Wayne C. Thompson lo, whe tended tobe mor cstous than Rlelr, mes belanng to sup bottle own plan ef domeatie vel more enrgticali. Howe icles hopes were dashed by the March Revolution in Rusia and he butburt of soil and worker dacontent which allowed a Germany He wrote that tis neolotinary steam -natarly baa haw pegstive llc othe many -UseKrewsstung expo the tonongly an {Gus German farhion gathers around the thre." ielrccized the et been played into the and of he ight. ‘what stacy as] Sehederann’s threat of reveuton A vo hes the cae the mgt wl be saved by the lef.” The reat was that "the "ht ina rage—acient Praia i enrng upto le dows not wan to Walt any longer” Caught between these two pole, Bethan could either find an acepeable compromise nr defend himeel ny longer (On Jly 12 1817, he had to reign, and de foto palit eoatrel paced forthe duration of the war athe Suprette Miltary Comunand. Aer the Hancllor had fale tn Keep sacey of maine within the bounds of sn,” Rlrler um the emergence in Germany of what eed oa 10 bee "scarelycaguised mltary tatontip.” ‘in retenpect i can be sid that pat ofthe rst forthe flr of cele miaale couse between the polite! fonts during hs maths {hati wa to some extent uel, expecially in view of the dame fenatellaton within Germany. ‘This shot to wages th ony eter ours, domestic or intrntinal, would have been any lese pin Unreal Indoo, ven Germanys rang elite which Riel ertiived bitterly aod peropvly, its dele eo imagine that any eter ater ative wuld have had ty greater Heelibond of sacs. Nori this to Siggest that Riser sould fave known ll long tht sucha moderate ‘efor and indirect ule ply would have neitably failed He certainly pected hat Germany would ot develop the ‘nw ns a wriusly misguided elite pursing pals mich be found "unt {tingble" "Yale and "insproprist” He had hope that Gerses ‘Sul ean rom their own experienc, inthe ed, be read that Cer ‘any nd no et come of ge He ted rfl tt tbe mle ae fo protect Germany by establahing indie: German hegemony over {Cente Europe "erly sho that a exainatio or ess bad boon vento sophomore" 128 Chapter Five RIEBZLER AND THE REVOLUTION IN RUSSIA Inthe ease of Lenin’ ip two opposite plans crossed ta deft point, Gd this pint wae sealed ear Leon Troe ‘With the fl of Bethmann Hollweg, Riese’ activity inthe itehen of Imperial Germany” came tan ed This change Resie's politcal ac tly ia eo basi way: fit, be no lager hed the oppartunity to deal srith the variety of politi problems athe bad for the past ight Snare—pence moves, miitary-politial problems, submarine marae Suosracton of new Europe, domestic reform, parliamentary Taion ‘row alsin, et. Until aboryelore the end he War his ertenton ‘Became forse exctusvely on Rusia Second, hi influence ox overall (German pale end his oppurtunity to advocte innovative ction were eatly reduced. is diet contact with tbe highest polite leader ‘Germany was eeered, end his recomendations had to passthrough his rbesy supers and the Foreign ce, Nevertheless, hs new assign ‘ents were mporcant one, adhe felt that he ore ome repent {or cubeequent events in Rasa; the Rusan Revelution was the ony stpeto is wat ise pltal activity which be verted in ltr io sais had aways played an portant role in Riles pola! ‘inking. He always ha great reeoc: for Rosie's strength. Conciosof thet enormous territory und thi large population, the ssians "more ‘than al other peoples the present have reason t blew ia Ubie erly This rength gave ber ea “apse power” which preset. a crst long-term dango t Germany. Tin’ entry ino We Wat ‘ade this potential danger rel and immediate 1h theft thre yeas of the war Rll considered two base ways of eslng with the meds and long-range Rusa dang to Geran ‘Th int alvomativ was 9 eet a powerful Mitelearop through which (Germany could protect elf fora Brain and Rosa, While he prefered 9Wayne C. Thome ‘his altrative, hema privately pessimistic about Germany's bility | tithe prerequisites Therefore, be always kept asad aleratve in mind: coming toa pica understanding with Rui te expert ‘sf Germanys allie. Aare sa, he fet onside this bily ing the last wo week before Germany and Russa bad become locked in wet 15 Aenunry Tle, be apain saw Aseria and Turkey at objecta whch Ger ‘many could set