.81 97817 0.3037
Formula:C17H23NO2 MW: 273
Name: 4-Hepten-2one, 5-ethyl-,3,3,4-trimethyl-
04 14.67 545699 1.6943
Formula: C12H22O MW: 182
Name: 2-Hexadecene, 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-, [R-
05 15.33 132192 0.4104
[R*,R*-(E)]- Formula: C20H40 MW: 280
Name: 3-(Ethyl-hydrazone)-butan-2-one
06 15.95 829602 2.5758
Formula: C6H12N2O MW: 128
Name: 2-[N-Methyl-N-cylohexylamino]ethanol
07 16.18 1014882 3.1511
Formula: C9H19NO MW: 157
Name: Cyclohexanol, 5-methyl-2-(1-methyl-1-
08 phenylethyl)-Formula: C6H24O 16.25 218454 0.6783
MW: 232
Name: 1,6,10-Dodecatrienol,3,7,11 trimethyl-
09 Formula: C16H26O 18.03 88190 0.2738
MW: 222
Name: Dodecanoic acid Formula: C12H24O2
10 17.93 112827 0.3503
MW: 200
Name: Undecanoic acid Formula: C11H22O2
11 18.12 313670 0.9739
MW: 186
Name: 3-Hexadecene, (Z)- Formula: C16H32
12 18.40 14143 0.4391
MW: 224
Name: 1,3,6,10-Dodecatetraene, 3,7,11-trimethyl-
13 (Z,E)- 18.60 223985 0.6954
Formula: C15H24 MW: 204
Name: Hexadecanoic acid, 2-oxo-, methyl ester
14 18.67 355246 1.1030
Formula: C17H32O3 MW: 284
Name: 3-Hepten-2-one, 3-methyl-
15 19.49 96955 0.3010
Formula: C8H14O MW: 126
Name: 3-Buten-2-one, 4-(4-hydroxy-2,2,6-trimethyl-
16 7- oxabicyclo[4.1.0]hept-1-yl)- Formula: C13H20O3 20.17 241577 0.7501
MW: 224
Name: n-Decanoic acid Formula: C10H20O2
17 20.97 390543 1.2126
MW: 172
Name: 3-Eicosene, (E)- Formula: C20H40
18 21.25 399477 1.2403
MW: 280
Name: 4-(2,4-Dimethylcyclohex-3-enyl)but-3-en-2-
19 one 21.65 469506 1.4578
Formula: C12H18O MW: 178
Name: 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol
20 21.87 7197911 22.486
Formula: C20H40O MW: 296

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Name: 2-Pentadecanone, 6,10,14-trimethyl-

21 22.00 122202 0.3794
Formula: C18H36O MW: 268
22 Name: 3-Eicosene, (E)- Formula: C20H40 MW: 280 22.89 228921 0.7108
Name: n-Hexadecanoic acid Formula: C16H32O2
23 24.18 5900181 18.3193
MW: 256
Name: Nanodecanoic acid, ethyl ester
24 Formula: C21H42O2 MW: 326 24.58 1658638 5.1499
25 Name: Phytol Formula: C20H40O MW: 296 27.46 6580544 20.4317
Name: 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, methyl ester
26 Formula: C19H34O2 MW: 294 Linolenic acid, methyl 28.50 1025950 3.1854
ester
Name: -[2-[N,N-Dimethylamino]ethyl]N,N-
27 dimethylcarbonoyl thiocarbohdroximate 30.90 324200 1.0066
Formula: C8H17N3O2S MW: 219
Name: Hexatriacontane
28 32.81 2700246 8.3839
Formula: C36H74 MW: 506

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