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X-RAY PRODUCTION AND
DIFFRACTION
Submitted by:
April F. Fenolan
BTTE IV-I Physics
Submitted to:
Mr. Edward Alonzo
Instructor
X-RAY is an electromagnetic wave of high energy and very short wavelength, which is able to pass
through many materials opaque to light.
ROENTGEN BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Roentgen was born on March 27, 1845 at Lennep in the Lower Rhine Province of Germany. Her mother
is from Amsterdam and his Father is a German.
Rntgen is a nature lover and good in making mechanical devices.
Roentgen was expelled in his school in Utrect Netherlands in 1865 because he was accused that he
made a caricature on one of his teacher.
Roentgen enrolled in Polytechnic at Zurich and take mechanical engineering course even without
diploma.
Roentgen became professor of physics at the universities of Strassbourg (187679), Wrttemberg,
Giessen (187988), Wrzburg (18881900), and Munich (190020).
He is known for the discovery of x-rays. In 1901, Rntgen was awarded the very first Nobel Prize in
Physics.
The roentgen rays (x-rays) and element 111 roentgenium was named after him.
----X-RAY PRODUCTION----
Wilhelm Roentgen discovered x-rays as he found out that a highly penetrating radiation of an unknown
nature is produced when fast electrons impinge on matter.
Production of x-rays starts when the high voltage supply is connected to the cathode of the tube. The
cathode is a filament which is negatively charged, so it is associated with electrons. As the power supply
heats up the electrons in the cathode, the electrons will accelerate. That process is called Thermionic
Emission. As the electron accelerates and due to the magnetic field between the cathode and anode, the
electrons will reach the heavy metal target or the anode material.
First medical X-ray by Wilhelm Rntgen of his wife Anna Bertha Ludwig's hand.
CHARACTERISTICS OF X-RAYS:
X-rays are high in frequency and can travel at the speed of light.
X-rays has no mass and charge
X-rays travels in straight lines
X-rays wavelength is about from 0.01 to 10 nm
eV =
Where: eV = electron volts (1.609 x 10-19 J)
h = Plancks constant (6.626 x 10-34 J s)
c = speed of light (3.0 x 108 m/s)
= wavelenght of the x-ray
Sample Problem:
Electrons in an x-ray tube accelerate through a potential difference of 10.0 x 103 V before striking a
target. If an electron produces one photon on impact with the target, what is the minimum wavelength of
the resulting x rays?
Solution:
eV =
=
APPLICATION OF X-RAYS:
Medicine The x-rays are used in CT scan to cure cancers, tumors and other diseases
in tissues inside the body. It is also used in x-ray tests to examine the body parts of the
human if theres something wrong inside theri body.
Counterfeit Arts They uses x-ray to check some details of an old art (paintings, pots,
sculptures, etc.) that has been removed due to its oldiness.
----XRAY DIFFRACTION----
This is the pattern formed in the screen as the x-ray pass through
the thin crystal. Laue conclude that x-rays were waves by diffracting
them with a crystals. He won a noble prize in physics in 1914.
HBE Sin =
IBE Sin =
HE = dSin IE = dSin
n = HE + IE Wherein:
n = any integer
= dSin + dSin
= Wavelength
n = 2dSin Braggs Formula d = spacing bet. Layer of the atom
= angle of incident ray & surface of the crystals
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
X-rays of wavelength 28.8 nm are scattered from a crystal with a grazing angle of 15.0 Assume that it is in the
2nd order for this process. Calculate the spacing between the crystal planes.
n = 2dSin
d=
2
(2)(1.28)
=
2 15
d = 1.96835911877 nm
d = 1.97 nm
SIGNIFICANCE OF X-RAY DIFFRACTION
1. What are the components of the anode and cathode in the cathode tube?
- Cathode is a filament which produces electrons because it is negatively charge.
- Anode converts the electrons kinetic energy to its either photons or heat.
- Most x-ray tubes uses pure tungsten as the anode because of its ability to maintain its strength at
high temperatures.
- Molybdenum, graphite, alloy of tungsten and rhodium is also used as anode material.
4. Why electron from High energy level filled vacant space in lower energy as the electron from lower
energy level ejected?
- Because electrons are always attracted to the nuclues. And also to conserve the energy of the
electrons.
In Characteristic x-ray, the energy level are labeled as K,L,M. Electrons from K-level are usually the
electrons being ejected. So when the electrons from K-Level is ejected, electrons from L will go down to the
K-level to fill that space. The Kinetic energy of the electron from L-level will be x-rays or what they call K-alpha
radiation.
8. Is the amount of voltage are the same in different parts of the body to be x-ray?
- No. The amount/dose of x-ray to be receive by the body is the same to the amount of voltage that
is connected on the apparatus.
9. Braggs experiment
- Conducted by the father & son tandem, William Henry and Lawrence Bragg. They study if crystal
planes diffract xrays.
- Henry is responsible for the x-ray spectrometer. Lawrence did the computation and proposed the
formula. (Braggs Law)
- Their first attempt on the experiment was failed after seeing the reflections of the incident x-ray in
the NaCl is not interfered constructively.