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    civil engineering , composites, timber, concrete ,lab report

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    14 Ansichten30 Seiten

    Materials For Civil Engineering

    Hochgeladen von

    akil
    civil engineering , composites, timber, concrete ,lab report

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Als PDF herunterladen oder online auf Scribd lesen
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    von 30
    — Malet aslermen C2002 “Sudenets ataone b ott ofContents 1. CONCRETE : : EsEatet¥Pe Intuence on compresive svengih !Soncetonteoes ene etme area 13 Desrotion of concrete etn ee 14 (abe) Average compressive renee 4lennh arse comers urenth Vengeance, 2s(6raph) erate compre stent vaca 1 (Gr9h Compressive strength vs Dono 28 Concaion ad Diesen On sad and weg 29 Concsion and Discussion on camps “10 Concason and Discusion: On densa 2. TIMBER, oe 21 introduction & theory of ney 22 Deserton of timber testing procedene 9 23 (Graph) Flexural load VS Flexural extension 10 2.4 (Table) Flexural stre88, 6 oo... 10 2.5 (Table) Modulus of elasticity, I. . an 27 conan iting) Descriptions of samples betore & afar tating 2 2.7 Conclusion and Discussion on testing results 14 3. COMPosITE.. 3.1 Introduction & description of sample preparation wroceauncr 3.2 Description of composite testing procedures 3.3 Calculation ofthe fibre reinforcement 3.4 (Table) Ultimate tensile stress, c.. 3.5 (Table) Engineering strain, c.. 1 & resin system peauatie) Modulus of elasticity, sul cai 3.8 lmages/drawings) Descriptions of samples ater testing 52 Conclusion and Discussion on testing results and falure mode wa ith other groups — Malet aslermen C2002 “Sudenets ataone b ott ofContents 1. CONCRETE : : EsEatet¥Pe Intuence on compresive svengih !Soncetonteoes ene etme area 13 Desrotion of concrete etn ee 14 (abe) Average compressive renee 4lennh arse comers urenth Vengeance, 2s(6raph) erate compre stent vaca 1 (Gr9h Compressive strength vs Dono 28 Concaion ad Diesen On sad and weg 29 Concsion and Discussion on camps “10 Concason and Discusion: On densa 2. TIMBER, oe 21 introduction & theory of ney 22 Deserton of timber testing procedene 9 23 (Graph) Flexural load VS Flexural extension 10 2.4 (Table) Flexural stre88, 6 oo... 10 2.5 (Table) Modulus of elasticity, I. . an 27 conan iting) Descriptions of samples betore & afar tating 2 2.7 Conclusion and Discussion on testing results 14 3. COMPosITE.. 3.1 Introduction & description of sample preparation wroceauncr 3.2 Description of composite testing procedures 3.3 Calculation ofthe fibre reinforcement 3.4 (Table) Ultimate tensile stress, c.. 3.5 (Table) Engineering strain, c.. 1 & resin system peauatie) Modulus of elasticity, sul cai 3.8 lmages/drawings) Descriptions of samples ater testing 52 Conclusion and Discussion on testing results and falure mode wa ith other groups “— Na = ea jane a Wywtlto8 AREY ON ed OP ee 9 AEE NORA ad ey Sh gt as YW HHS eA aye et So 6 AVA * nel compre he cs. Generally ge eine han tau tM Pei sedan cee ney AN Nhe “~ fr see NN ely ur Se yu wt 4408 Ge ny awn 19. NONE eA Ae een aera 16 (OF FERNS A hey : ing ene a bate uel rha Seep ‘9M hve on the strength of cone 1 189 NANT Fhe ea he He ature meet the srengh requirements of the pone tntton oF eonerete Wahinn Meoeedires & din 10 BB EN 12390-1 and 18 EN 12390) a otawas Course! a, ines one cert rll Was O.AT Poe th tet re od 2 Or coer ena aera ‘SP9K0 OF eemenH No the Yat nas ads Upto Ask. nb 08 by om ‘The water used was 0.3375 ke. The ‘1008 cleaned 10 remove aay Tooke gt or dint adi wil impact the results, Two moulds {experinent the effet of eu ‘ne sample in a and immersing the other {ey nter KE QOH He HO ey ith MS N 123901 lmage (14) Appendix page (18)). Aer ‘wtvieatinn se OF the MouKES with Of) Using big container and shove! to mix the materials, the snl ws nen th the oanrepate and then cetrent was added. Cautions ha