SUBMITTED BY :-

PAWAN BHAKUNI
EL-1833-2K13
(B.Tech 4th year)
Under the guidance of
Ms. SHAKUNTALA
1
FOR THE SESSION JUNE'16 - NOV'16
The economically exploitable and viable hydro potential of India is
estimated to be about 148701 MW .In addition, 6780 MW from
smaller hydro schemes (with capacity of less than 25 MW) are
estimated to be exploitable 56 sites for pumped storage schemes
with an aggregate installed capacity of 94,000 MW have also been
identified. The hydro power potential in central India forming part
of the Godavari, Mahanadi, Nagavali,Vamsadhara and Narmada river
basins has not been developed on a major scale due to potential
opposition from the tribal population.
The public sector accounts for 92.5% of India's hydroelectric
power output. National Hydroelectric Power Corporation
(NHPC), Northeast Electric Power Company (NEEPCO), Satluj
Jal Vidyut Nigam (SJVNL), NTPC-Hydro are some of the public
sector companies engaged in production of hydroelectric power in
India. However the private sector is also expected to grow due to
development of hydroelectric energy in the Himalayan mountain
ranges and in the northeast of India.
FOR THE SESSION JUNE'16 - NOV'16 2
NHPC Limited, a Govt. of India Enterprise was incorporated in the year 1975
with an authorised share capital of Rs. 2,000 million and with an objective to
plan, promote and organise an integrated and efficient development of
hydroelectric power in all aspects. Later on NHPC expanded its objects to
include development of power in all its aspects through conventional and non-
conventional sources in India and abroad .
FOR THE SESSION JUNE'16 - NOV'16 3
At present, NHPC is a Mini Ratna Category-I Enterprise of the Govt. of India
with an authorised share capital of Rs. 1,50,000 Million. NHPC is ranked as a
premier organization in the country for development of hydropower.

Initially, on incorporation, NHPC took over the execution of Salal Stage-I,

Bairasiul and Loktak Hydro-electric Projects from Central Hydroelectric Project
Construction and Control Board. Since then, it has executed 20 projects with an
installed capacity of 6507 MW on ownership basis including projects executed
by NHDC Limited, a Subsidiary Company of NHPC Limited. NHPC has also
executed 5 projects with an installed capacity of 89.25 MW on turnkey basis.
Two of these projects have been commissioned in neighbouring countries i.e.
Nepal and Bhutan.

During the financial year 2015-2016 , NHPC Power Stations achieved the
generation of 23404 MU.

Presently NHPC is engaged in the construction of 5 projects aggregating to a

total installed capacity of 4290 MW including 1000 MW (Pakal Dul HE Project)
being executed through JV Company. 10 projects of 7151 MW are awaiting
clearances/Govt. approval for their implementation including 3 Projects of 1186
MW to be executed through Subsidiary/Joint Venture Companies.

FOR THE SESSION JUNE'16 - NOV'16 4

A generating station which utilizes the potential energy of water at a high level
for the generation of electrical energy is known as hydro-electric power
station.Two types of generators are available for power production viz., hydro
generators and turbo generators. In hydropower systems, salient pole generators
are employed having large diameter and small axial length. By this structure, a
high SCR machine is possible which has increased power handling capacity. In
summer season, hydropower plant is used as peak load plant and in rainy season
it is employed as a base load plant due to abundance of water. The turbines used
in the hydropower plant are kaplan, francis and pelton turbines, used for low,
medium and high heads respectively. Water is made to flow in penstock to the
turbines which are directly coupled to the salient pole synchronous generator to
produce electricity.
Capacity of such generator varies from 500 KW to 300 MW. Power factor are
usually 0.90 to 0.95 lagging. Available head is a limitation in the choice of speed
of hydro generator. Standard generation voltage in our country is 3.3KV, 6.6KV,
11 KV, 13.8 KV, & 16KV at 50 Hz.
Hydropower is the second largest producer of electricity in our country after
thermal power. More focus should be on hydropower due to its sustainability but
due to some limitations like clearing of large forest covers and development only
near rivers etc, thermal power continue to enjoy the first position. So, various
resources like solar, tidal etc are engineered nowadays.
FOR THE SESSION JUNE'16 - NOV'16 5
NHPC Faridabad is basically a training centre which provides training to
various departments such as mechanical, electrical etc. This branch of
NHPC is used to monitor the pwer flow and to do the plant analysis.
NHPC Fbd has various divisions viz, E&M , Machine Design, Mechanical
services division, EMS division etc. Out of all these divisions EMS is the
heart of the organisation as it is used to monitor all the power flow
across NHPC and to maintain break free power. Maintenance
Division is the application of engineering concepts to the optimization
of equipment, procedures, and departmental budgets to achieve better
maintainability, reliability, and availability of equipment.Every industry let it
be a multi corp. or a small scale one needs a department which is able to
monitor the daily routine of its Electricity Consumption. EMS
department is essential as it helps in formulating various strategies like
Plant load factor, Capacity factor etc .This is the department which
ensures that continuous energy flow is available to the industry and
minimum fault is there so to increase the efficiency.