buy an understanding with sea. rated a ronth Inter by Austria's unlingess to make eri eocestons 0 Tel in| certo prevent tly fom joining the Entente, he eomideed Galng sith the ineitable diaostion of Ausra Hungary by parsonng the Titer with Rania? "ieler continued to hope fr tome kind of Rasso-German agreement hile et de same ine werking fore sreng Mitcleuropa.Inod, hi ‘Hea solution tothe strong Rania which hema wre would emerge from the war mas the combination of both alternatives a strong ‘Micleuropa, 8 wall oe some Mind of understanding with asl {eared that an undentanding with aaa thos tong backing fo & (German dominted Centel Europe would inviaby lead Germany ito the pation of Rusian vassal sate He argued tet only « Germany "trong in the Eat ould have god atone with Resa Rubia would have either interest nor ‘oad foram underwanding with relatively ‘ren and telat Germany ‘Da Rvs consider revoton in Rosia a an itmat aolation othe long-term Russian tet fo Germania ober words sw thi alter site? An examination of hit evolutionary activity reveals tat be ‘ot, Throughout th wat he viewed the revalutionzing of Rain, a well {a seperate peace wth Rusia, as merely tactical means of weakening Rossin emporary in oder to toake her more receptive to the ind of relations with Germang which he sought He bed not abandoned hs on eion, expressed carer in Grundsige der Welipliih hat Rosia ‘ould nover be weakened permanently. Neverthele, a rest power could ‘Usoient Busi, and leer was wig to bel Germany do this in ot ter to establish’ a temporary favorable ciplomatc situation fr Ger- ‘Aor immediatly fer the outbreak of hotles in 194, the wo the revelutonary weapon agaist Germany's enemies had been ls ‘sed. Beitain end France appeared most vulnerable, abd Sxyp, India, TWelané, and French Bquitanal Arica all bad been objects of German revolutionary aclities Rusa ke Bland, offered Govmany a chance te point her revelutonary weepon almcet dzely ot the het of het fnamy, Ruma alo offered Germany the opportnity to select either 10 ational of sil revelation. Bath aetna and socal conflicts bad ‘rupted gui ding Rass revolution in 1906-08 and were stl att ‘ingore tart empie. Ave vel ofthe unsucesuleeliion, ‘Mowand of Rusian emigrants had reeled in ll parts of Europe ‘Many sf the various dinndent Ruslan emigrants could be ued by Ger many for whatever revolutionary asigaments German interests re are, ethane Holines and Rlviet were moro interested in national ‘evolutions within te Russian Empire than in sca evolution, Bary fe'Auguat 1914, Bethmnn Hollweg hod declared thatthe German gs] inthe East wat the iberation aod protectin of those acs enslaved by ‘Ruminand the throwing back of Resins despot to Moncon” In i "September Programe” Rlener added that “Romie most i peaible be pahed sway from the German border end ber domination of non umian anal people mst be broken.” inded, the Germans ad lr ‘tation ro many quarer tht svch 2 nainal elation could bese ‘hn. The proclamation ofsuch goals hed ben aimed nt only at short hing the war and st expanding German influence or domination in be ‘Eat but alan at acheving unity in the German war effet at home. Toe isms to dale the bonds which held peripheral peoples to Mow and tn decree the pomers ofan autocrat tae found entnslstie supper fiom Pan-Germana, German paris in the center, end. Socal Democrats? White chancellor and Riser refered national evolution oscil evolution, bot dal 1 Limited extant withthe preparation of evolton i Roa. The mest important inital advocate of «social ‘evolution in Rusa wee Alerander Paran-Helphand, « Rosia born ‘Guan socialist with u wide network of commercial and politi) cn ‘acts throughout Baroy, He bad ees refered tothe Foreign Ofc oo Sanaaryb 1918 by Germany's ambeseador in Cenatantinope, reer Hine ven Wangeaeim. The German Foreign Ofice was intrested in earing Helphand's propel, bt it i ot wih to eppeat to bein fil eoatat with Bm. Since one of Riese’ dtien was to speak (0 "2uny wala persons who wished to convey eves to the chancel, ean slectd to moet dncrety wth Helphand in Berlin on March 8 fib. Rleler apparently showed no enthvsiam for the Kinds of revolutionary enterprise which Helphund propsed. Thor sno record ‘stwhat they actualy ditcned, bt