to be taken here and the 5 “— Na = ea jane a Wywtlto8 AREY ON ed OP ee 9 AEE NORA ad ey Sh gt as YW HHS eA aye et So 6 AVA * nel compre he cs. Generally ge eine han tau tM Pei sedan cee ney AN Nhe “~ fr see NN ely ur Se yu wt 4408 Ge ny awn 19. NONE eA Ae een aera 16 (OF FERNS A hey : ing ene a bate uel rha Seep ‘9M hve on the strength of cone 1 189 NANT Fhe ea he He ature meet the srengh requirements of the pone tntton oF eonerete Wahinn Meoeedires & din 10 BB EN 12390-1 and 18 EN 12390) a otawas Course! a, ines one cert rll Was O.AT Poe th tet re od 2 Or coer ena aera ‘SP9K0 OF eemenH No the Yat nas ads Upto Ask. nb 08 by om ‘The water used was 0.3375 ke. The ‘1008 cleaned 10 remove aay Tooke gt or dint adi wil impact the results, Two moulds {experinent the effet of eu ‘ne sample in a and immersing the other {ey nter KE QOH He HO ey ith MS N 123901 lmage (14) Appendix page (18)). Aer ‘wtvieatinn se OF the MouKES with Of) Using big container and shove! to mix the materials, the snl ws nen th the oanrepate and then cetrent was added. Cautions ha to be taken here and the 5 snc ha be mixed slowly 1 minimise th ‘Then water was added othe mis and the mould wil halo its capacy led and compacted 1 comply with the ng i th the anda set by BS EN 17: (nce the mould was fly packed, the serfice of ‘ould was leveled using the sce towel and the most ws le ts fr 24 ours, Afr 24 car amples were marked with the sroup lens 1.3 Description of concrete testing procedures The volume was tssentd (leet of [Oc and hejeht of 20ca). Afer 28 days, the ung begs. Fey the samples wre capped with super as shown in appendix page 19 (image 16). Sulphur «capping isthe process of placing a circular sulphur material on both ends ofthe concrete. This is done by brewing the sulphur ina container at avery high temperature, then pouring it into a circular frame tha gives tits shape, then the concrete cyliner is placed init and the sulphur capping hardens onthe surface of the concrete sample. The same process s repented on the other end of the sample. This i done to distribute the load uniformly on the sampk’s surface during the testing. The sample was then placed in the testing machine, which applied a constant load (within the range 0.64 0.2 MPals) perpendicular to the direction of casting. This load should not exceed approximately 30% of the load, the load had to be increased continuously failue load. After the application of this init without shock atthe selected constant rate 10%, until no greater load can be sustained, Then the indicated maximum load was recorded. The compressive strength can be calculated: using this formula: f= Ewhere: Fis the compressive strength in MPa (N/mm?) is the maximum load at failure in (N); Aci the cross sectional area ofthe specimen on which the compressive force acts. snc ha be mixed slowly 1 minimise th ‘Then water was added othe mis and the mould wil halo its capacy led and compacted 1 comply with the ng i th the anda set by BS EN 17: (nce the mould was fly packed, the serfice of ‘ould was leveled using the sce towel and the most ws le ts fr 24 ours, Afr 24 car amples were marked with the sroup lens 1.3 Description of concrete testing procedures The volume was tssentd (leet of [Oc and hejeht of 20ca). Afer 28 days, the ung begs. Fey the samples wre capped with super as shown in appendix page 19 (image 16). Sulphur «capping isthe process of placing a circular sulphur material on both ends ofthe concrete. This is done by brewing the sulphur ina container at avery high temperature, then pouring it into a circular frame tha gives tits shape, then the concrete cyliner is placed init and the sulphur capping hardens onthe surface of the concrete sample. The same process s repented on the other end of the sample. This i done to distribute the load uniformly on the sampk’s surface during the testing. The sample was then placed in the testing machine, which applied a constant load (within the range 