FOR THE SESSION JUNE'16 - NOV'16 6

 INTRODUCTION
Substation is the heart of electricity distribution at any power plant. It is
because all of the supply that is to be transmitted in a power plant firstly
goes to the substation from where it is transmitted to various parts of the
industry. In other words, a substation is a part of an electrical generation,
transmission, and distribution system. Substations transform voltage from
high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several other important
functions. Between the generating station and consumer, electric power may
flow through several substations at different voltage levels. A substation may
include transformers to change voltage levels between high transmission
voltages and lower distribution voltages, or at the interconnection of two
different transmission voltages.
TYPES
TRANSMISSION SUBSTATION:- A transmission substation connects
two or more transmission lines. The simplest case is where all
transmission lines have the same voltage. In such cases, substation contains
high-voltage switches that allow lines to be connected or isolated for fault
clearance or maintenance.
FOR THE SESSION JUNE'16 - NOV'16 7
 DISTRIBUTION SUSTATION:- A distribution substation transfers power
from the transmission system to the distribution system of an area. It is
uneconomical to directly connect electricity consumers to the main
transmission network, unless they use large amounts of power, so the
distribution station reduces voltage to a level suitable for local distribution.

COLLECTOR SUBSTATION:- In distributed generation projects such as

a wind farm, a collector substation may be required. It resembles a
distribution substation although power flow is in the opposite direction, from
many wind turbines up into the transmission grid.

CONVERTER SUBSTATION:- Converter substations may be associated

with HVDC converter plants, traction current, or interconnected non-
synchronous networks. These stations contain power electronic devices to
change the frequency of current, or else convert from alternating to direct
current or the reverse.

SWITCHING STATION:- A switching station is a substation without

transformers and operating only at a single voltage level. Switching stations are
sometimes used as collector and distribution stations. Sometimes they are
used for switching the current to back-up lines or for parallelizing circuits in
case of failure.
FOR THE SESSION JUNE'16 - NOV'16 8
 COMPONENTS

Substations generally have switching, protection and control equipment, and

transformers. In a large substation, circuit breakers are used to interrupt any
short circuits or overload currents that may occur on the network. Smaller
distribution stations may use recloser circuit breakers or fuses for
protection of distribution circuits. Substations themselves do not usually
have generators, although a power plant may have a substation nearby. Other
devices such as capacitors and voltage regulators may also be located at a
substation.
A grounding (earthing) system must be designed. The total ground potential
rise, and the gradients in potential during a fault (called touch and step
potentials) must be calculated to protect passers-by during a short-circuit in
the transmission system. Earth faults at a substation can cause a ground
potential rise. Currents flowing in the Earth's surface during a fault can cause
metal objects to have a significantly different voltage than the ground under
a person's feet; this touch potential presents a hazard of electrocution.
Where a substation has a metallic fence, it must be properly grounded to
protect people from this hazard.

FOR THE SESSION JUNE'16 - NOV'16 9

Fig. Control Panel at NHPC
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A control panel is a flat, often vertical, area where control or
monitoring instruments are displayed.
They are found in factories to monitor and control machines or
production lines and in places such as nuclear power
plants, ships, aircraft and mainframe computers. Older control panels
are most often equipped with push buttons and analog instruments,
whereas nowadays in many cases touch screens are used for
monitoring and control purposes.
Control panel is a cabinet which contains electrical components to
control the motors and equipments. Cables are used for the
interconnection. Two types of cables are used. Power cable and control
cable.
1. Power cables (which is used to connect the motor to panel
component and panel to main supply)
2. Control cables (which is used to connect the control circuits)

Control panels are to be found in every substation and has various

equipments in it such as follows.