the sabetanee of Use aks wes Un Aoabtely exprmed ‘in an inporant.docsment which Helphand rented tothe Germans cay Whe seme month, Helphand recom ‘ended deliverin of wespons to anan nations! and. sovil maWayne C. Thompon voluioaries inside Rusa, organizaton of ike, and stabishment sf eonace with Bashi, Menshevia and autasrat Ruan exes {i neutral counts" ‘Bromian socist, Alerander Kekala, presented to th Germans an ternative to stoner auppor for Mensbevik socialist ln September 1815, he deliver pace propose ftom Lanin which opened the Ga ‘mans’ ees tothe psi of supporting the Boshevy sollte sad of the Meruevik socials In actualy contact Nat etablabed ‘ted maintained with both groupe, ae wel smith any ter Rowson isdene groupe? ‘roping the Ruslan Revelation. Empty paying withthe pombe ‘murdering Grand Duke Niklas Niolayevich” On March 5 1915, be ‘wrote abou his tention "to cenvinos th cancel that bee ea corm ‘Bon Garmen- Tian line, wbih ca funetim with or wits apa Desc." Thin common line coud be made acceptable to ama tau German capital to veplace the heavy Prench nancial suppor ad through “low sellout of our enttern potions, fein Turkey, then in ‘Ausua” On Mare, 19, be wrote wean ch egal ella the Ras, Afphanstn, Pei Turkey, end Avs im sequence, whch ‘would lat oe bude year “Although Tesler gave only reserved support tothe revcatonay ef far, and then oly to bap ring about x seperate pac, be was msg to handle Germasy' continiogn contacts with Rusia revolusenarie “He was lataon man betreen the na German ogtizaions wich Gal sire with usin reveltenary acivity—the German Foreign Of fee, which lected the seditious group whic shouldbe supported ad ‘he General Safin Belin, which handed the opertinal work. Th cele was extresely well normed about Germanys support of Rus lan dasidene acti. He ocaloally noted tn hie dnry tate had one “work on Ruslan revelationting'y in June 915, be even ‘speculated that «revelation was “tbe only posublty for a ell good ‘Sinculo." ueser wan “one of the main orfanizer the elias Dilly,” as George Kathor maintains "letlers own waivering between revolutionary activity and separate pute efor was rtected ce alargr sal in he German Freign Office ‘The flue of insurrectionary foe in asa during the ist wo Years of the war geal strengthened th arguments ly advocates of eeparate [Peace who by September 1015 hadcenly gained the pper hand wits the Foreign Oce. German financial support fr many revelutenaries, 2 wa oto rdoeed, and efforts to roach peace agreement withthe theme stepped up. Thre in ren some evidence that these fra were Derining to bear tru. The amignment of priority to achieving & cpa peace inno way sean tat the Pregn Olle was unprepared {em eventual wurption of evelutioaryectiity. Germany was keep Ing be revolutionary alternative open. “Pe maicance of keoing tie option open became cea inthe ater math of rocentous events in Mace 1917 Rlelr Iter described to « Dalamertary bearing the backround of the events He testified that [ke taar's bending oppor to reform bad cost hi the suppor of mon al elements of Ruan soit, eluding te aristocracy and the Intelgensia The tempuracy unity eeated bythe outbreak of war bad teen deste compieny hy tbe sas exttemey unwise decon > {Sib to assume pentnal command of the Russian army in the fi ‘Thin denon mau unre Decsune the tar knew almost nothing about Trltary meter, and Bese I lf formal power i Petrograd in the ‘ith trina, who was ude he earner of Resin, ce Impl peasant rie, who was Wiel reputed to be pro-German Ficeler obverved that by 16 the reat power le ithe blk of non erin propcsve parties isthe Dam, #pariament the crestion of ‘Mich the unwiling fur had been fred to concede in 108. This bicek Tourn biery with te goverment minatre ver "questions concern tne Rasputin, domestic polices and even the chorch" "One placed the (her in check The enfire epime was unbolevebly corroded and no Tange capable of ation." ‘Wide ln of bas rpily becoming unbearable for both Russian elder and ciilians he tear ey lst contel of events, Eary in Marc 01, Petrograd and other Russian cies experienced strikes and trend ret’ Not unt after the strikes end demonstrations were in Droctsr dd a fw revoatonary oupe jinn. On Mare 11 mlitary ‘tiny nied lanely