0.64 0.2 MPals) perpendicular to the direction of casting. This load should not exceed approximately 30% of the load, the load had to be increased continuously failue load. After the application of this init without shock atthe selected constant rate 10%, until no greater load can be sustained, Then the indicated maximum load was recorded. The compressive strength can be calculated: using this formula: f= Ewhere: Fis the compressive strength in MPa (N/mm?) is the maximum load at failure in (N); Aci the cross sectional area ofthe specimen on which the compressive force acts. 1.4 (Table) Aver (eae 10 mm., Sharp nd [om Shar sand | 20mm. Fine sharp sana rable (1). Average compressi Material as assignment CE2002 Stent Den g694-— ompressive strength strength, 1.5 (Graph) Average compressive strength VS Aggregate types 35 Compressive strength (mPa) Figure | Average compressive strength VS Aggregate types 1.4 (Table) Aver (eae 10 mm., Sharp nd [om Shar sand | 20mm. Fine sharp sana rable (1). Average compressi Material as assignment CE2002 Stent Den g694-— ompressive strength strength, 1.5 (Graph) Average compressive strength VS Aggregate types 35 Compressive strength (mPa) Figure | Average compressive strength VS Aggregate types § g 3 3 ‘3 § g 3 3 ‘3 L saxduioa sous pues daoys uy ww] 2m oHOuo “saqdurs 0 syyeoneuresp yrSuans ung 9) UN EAE 67 Jo wpsuans ats painospren ayy Ruedatoa uayps jt Ys 6} SoutoD SIL “PU davys auf 498 ons soyedo1B8e SUES at} ULNA 4OAIMOH 1s dieys au Buysn yyy MOYS SHINS OUP ayy sesearout -porjdde s} Suypeo] woym ouoz ry aq us twa9y Ua spe “BuaNS so} oF anp vosty “aise WoO? AINA ayy ueyp snosod (0 -Supenu Supp sajonned ose] punowe sul yquiep) aised quoure0 pauopzey ues, “2fdures om auowl st auoz wontsEN ax “oNeD 9/96 JoUIY OF {oqo Jo uoryeunioy 241 pu Furyoed sood 01 anp sdojaaap at “(E107 * ‘se poutjap st 9u0z vane agejans uy wonanpat xd ayeou8e afi] uaowraq uo}Tas jen) a4) uw} oNINpad v 9sNeO [IL yy pue s3}an ySvaIDU SHY DUOZ. UC so00xd uo1espty 94) 404 J9yeN 294) AHL aq [HA OHayp TBH SEOUL YOHYAK “"BOUE IORHANS uuowoads ur 2se0391 Jo ypsuans om ou ss9] anvy soyedas83e 108i axp aste92q , (L007 “H68U07) (you pure splon sv yons) sieajop 4984e) Fusaey Jo yeqoud ayy yey UMOLTY gus Atduos syynsau asauy, 1s9m0} axp sed afduues pauno ste pus daeys atssaxduuo ysousit} 94) Sey afdumes pamo s9yeK pues dieys auyy “wi OZ 94 CL SA wiBuans aaissaiduios afvioay “¢ 2 (eau) Aasu90 ts 5 eeOMOMIcn 5 ose «|e eee Po oats (eau) ssans anssasdwoy Ayisuap sa Ssauqs SAISsaidui0>, Avsuaa s, MSU9G SA an L saxduioa sous pues daoys uy ww] 2m oHOuo “saqdurs 0 syyeoneuresp yrSuans ung 9) UN EAE 67 Jo wpsuans ats painospren ayy Ruedatoa uayps jt Ys 6} SoutoD SIL “PU davys auf 498 ons soyedo1B8e SUES at} ULNA 4OAIMOH 1s dieys au Buysn yyy MOYS SHINS OUP ayy sesearout -porjdde s} Suypeo] woym ouoz ry aq us twa9y Ua spe “BuaNS so} oF anp vosty “aise WoO? AINA ayy ueyp snosod (0 -Supenu Supp sajonned ose] punowe sul yquiep) aised quoure0 pauopzey ues, “2fdures om auowl st auoz wontsEN ax “oNeD 9/96 JoUIY OF {oqo Jo uoryeunioy 241 pu Furyoed sood 01 anp sdojaaap at “(E107 * ‘se poutjap st 9u0z vane agejans uy wonanpat xd ayeou8e afi] uaowraq uo}Tas jen) a4) uw} oNINpad v 9sNeO [IL yy pue s3}an ySvaIDU SHY DUOZ. UC so00xd uo1espty 94) 404 J9yeN 294) AHL aq [HA OHayp TBH SEOUL YOHYAK “"BOUE IORHANS uuowoads ur 2se0391 Jo ypsuans om ou ss9] anvy soyedas83e 108i axp aste92q , (L007 “H68U07) (you pure splon sv yons) sieajop 4984e) Fusaey Jo yeqoud ayy yey UMOLTY gus Atduos syynsau asauy, 1s9m0} axp sed afduues pauno ste pus daeys atssaxduuo ysousit} 94) Sey afdumes pamo s9yeK pues dieys auyy “wi OZ 94 CL SA wiBuans aaissaiduios afvioay “¢ 2 (eau) Aasu90 ts 5 eeOMOMIcn 5 ose «|e eee Po oats (eau) ssans anssasdwoy Ayisuap sa Ssauqs SAISsaidui0>, Avsuaa s, MSU9G SA an 1.10 Conclusion and Discusston: On q n density igure (3) shows compressive ae ae strength has positive ret is; the less voids it has hence the ne relationship to density, i bine IP to d ©. the denser the sample essive strength. This also shows, th In addition, the density of wate anna me 'Y of water is high compared to air and by lanitcan leavers air and because the air cured samples will have through evaporation, it will have k fees € less density than the water cured samples. 