FOR THE SESSION JUNE'16 - NOV'16 11

 BUSBAR
Incoming supply is connected to bus bar and
distributed from bus bar. It is normally made
by Aluminum. In electrical power
distribution, a busbar is a metallic strip or
bar (typically copper, brass or aluminium)
that conducts electricity within
a switchboard, distribution
board, substation, battery bank, or other
electrical apparatus. Busbars are used to
carry substantial electric currents over
relatively short distances; their greater
surface area (compared to a wire of the
same weight) reduces losses due to corona
discharge.
Fig. Bus bar
FOR THE SESSION JUNE'16 - NOV'16 12
 PROTECTION BLOCK
RELAY
A relay is an electrically operated switch.
Many relays use an electromagnet to
mechanically operate a switch, but other
operating principles are also used, such
as solid-state relays. Relays are used
where it is necessary to control a circuit
by a separate low-power signal, or where
several circuits must be controlled by one
signal. The first relays were used in long
distance telegraph circuits as amplifiers:
they repeated the signal coming in from
one circuit and re-transmitted it on
another circuit. Relays were used
extensively in telephone exchanges and
early computers to perform logical
operations. Fig. Relay
A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an
electric motor or other loads is called a contactor. Solid-state relays control power
circuits with no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform
switching. FOR THE SESSION JUNE'16 - NOV'16 13
 Definite time relays
Inverse time relays with definite
minimum time(IDMT)
Instantaneous relays.
IDMT with inst. Stepped characteristic.
Programmed switches.
Voltage restraint over current relay

FOR THE SESSION JUNE'16 - NOV'16 14

Fig. Over current Relay Fig. Over voltage Relay

Fig. Earth Fault Relay

FOR THE SESSION JUNE'16 - NOV'16 15
 CIRCUIT BREAKER

A miniature or moulded - case

circuit breaker is an automatically
operated electrical switch designed to
protect an electrical circuit from damage
caused by overcurrent or
overload or short circuit. Its basic
function is to interrupt current flow
after protective relays detect a fault.
Unlike a fuse, which operates once and
then must be replaced, a circuit breaker
can be reset (either manually or
automatically) to resume normal
operation. Circuit breakers are made in
varying sizes, from small devices that
Fig. Circuit Breaker
protect an individual household appliance
up to large switchgear designed to
protect high voltage circuits feeding an
entire city.

FOR THE SESSION JUNE'16 - NOV'16 16

According to their arc quenching media the circuit breaker
can be divided as-
Oil circuit breaker.
Air circuit breaker.
SF6 circuit breaker.
Vacuum circuit breaker.
According to their services the circuit breaker can be divided as-
Outdoor circuit breaker
Indoor breaker.
According to the operating mechanism of circuit breaker they can be
divided as-
Spring operated circuit breaker.
Pneumatic circuit breaker.
Hydraulic circuit breaker.
According to the voltage level of installation types of circuit breaker
are referred as-
High voltage circuit breaker.
Medium voltage circuit breaker.
Low voltage circuit breaker. FOR THE SESSION JUNE'16 - NOV'16 17
 MEASURING BLOCK
A measuring instrument is a device
for measuring an electrical quantity. In
the control panel, measuring block
constitutes voltmeters, ammeters , watt
meters, control switches and
connection indicators.Voltage and
Current levels cant be directly
measured due to the fact that those
are of very high values and that much
ranged meters are not feasible due to
size, cost and other criteria. Therefore
there levels must be reduced to value
that can be measured by a low level
meter. Fig. Measuring Block

The meters used are PMMC type for DC measurement and Moving iron &
EMMC type for rms measurement. EMMC (or EDM) meter is preferred over
moving iron as by astatic arrangement, the effect of stray magnetic fields can
be particularly reduced. These meters are connected as shown in the above figure.
The selection switches shown below meters are used to select what we want eg.
If we want to measure R phase voltage, the switch is set to R. It also consists of
indicators indicating the availability of supply. FOR THE SESSION JUNE'16 - NOV'16 18
TRANSFORMERS

Fig. Transformer at NHPC

FOR THE SESSION JUNE'16 - NOV'16 19

Transformers are the most important part of the substation as all the
controlling and protection are useless without it. A basic transformer is
required to transfer electrical power from one voltage level to another,
without change in frequency. It can be a step up or step down transformer.
HT panels are connected to the HV side of a transformer and thus have oil
circuit breakers. LT panles are connected to LV side of transformer and thus
have air circuit breakers installed. A seen from outside one can easily see
various parts that are connected to transformer and which are essential for its
proper working. As we can see, it has a conservator mounted above it which
facilitates the expansion and contraction of oil level of the transformer. A
breather is also connected to transformer through which transformer takes
dry air or breathes. Breather consists of silica gel which provides the
absorption of moisture which the incoming air contains.
We can always see the presence of buccholz relay on a transformer. This relay
is very important in the working of the transformer as it detects the internal
and external faults to a transformer and thus helps in its instant protection.
For a three phase transformer, phasor groups are there in which transformer is
connected. The transformer shown is at NHPC and is DY11 connected.
It is 2500 KVA and has 11000V and 415V at HV and LV sides respectively. It
is designed for 50 Hz frequency and has ONAN cooling associated in it.