by Menaevite and Social Revoltinare, broke ut in Petrograd and peta reply. More und ore repent mined ed pleced Thepecves unde the command ofthe Dur, which bd ‘come oveaight rvolutonary commend center. By Tate evening on ‘Moreh i the tac govemment cased to exist, and on March 18 Tor [Nichols followed the advice tf his lending generals and abdicated "Totaky obuerved Thor so doubt tha he fate of every eolucion a ‘Tentala pointm deided by bea inte dgpeation ofthe amy {elerwrote tnt om March 15, 1917, the it reports of revaution sa Pairpad aoe in Belin, He noted that everone in Becin “con ‘Sltvd the mediate victory ofrenstion acral,” but such acount 138Wayne ©. Thompron ‘evolution ld ot come. "Now our hopes re very high du to Rusia fnfar a oe can judge, areveltonary government sanaot conduc such ‘complinted war ‘Bethmann Hello, os wll as the kaiser, immediately roopnized "tbe ormour significance of the erent” Hierer sro! “The. Rusa ‘Revolution must be exploited in err to got peace" Pepe think {ng of Mitleuropa, Fueier continued: "We docave cul or [Beedom in mis declare ur readiness not only for pace in general ‘ut for an nora pace ‘Rleler viewed peace with the new government in Rosina matter of tment rgeny. The easonn ae oboe considering the diplomatic eb ‘domestic lemina which confronted Garmany inthe sping o 1917 A ‘najr sspect of that lemme mas that Germany's unrestricted sy ‘mere warfare weno nly oot working ne plenoed but wa alt ‘rin t bring Americ into the war" Riser sory saw tht an ‘American entry into the war wold provide the Entene With e new Srormour moral ow" ead would prstly scenes the mltary presure n Germany's weetera font. The cortinental blckade would be {ightened. More German tuops forthe western ont end fod for Gee ‘any, where hanger taba sad become a constant problem, oul The te found. Bath were tobe found in Rani “Another reason fr pee With Rosie was the domestic tarmell which ‘he arian Revolution ened in Germany alt Not nly was Seria Democrat support of Bethman Holley’ goverment thrown ino gosto, but there was danger tot the German goverment would be Typed by German social, who might attempt to ig 4 "peace International rol” with sein socialists ese wes undoabe sly fad tha the German eft woul take seus the Proclamation at the Petrograd Soviet “tothe etire worl” aeved March 27,117, a ‘ocating evolution nll Westen counrie anda peace without anes Una Resor was no et ready to accept pence which merely gra ‘The cancelrikewse viewed povee with Rosia ase mater of wt sao gency, and he tok izedate rape to nica ths bo the ow Provisional government and to Roatan emir in Switzerland wo Iwate th chance toe pence ith Germany fr thei own interest. ‘Alexander Kerensy later ealed thal a son asthe Rosin monet {ell the German government cabled contact withthe Provsonal {overnnen huh Copenhagen, However, the pew goverment showed olnteet in seperate peace wih the German goverment cd instead 134 commended o Britain and France the reclamation of arama which ‘ul multe peace sentiment thin Germany. Tels thought tering a amporay cee fie oa @ means to tempt the new goverment to sign a separate peste wth Germany, Dut he ‘ead har each a peace wosld tae ao long to azzange, Reports fom, Tue indicated tut the sollte wanted eating, he determination fa major anda sonatiuent sembly before dealing with Ube gee ton a peace, Tie would have voglred least thee months, and Ger ‘any imeable would sot have alowed ook a dla. He realized te ‘igificsnes of Americ’ enty inc the war op Apel 1917 “Tie is ‘isin werking against ur America! the war cant be ned toa) ‘othig of beng mon.” He noted "Te felt conlade peace wit ‘democrats, copecaly with evoltignres, These people act n comm en and ae hardly capable of action" Tot ony would erenging a peace wth the Provisional goverment hve required longer te tha Germany mes wing to accept, ut I srould perhaps have eoubled Rania o catch be breath and organ bes Fil milan srengt: Riser had ot lt i fear of Rusia power A peace whieh would meaken Rusa could mast ely be achieved from 8 ESemined band of reveutonaes under Vladimir Tyich. Lenn. ‘Withoat delay pana were made to anspor Lenin fom Switeland ‘hough Gevmany to Russa Wi known tha Rirler ft certain responsibilty fr thie