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EXAMPLES
1. A rectangular block 12 in long, 4 in high, and 2 in thick is subjected to a
longitudinal tensile stress sx 12;000 lb=in2 , a vertical compressive stress
sy 15;000 lb=in2 , and a lateral compressive stress sz 9000 lb=in2 . The
material is steel, for which E 30;000;000 lb=in2 and n 0:30. It is required
to find the total change in length.
Solution. The longitudinal deformation is found by superposition: The unit
strain due to each stress is computed separately by Eqs. (7.1-2) and (7.1-4);
these results are added to give the resultant longitudinal unit strain, which is
multiplied by the length to give the total elongation. Denoting unit long-
itudinal strain by ex and total longitudinal deflection by dx , we have
The lateral dimensions have nothing to do with the result since the lateral
stresses, not the lateral loads, are given.
We take axis x along the axis of the pipe, axis y tangent to the cross section,
and axis z radial in the plane of the cross section. For a point at the outer
surface of the pipe, sx is the longitudinal tensile stress due to pressure and sy
is the circumferential (hoop) stress due to pressure, the radial stress sz 0
(since the pressure is zero on the outer surface of the pipe), and txy is the shear
stress due to torsion. Equation (7.1-1) can be used for sx, where P pAb
and A Aw . To calculate sy , we use the formula for stress in thick cylinders
(Table 13.5, case 1b). Finally, for txy, we use the formula for torsional stress
(Eq. (10.1-2). Thus,
pAb 20002:955
sx 4007 lb=in2
Aw 1:475
r2i r2o r2o 0:96952 1:18752 1:18752
sy p 2
2000 7996 lb=in2
2 2
ro ro ri 1:18752 1:18752 0:96952
Tro 50001:1875
txy 3422 lb=in2
J 1:735
This is a case of plane stress where Eq. (2.3-23) applies. The principal stresses
are thus
q
sp 12 sx sy sx sy 2 4t2xy
q
12 4007 7996 4007 79962 434222 9962; 2041 lb=in2
For a point on the inner surface, the stress conditions are three-dimensional
since a radial stress due to the internal pressure is present. The longitudinal
stress is the same; however, the circumferential stress and torsional shear
stress change. For the inner surface,
sx 4007 lb=in2
r2o r2i 1:18752 0:96952
sy p 2000 9996 lb=in2
r2o r2i 1:18752 0:96952
sz p 2000 lb=in2
Tri 50000:9695
txy 2794 lb=in2
J 1:735
tyz tzx 0
124 Formulas for Stress and Strain [CHAP. 7
or
Solving this gives sp 11;100; 2906, and 2000 lb=in2 , which are the
principal stresses s1 , s2 , and s3 , respectively. Obviously, the maximum
tensile stress is 11;100 lb=in2 . Again, the maximum shear stress comes
from Eq. (2.3-25), and is 12 11;100 2000 6550 lb=in2 .
Note that for this problem, if the pipe is a ductile material, and one
were looking at failure due to shear stress (see Sec. 3.7), the stress
conditions for the pipe are more severe at the inner surface compared
with the outer surface.
y
Note: Since tyz tzx 0, sz is one of the principal stresses and the other two can be
found from the plane stress equations. Consequently, the other two principal stresses are
in the xy plane.