FOR THE SESSION JUNE'16 - NOV'16 20

 DG SETS

These are nothing but the diesel generators that are used in case of power
failure. Two to Three DGs are employed which are synchronised together so
that one set cant get overloaded and hence operating the sets at their
maximum efficiency. At NHPC, two 1000 KVA and one 2000 KVA DG sets
are there. The bus coupler for connecting the sets at panel is of 3200A.
At normal conditions, bus is energised by the supply voltage and when the
electricity is not there, the bus got energised by the DG sets so that the
reliable power supply is there, altough it takes about 10 seconds to get a DG
in working state. This is due to the fact that it requires some time to rotate a
DG rotor at the synchronous speed. The sets have their own control panels
through which the supply comes to the main panel.

FOR THE SESSION JUNE'16 - NOV'16 21

 CAPACITOR BANKS

The demand of active power is

expressed in Kilo Watt (KW) or
Mega watt (MW). This power
should be supplied from electrical
generating station. All the
arrangements in electrical power
system are done to meet up this
basic requirement. Although in
alternating power system, reactive
power always comes in to picture.
This reactive power is expressed in
Kilo VAR or Mega VAR. The
demand of this reactive power is
mainly originated from inductive
load connected to the system.
These inductive loads are generally
Fig. Capacitor Bank, NHPC electromagnetic circuit of motors
mainly..
FOR THE SESSION JUNE'16 - NOV'16 22
This reactive power should be properly compensated otherwise, the ratio of
actual power consumed by the load, to the total power i.e. vector sum of active
and reactive power, of the system becomes quite less.This ratio is alternatively
known as electrical power factor, and fewer ratios indicates poor power factor
of the system. If the power factor of the system is poor, the ampere burden of
the transmission, distribution network, transformers, alternators and other
equipments connected to the system, becomes high for required active power.
And hence reactive power compensation becomes so important. This is
commonly done by capacitor bank.There are mainly two equipments used for
this purpose. (1) synchronous condensers (2) Static capacitors or Capacitor
Banks.
Synchronous condensers can produce reactive power and the production of
reactive power can be regulated. Due to this regulating advantage, the
synchronous condensers are very suitable for correcting power factor of the
system, but this equipment is quite expensive compared to static capacitors. That
is why synchronous condensers, are justified to use only for voltage regulation of
very high voltage transmission system. FOR THE SESSION JUNE'16 - NOV'16 23
OTHER IMPORTANT COMPONENTS

1. CVT:- A capacitive voltage transformer(CVT) works on the principle of

capacitance used for measuring each phase voltage in each feeder. It provides
voltage signals to meters and relays. It consists of LC tuned circuit for carrier
communication signals.
2. Lightning Arrester :- The first and the last protecting device of the
substation is the lightning arrester. It consists of metal oxides like ZnO and
SiC which offers low impedance to surges and high impedance to normal
supply voltage.
3. Isolator: - It is used to isolate the electrical connection. It is similar to a
circuit breaker just without an arc quenching medium and is operated
manually.
4. Earth Switch:- It is used to discharge residual energy present in the
electrical equipments. It must be in open position during normal operation
and is kept in closed position before attempting the maintenance of the
equipment.

FOR THE SESSION JUNE'16 - NOV'16 24

Fig. Cooling Tower, NHPC
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A cooling tower is a heat rejection device that rejects waste heat to
the atmosphere through the cooling of a water stream to a lower
temperature. Cooling towers may either use the evaporation of water
to remove process heat or use the refrigerants like R22 to cool the
water.