2, TIMBER 2.1 Introduction & theory of timber Timber is a highly inhomogene« nl highly inhomogeneous and anisotropic natural material and th Sf timb tural material and there are two types of timber. redwood and softwood. In r \d softwood. In both types there is a variation in the actual wood hardness but ; in the actual wood hardness but in general aves every winter while hai most hardwood are denser than most softwood, Hardwoods shed their le softwoods keep their leaves all year round, Examples of hardwoods are ash, beech, birch, cherry, elm c cedar, firand iroko, mahogany, meranti, oak, obeche, sapele and teak. Examples of softwoods a pine. Evidently moisture content effect the strength of timber because the increase in moisture content will expand the cell wall hence reduce the cellulose microfibrils per unit area and therefore reduce the , the denser the timber strength. Another factor affecting the strength of timber is and specific gravi the stronger it is. 2.2 Description of timber testing procedures The test was done using the central loading method according to BS 373, which sets the standards for flexural test as shown in the appendix page (21). The test was performed on four pre-cut pieces of timber, two clear pieces and two with defect. Firstly the test samples were labelled as shown in image (1): J (clear sample loaded in the radial direction) + J2 (clear sample loaded in the tangential direction) + 13 (bottom defect sample which is loaded in the radial direction) 1 sample which is loaded in the tangential direction) «i span were taken for three of the four testing pieces. The s calculated. For this test ine so + J4 (top defect ‘Then measurements of the width, depth an width was taken across three places and the mean depth was 4, Then the samples were placed on the testing, machi 20mmx20mmx30mm samples were use 1.10 Conclusion and Discusston: On q n density igure (3) shows compressive ae ae strength has positive ret is; the less voids it has hence the ne relationship to density, i bine IP to d ©. the denser the sample essive strength. This also shows, th In addition, the density of wate anna me 'Y of water is high compared to air and by lanitcan leavers air and because the air cured samples will have through evaporation, it will have k fees € less density than the water cured samples. 2, TIMBER 2.1 Introduction & theory of timber Timber is a highly inhomogene« nl highly inhomogeneous and anisotropic natural material and th Sf timb tural material and there are two types of timber. redwood and softwood. In r \d softwood. In both types there is a variation in the actual wood hardness but ; in the actual wood hardness but in general aves every winter while hai most hardwood are denser than most softwood, Hardwoods shed their le softwoods keep their leaves all year round, Examples of hardwoods are ash, beech, birch, cherry, elm c cedar, firand iroko, mahogany, meranti, oak, obeche, sapele and teak. Examples of softwoods a pine. Evidently moisture content effect the strength of timber because the increase in moisture content will expand the cell wall hence reduce the cellulose microfibrils per unit area and therefore reduce the , the denser the timber strength. Another factor affecting the strength of timber is and specific gravi the stronger it is. 2.2 Description of timber testing procedures The test was done using the central loading method according to BS 373, which sets the standards for flexural test as shown in the appendix page (21). The test was performed on four pre-cut pieces of timber, two clear pieces and two with defect. Firstly the test samples