German pulicy. He told Hang Staudinger, Aroold Brecht, end Alvin John ‘any junsatr that he had conceived the idea for the rp" Thar 0 ‘Eeumentry evidence of thi, bo cata that he was informed on {Mt epecte ofthat poy, and be certainly approved of He undoubt ely Randle those aspect of tho plicy which fll under the respon ‘Mbit the chanel However the dean and the execution of be Doig to teorprt Lenin ike plage beclus fom Switeland 0 ‘Rusia a Charl dented it was he result ofthe combined eft (Geran wcll, the fer, chanelle Foroig Oe, the Supreme try Command, and the Geran trade soins. There sees to have tren o reepnaile Germans wo daupproved of the pli. ‘foe the Certaun Fusign Office es were ade svallable to the publi, Ile was known bout the conception and preparation of this tp. Few detail were writen in mers; Werner Hahiwog spoke of “Conspiracy of lence." Naturally Soviet scolar, who have acess to Sivet pats and goverment fle, deempasz this eect of thes ental sheik Revolution whisk bry Ste net ino a thery on 138Wayne C. Thompson tsitable class revelation. Thee, the purely dossmentary foundation {a prant event romnon wee We tae yo eb Tmmeditly ar the outbreak ofthe March Revolution, Bethmann Hollwe directed Germanys abandon in Bor, iter vn Bomber “ entablsn contac with the pote exile rota Russa ving ia Swit evland forthe purpose af tee etn to ther homeland and oe them teaait ough Germany.” State Secretary fr Foreign Alls ‘Achar Zimmermann, the Sapreine Miltary Command, ea he haier ailladvcated te same. Thus, the period of eagaaton in Germany's coe {cts with Ruan revolutionary ele since September 1916 ended ae on athe tars separ fl fom his hand” ‘Naturally Lenin was wing cooperate ith the Germans. When be ond te news ofthe tn sbaeation i the Ses rappers, be wrote “Tam beside mel with anger beesuse cannot eve to Scandinavia. son forgive mel! fr not raking going ther in 1915" He remarked {hat he would even sign a contact wih the dv ihe col return ta Tenis name bad Sent appeared in German Foreign Office files on ‘November 0,014, and Bethimann Hollwoy and Rise kee isan ‘leas since September 30,1015, His spre niportance was recogited ‘aly, and all suggestions of employing Lenin in sabotage © cuter ‘pettina n unin ar elawhore were promptly reaced by Bern {lenin war being saved for someting smo implant ‘Lenin was specially atsactive to the Germana bres by 1917 he ersaded an immediate Raman withdrawal fo the war. Av ety ‘June 1015, the Germane were aware through a report by Aletander iKeksla that Lenin ihe mere le to austne cute in Rasy was determined to make pence, witout regard to France, in eum fr Ger smany'r renuncation of annerations at Russa’s expense, Given Ger ‘any’ daperate lary und dmeati station in the rng of 10171 ‘tes lop rom a stratgi pint of view to atiatpt to slinate toe remy and one font by employing, in Chareil's words, "he mot ‘reat fll neepon™reoltion, In short, the German were forced {o'theowe between revoitonaies who favored feace to 117 nd Feroltionares who didnot anin was feat value fo Germany ot only fo the statgie plat of sew In his pamphlet, Socata and War, pulled la Genera in 1O15, Lenin rapperad “the ph of opened nations to lberation, fo ‘seetson fom the big powers that oppress them” His reason for 7 sdvocating self detemination at tht tine was clearly co weaken the Uinrat rine, But ei-determinaton would be equally effective in Sreskening the new Provisional goverment, The principe of sel Akerminasion was oe which Riser and Bethmann Holwyg also 32 eesled during the war fr a tated roson~to weaken Germanys thors and hereby strengthen Gera. Thu, Lani wat seen one tho, ifn coal of the Russian government, wold reduce Ts’ power by permitting secasons. This In Ruel opinion, mould have route Garman two advantages; would bave eliminated the Rusia Alanger which be peresived, andi would have rested many mali Akrpendent nations which wold have bea eel object for German diver domination. Clery, German poly irra Ruwih we thse eclsvely oa tactical considerations: Moderate German wera {nthe Hast appeared to be compatible wi Lai's program before ADL ror Finely Leni, with his narrow popu bas and his ong absence from Rae, appeared Yo be an del taronett for Geren; ian bellved that