FOR THE SESSION JUNE'16 - NOV'16 26

Common applications include cooling the circulating water used in oil
refineries, petrochemical and other chemical plants, thermal power stations
and HVAC systems for cooling buildings. The classification is based on the type
of air induction into the tower: the main types of cooling towers are natural
draft and induced draft cooling towers.
Cooling towers vary in size from small roof-top units to very large hyperboloid
structures that can be up to 200 metres (660 ft) tall and 100 metres (330 ft) in
diameter, or rectangular structures that can be over 40 metres (130 ft) tall and
80 metres (260 ft) long.
Although the large towers are very prominent, the vast majority of cooling
towers are much smaller, including many units installed on or near buildings to
discharge heat from air conditioning.
An HVAC (heating, ventilating, and air conditioning) cooling tower is used to
dispose of ("reject") unwanted heat from a chiller. Water-cooled chillers are
normally more energy efficient than air-cooled chillers due to heat rejection to
tower water at or near wet-bulb temperatures. Air-cooled chillers must reject
heat at the higher dry-bulb temperature, and thus have a lower average
effectiveness. From these cooling towers, water goes to chillers where it cools
the air by flow of air by the chilled water tubes and in turn, the cooled air now
goes to various floors of buildings and thus constituting a centralised AC
system.
FOR THE SESSION JUNE'16 - NOV'16 27
Fig. Basic layout of BMS
FOR THE SESSION JUNE'16 - NOV'16 28
A Building Management System (BMS), otherwise
known as a Building Automation System (BAS), is a
computer-based control system installed in buildings that
controls and monitors the buildings mechanical and
electrical equipment such as ventilation, lighting, power
systems, fire systems, and security systems using systems
like SCADA. A BMS consists of software and hardware;
the software program, usually configured in a hierarchical
manner, can be proprietary.
BENEFITS
1. Possibility of individual room control
2. Increased staff productivity
3. Effective monitoring and targeting of energy
consumption
4. Improved plant reliability and life
5. Effective response to HVAC-related complaints
6. Save time and money during the maintenance.
FOR THE SESSION JUNE'16 - NOV'16 29
 Fig. Connections for BMS
Building management systems are most commonly implemented in large
projects with extensive mechanical, HVAC, electrical systems. Systems
linked to a BMS typically represent 40% of a building's energy usage; and if
lighting is included, this number approaches to 70%. BMS systems are a
critical component to managing energy demand.
In addition to controlling the building's internal environment, BMS systems
are sometimes linked to access control or other security systems such as
closed-circuit television (CCTV) and motion detectors. The BMS control
equipments, as shown above are directly connected in regular control
panel occupying a very small space but a very precise control of various
equipments sitting in one room. FOR THE SESSION JUNE'16 - NOV'16 30
Fire alarm systems and elevators are also sometimes linked to a BMS,
for monitoring. In case a fire is detected then only the fire alarm panel
could shut off dampers in the ventilation system to stop smoke
spreading and send all the elevators to the ground floor and park
them to prevent people from using them.
FEATURES
Illumination (lighting) control
Electric power control
Heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC)
Security and observation
Access control
Fire alarm system
Lifts, elevators etc.
Plumbing
Closed-circuit television (CCTV)
Other engineering systems
Control Panel
PA system
Alarm Monitor
Security Automation
FOR THE SESSION JUNE'16 - NOV'16 31
Fig. Solar Panels at NHPC

FOR THE SESSION JUNE'16 - NOV'16 32

Solar panel refers to a panel designed to absorb the sun's rays as a
source of energy for generating electricity or heating.
A photovoltaic (PV) module is a packaged, connect assembly of typically
610 solar cells. Solar Photovoltaic panels constitute the solar array of
a photovoltaic system that generates and supplies solar electricity in
commercial and residential applications. Each module is rated by
its DC output power under standard test conditions, and typically ranges
from 100 to 365 watts. The efficiency of a module determines the area of
a module given the same rated output an 8% efficient 230 watt module
will have twice the area of a 16% efficient 230 watt module. There are a
few commercially available solar panels available that exceed 22%
efficiency and reportedly also exceeding 24%.A single solar module can
produce only a limited amount of power; most installations contain
multiple modules. A photovoltaic system typically includes a panel or an
array of solar modules, a solar inverter, and sometimes a battery
and/or solar tracker and interconnection wiring. Solar modules use light
energy (photons) from the sun to generate electricity through
the photovoltaic effect.

FOR THE SESSION JUNE'16 - NOV'16 33

 NHPC has introduced solar
panels in 2016 for the supply
of auxiliary power like street
lightning and some of the
rooms in their new building. It
is still in its full development
and after its completion will
power some of the floors of
the office building and
residential quarters.

Stand alone inverters are used for inverting DC to AC. This is a

current source inverter and is called PV inverter. NHPC has panels
connected to form three 485 sq. ft. of panels producing 9w per sq.
feet. It will be producing more watts when fully developed and
installed.
This is done in every govt. and public sector undertakings so as to
fulfil Jawahar Lal Nehru scheme for solar power which aims at
producing 100000 MW till 2022.

FOR THE SESSION JUNE'16 - NOV'16 34

Fig. Solar Panel

FOR THE SESSION JUNE'16 - NOV'16 35

FOR THE SESSION JUNE'16 - NOV'16 36