were labelled as shown in image (1): J (clear sample loaded in the radial direction) + J2 (clear sample loaded in the tangential direction) + 13 (bottom defect sample which is loaded in the radial direction) 1 sample which is loaded in the tangential direction) «i span were taken for three of the four testing pieces. The s calculated. For this test ine so + J4 (top defect ‘Then measurements of the width, depth an width was taken across three places and the mean depth was 4, Then the samples were placed on the testing, machi 20mmx20mmx30mm samples were use ol ueds = 1 wdep=4 yIpeaIq= 4. say PL 1d£ 0 ‘ssans jeanxays (21921) ¥Z pro] jeanxay ysurese uoysuoyxa aunxoy, Surmoys (p) 2481 (wun) uorsuarxe aanxays | prajdues— erajdwes — 3 ) zseues— (000° 1 ajduies — oor't N) peo1 aunxata ooe't oov't o0s't 009°t o02't 008'T 006T 000° oor’ 4 (ydeay) £°% "uoIsuaTXe [BINXa]} ISUIBAR peoy sem ourypeut Bunsoy 241 Material as assignment CE2002 that the load would be applied on the e he centre of the sa sample. Attached to the testi fine was he testing machine was a computer, which displayed the dat 2,3 (Graph) Fle 2,100 2,000 41,900 1,800 1,700 1,600 1,500 1,400 | 1,300 1,200 1,100 1,000 | 900 Flexure load (N) oad Figure (4) showing flexure extension against flexural load. 2.4 (Table) Flexural stress, © 3PL 2bh? Where: b= breadth h=depth L=span 5 Flexural extension 10 fa and plottes Plotted a graph of flexural toad against flexural extension Flexure extension (mm) vs flexure load (N) sample J1 —series2 ‘Sample J3 —sample 14 Material 7 assignment C2002 rable 2) Flexural stress [sample Name | Tne Bea » | 1 mm) sat | zt ck Hes Deca POD) | ommctra) | fs i om os 1989.67 | 100.03 | 203 | 28 | i240 | 5665 | \ pe 202 To Be 203 28 | 7372: Een mune (720 2 TE 2.5 (Table) Modulus of elasticity, E Modulus of Elasticity put 4abh? Where: p= maximum load Pp? = Load at limit of proportionality ‘A= Deflection at mid lenght at limit proportionality Table (3) Modulus of elasticity (a ‘Mean width Sample Name Type H (mm) | L (mm) | P’ (N) A (mm) E(GPa) (mm) J 20.373 20.25 28 1700 6.1 es \ |: _| Clear | 4 2 20.23 20.3, 28 750 33 | 0.534 B 20.413 Ae | os | CO | Defect 4 20.16 203 pommel sno22° " Material 7 assignment C2002 rable 2) Flexural stress [sample Name | Tne Bea » | 1 mm) sat | zt ck Hes Deca POD) | ommctra) | fs i om os 1989.67 | 100.03 | 203 | 28 | i240 | 5665 | \ pe 202 To Be 203 28 | 7372: Een mune (720 2 TE 2.5 (Table) Modulus of elasticity, E Modulus of Elasticity put 4abh? Where: p= maximum load Pp? = Load at limit of proportionality ‘A= Deflection at mid lenght at limit proportionality Table (3) Modulus of elasticity (a ‘Mean width Sample Name Type H (mm) | L (mm) | P’ (N) A (mm) E(GPa) (mm) J 20.373 20.25 28 1700 6.1 es \ |: _| Clear | 4 2 20.23 20.3, 28 750 33 | 0.534 B 20.413 Ae | os | CO | Defect 4 20.16 203 pommel sno22° " Material assi nment C2002 ings) Descriptions of mples before & after testing, fect sagnples Ee lear 3 : a wz ‘The khot d¢fect is positioned at the centre of thle sample. ene RET Image (2) showing the loading direction and the grain orientation Image (1) showing the testing samples before the test. Image (5) showing sample J1 Yoaded in the testing radial direction. Image (4) showing sample J1 in the t machine Material assi nment C2002 ings) Descriptions of mples before & after testing, fect sagnples Ee lear 3 : a wz ‘The khot d¢fect is positioned at the centre of thle sample. ene RET Image (2) showing the loading direction and the grain orientation Image (1) showing the testing samples before the test. Image (5) showing sample J1 Yoaded in the testing radial direction. Image (4) showing sample J1 in the t machine ignment CE2002 Image (7) showing sample J2 afler the test. Image (8) showing sample J3 after the test. Image (9) showing sample J4 after the test. 1B €l ysoy ay) Joye pf ajdutes Surmoys (6) adeuty 389) Ou] JOYE Zp a|duues BULMoY = Maletialcasignment ct 2002 SERED ATER cone on testing resunt rim in table (2) the clear sample : PIES 31 and 39 _y3.and J4, The results also st ee ms tectse it 98 Toaded inthe radial iy ant iit en ential direction could withstand | tec a a ple 12, which es a pnt factor whic act the timber strengih rength and to; strength of the defected sample jure 33 was in the tension zo) 4-was in the compression zone (compression fue) perenne nee Bait an take depends on n failure). For these 3 can take depends on the position of the defect “k For these samples the amount of load fect “knot” as that they and the size of the defect. Knots are considered defects structurally since failure usually originat nates at or near a knot, but they are not defects for the living tree, other factors affecting timber strength include the type of pe of tree, density, moist isture content and the the timber is stored temperature Since the clear sa re re amples were cu pl it from one tree and the defect amples were cut from another tree and all s & samples were cut from another tree and all samples were dried and stored at th fed al the same temperature, the effect of these factors was neglected 3, COMPOSITE 4.1 Introduction & description of sample preparation procedures, Fibreglass is a composite of fibres and resin laid down in alternating layers and hardened to f 10 forma solid laminate. It is very strong if well designed and ean be easily molded to any shape. Itis used i aviation and aerospace, automotive, boats and marine, electronics and wind energy: tigating the tensile strength of fibreglass composite following the standards set This test will be inves! Will also investigate the effects of fibre type and fibre orientation by BS ISO 1268-1, Parts 1 and 3. It on the strength. n of composite testing procedures tly the fibres were cut to the sizeof the mold. Then he first layer of fibre. After that, another layer of fas done for all 8 layers. Itis important to thin plastic layer was ed in the oven. 3.2 Descrip PPE was worn for this experiment. of resin was applied to the mould before laying 1 nother layer of fibre was laid. This w: 90° as shown in image (18). Then it. Afler that the mould was place thin layer resin was applied and ai note that our group oriented the fibre applied and the direction of fibre was labelled on y to be tested, The gauge le such as depth length and wi The samples were cut into shape and read nath area was identified and idth (average of three labeled, Measurements of the samples were taken, S| 14 = Maletialcasignment ct 2002 SERED ATER cone on testing resunt rim in table (2) the clear sample : PIES 31 and 39 _y3.and J4, The results also st ee ms tectse it 98 Toaded inthe radial iy ant iit en ential direction could withstand | tec a a ple 12, which es a pnt factor whic act the timber strengih rength and to; strength of the defected sample jure 33 was in the tension zo) 4-was in the compression zone (compression fue) perenne nee Bait an take depends on n failure). For these 3 can take depends on the position of the defect “k For these samples the amount of load fect “knot” as that they and the size of the defect. Knots are considered defects structurally since failure usually originat nates at or near a knot, but they are not defects for the living tree, other factors affecting timber strength include the type of pe of tree, density, moist isture content and the the timber is stored temperature Since the clear sa re re amples were cu pl it from one tree and the defect amples were cut from another tree and all s & samples were cut from another tree and all samples were dried and stored at th fed al the same temperature, the effect of these factors was neglected 3, COMPOSITE 4.1 Introduction & description of sample preparation procedures, Fibreglass is a composite of fibres and resin laid down in alternating layers and hardened to f 10 forma solid laminate. It is very strong if well designed and ean be easily molded to any shape. Itis used i aviation and aerospace, automotive, boats and marine, electronics and wind energy: tigating the tensile strength of fibreglass composite following the standards set This test will be inves! Will also investigate the effects of fibre type and fibre orientation by BS ISO 1268-1, Parts 1 and 3. It on the strength. n of composite testing procedures tly the fibres were cut to the sizeof the mold. Then he first layer of fibre. After that, another layer of fas done for all 8 layers. Itis important to thin plastic layer was ed in the oven. 3.2 Descrip PPE was worn for this experiment. of resin was applied to the mould before laying 1 nother layer of fibre was laid. This w: 90° as shown in image (18). Then it. Afler that the mould was place thin layer resin was applied and ai note that our group oriented the fibre applied and the direction of fibre was labelled on y to be tested, The gauge le such as depth length and wi The samples were cut into shape and read nath area was identified and idth (average of three labeled, Measurements of the samples were taken, S| 14 ements). THe tensile Lest Was performed t yeast ey tie; rion or fracture was recorded Hate spect ca Vg direction. The ulation of the fibre reinf 3,3 cale eek ep t & resin system, ~+6/0-P)) «is the thickness of the plate in centimeters js the density of the rei 0 ; forcement in grams per cubic centimeters: pais the density of the resin system, in grams per cubic centimete cubic centimeters; pis the reinforcement content by 1 as, expressed as a fi fraction: js the mass per unit surface area of the reinforcem: . f the reinfor ir 4 A ent, in grams per square centi square centimeter 0.4x2.57%1.25x0.3 a eS iy 0.03(0.3x1.25 + 2.5701 —03) 5.9 = 6 layers F |ngaa +x) mis the mass of resin system required, in grams; +s the reinforcement content by mass, expressed as a fractions nis the number of layers of reinforcement; e centimeter; ‘gis the mass per unit surface area ofthe reinforeement, in rams Pet square © forcement, in square centimeters; Ais the surface area of a layer ofr xxcess of resin system used, expressed as a fraction. x is the & m a pao 6x0.03x900x(1 + 0.1) = 4169 ‘as not what we used in the lab test. ind the mass of resin calculated w: ¢ lab, the number of -The number of layers calculated a ‘This must be ta s used was 8 layers safety factors must be applied. In th ken in to consideration and 1d was 3508. layer and the mass of the resin use 15 ements). THe tensile Lest Was performed t yeast ey tie; rion or fracture was recorded Hate spect ca Vg direction. The ulation of the fibre reinf 3,3 cale eek ep t & resin system, ~+6/0-P)) «is the thickness of the plate in centimeters js the density of the rei 0 ; forcement in grams per cubic centimeters: pais the density of the resin system, in grams per cubic centimete cubic centimeters; pis the reinforcement content by 1 as, expressed as a fi fraction: js the mass per unit surface area of the reinforcem: . f the reinfor ir 4 A ent, in grams per square centi square centimeter 0.4x2.57%1.25x0.3 a eS iy 0.03(0.3x1.25 + 2.5701 —03) 5.9 = 6 layers F |ngaa +x) mis the mass of resin system required, in grams; +s the reinforcement content by mass, expressed as a fractions nis the number of layers of reinforcement; e centimeter; ‘gis the mass per unit surface area ofthe reinforeement, in rams Pet square © forcement, in square centimeters; Ais the surface area of a layer ofr xxcess of resin system used, expressed as a fraction. x is the & m a pao 6x0.03x900x(1 + 0.1) = 4169 ‘as not what we used in the lab test. ind the mass of resin calculated w: ¢ lab, the number of -The number of layers calculated a ‘This must be ta s used was 8 layers safety factors must be applied. In th ken in to consideration and 1d was 3508. layer and the mass of the resin use 15 ie Po Material -aple) Ul te tensile stress, ¢ 34(0 pe (2) Utimate tensile tess Assignment CE2002

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