wiehou cotinoed German support he would be unable to hold power more than afew meek, Riuer and etber Germans believed thas re need ee fourm Bolshevik regime benune such a sal, actin ‘iddenproup would netr be abet contrat hacen aa id hs veaten Germany" ‘Germans underestimated Lenin and misread hen gestly. On must sok bow such an immense misaeslaton ax pote. Tere are two bese reasons: at, no Geren who had olen be anspor of Lenin Sppear to have madied Lenin's wings and carer wall enough to bave oan the opportunist charectro his policies and writings, Nerd hey have any appreciation ofthe determination, the rathlesnese, and the harema oth man, Certainly there inno evidence that Riles Seinty informed hnglt about the man end his weg» before the {tunapert Noc until Novernbr 10 dia Ruse eporeo Geran ender {Bern tht Lenin wan" praca eoltionry a = rend se {theoreti nhs radical gels, but prctcl und concrete inthe use ot ‘peans." Second, Germany's plicmaiung at that pout aimed ex ‘enively at immadiate noes, As Loyd Geoege wrote, thie normal in ‘aii nate wna Vy ey ts ae Se ‘a wemporaryaavasinge witout entng the eay Ofte aWoyne ©. Thompson Neither the Germans not Lenin had any concern foreach oter i terest, Sele-nerst ws thelr guide, As Trotsky wrote In his eral “theca of Laie trip to opie paced 9 dent oie, ‘and thin point was sealed cor "The actual arrangement forthe tip and the tripitelf were completed within tee wee. "The moat dificult phase wan during theft ew ‘hye of Apr. Lenin was very concerned about being brane asa Ge ‘Ban agent Hi therefore iste tht the Germans accepts terme hat ‘bo German acconpany the wansport, hat so tvin be extraterritorial ‘hat the Rains pay tir own fread that the selection of tales ‘be without regard to poles, ewpecally isoar a the qustion of fepmate peace was coer, Because the Germans were in great Inu, they accepted Lenin's terms om Ape 7 The German Gener] Staff handed ll ofthe achaeal details of the traneport The ‘tun, which departed rom Zunch with tho ‘volutinaries at 16:0 o'oce on April 8, was not sealed, as eon hough; the rain was simply ff ts to Geran ficial al kinds, fd the Russlans mere segrerted fom the ober passenger AS an "i ‘ortant diplomatic rangport "such high aie pristy was ven tothe ‘kin hat the Geran Crown Prince's own tai wat kee en side ack in Hate fortwo furs unl Leis tun bed pase. Nevertbeles, the tain caring te rvolatonaien was delayed twice enroute, The ft ‘ely lasted two hous in Frankfurt am Main, Te tran Was delayed ‘teat, petbap intentionally, in Bev Unexpalnly, he tain Bad frelve to twenty hour layover there. tas been sugested hat Lei {atked toa Gera official, pecape wth Rel, wl the tenn was in Burin, although thre x no conlaive documentary evidence o ary fury to support tha Revie was infact i Bern atthe Ue,” and ‘aot be etcluded that Lenin lef the tein in igsie and met wth leis or wit ther German ffciab ein certainly unltely hat Riser trod ave dared to bond the tain, However Leia was BUCA Loo om ‘ered abot being compromised to meet with the known asst the ‘German ehancallor na Berlin alway sation. Reler later incicte to ‘tend hat be ad wot representative to mee mith Lenin, but that the canveration had taken place onthe ferry to Sweden ot on Geran sai, Lenin bald strcly to the agreed tar which bad been carefully Aesgned to prevent Lena's appering tobe a German agent. Indeed twas the Germans practice to make girect contacts with their evolutionary agents only very rarely. After tho tip mas completed, {nin wrote thatthe Gersase bad “onaduced thenelve ary cect. 138 ly and thatthe tra had been “ately cbatrved."® Tho tip hed not bons eeret on the moming othe departure fom Zuri he Zurcher ‘Morgen Zetang published ashore erie reporting German permission for the taneport throug Germany of fry evautionares, all "eo ined partisans of peat.” ‘Mer a short stay in Stockholm, Lenin and hie woup proceded trough Sweden and Falun to Petrograd Fiaand Statin, Where te {ro avd a 10-0 pt om Ape Ib to be greeted by thsands of sup free Bele he entered the tet of Petrograd, Lenin announced at be ba ot comet strengthen the revolution which ad akon place « ‘oath ate, He now advected "cond reoltin.” With sata lon the Caraans geprted from Stoelim she flowing day "Lana's ‘try into Rain scent le working exactly as we Would wih" (On Augut 5, 1917, Rise filly retured tothe Foreign Oe where ‘tery important ssignment amie him The American entry nt the tre, the Fenultantinerease in Batente motte, Austin Katser Ker ‘dey non dene for peace whlch would leave his emp ntc, and Germenyt own crumbly domestic uuty had rode a eparte peace ‘veh Rosia w mater of sole cea for Germany. Therefre, Ger ‘any needed “an epelally well normed pla fie," who would te ur representative im Stockholm fr Han" Rieler war the del ‘an ts represent Germany in Stockholm, the eoronds between Rosa fd the ouade word" Tesnaiately afer Rieler ad aarued ie new pet on Octber 3, 1sI7, be resumed his work on revolution in Rusa e oberved shat esc on the easter front could cme aly through "a wander ne fr lasingeman"and he et out make this wonder poole He gave 20 {nformaton whstacevern hie ny tosluminete hie ett pp of the Bolshevik Revolucion. ta fact, he made no dry entre atl om Octaer 5 1917, to January 141918 Nerare there documents he Gee ‘man Foreign Oe archive ich provide information on how he helped fhe Bolsheviks during the erlal month of October. 1s certain, however, that he wan charged with funding Belabave operations. ‘Without question, German financial aetatance had been vital othe Bolshevila during the fst few weds befoe the telzre of Power (3 Pewograd oa November 7, 1017. The Germana even provided large saounts of sid inthe crreney mowt deed in Ramin, where rable bed ‘Sra nntgrated to fnetion of forma val, On October 8.008 130Wayne ©. Thompon unded thousand Swi rans were sent by courier fom Germany tothe Bolshevik in Rosse With tha mone, German agents wor able to con tinse buying, elimost publi, rifles and machine guns from diafeted Rivsian soldi fr datiotion to Bolbevik Rad Gor. Als, the ftainenance of Latah and othr non-anian rope elible tothe Bolshevik was lagly Soanced by the Germans. Rehard Kuhlman, the had epaced mera au at rear for Foreign Ais os Dogue 5191, Iter maintined that ie won oot util the Bort bd rsived om o 4 ad ow of ane {Liisa chant ude lees a the they mere pnt {ete bi to bald up thar ain ngs Panda to court werpte Dopapnds snappy extn Se gil aro elt Pa [A Forsgn Otice document dated November 10, 1917 thee days afer the Bolsbevik Revolution, indicated that River had dispensed mlions ‘ble for us a Raia. ‘Lenin i actaliy oming to power—snother miracle to ou eeu ‘iere exclaimed. Op November 7,17, the Provisional overeat of ‘Alevander Kerik, which, was alrendy hepeemy-paraled. and ‘Someries, was toppled by the rmallfagment of the Reson socalit ‘moverent which ofered the war-neary Russians "pence and lan.” Peace on the astra font was win reach, German and Bole ‘nn ony to dese when and here to arrange the ceasefire and peace {oeety and who should takepart inthe negotiation. As lisa man be teen Lenin and the Geran alice in Hern, Rlr war sponsible for arranging the peace negotiations. In ion, because he had the ‘Soest contact with te ne Rogsan goverment, his eprts on sian fetes and internal poliical eonditone were given careful tention by {he eft! polcymaters in Bein. “ro accomplih tho st Upirtant immediate gol of ecbleving and ‘sinning peace cn the eastern front, Riser advocated policy which trnld prong the chaos mthin Rosi, tna doeument co ie chanelle (Prt five dayy alter the Bolshevik Revolution Rael reported that "even the power ofthe Boaheia n Rama nts oly afm weoks, the ‘tty wil lest certainly have to fae terror mocha even Paneer ‘le Marat barly experienced.» The peasant mil tie by force the Jad chat nat bon promised tem, andthe lie wil hse home from the trenches ln der otto be lft out” I the Boebeies plans to Sliminate the suring admisintrative machinery end to lace the ex. cutive into the hands ofthe neal worker” and ssi” councils were ccf, the 0 sn fc i rast soldered, hun lem te SUAS Sat Societe concn be Word War, andi te ‘tenga ocr sen Se mn hac J iter pected that te slogan "peace and land,” which had bee "id into the mates,” would continue fo plague subsequent Russian govern iter believed that i was panclaly important fr Germany to tae advantage of the chao whieh the Bolsheviks were lpg to ale ‘in been thir hold om power would only Be temporary [98 ep (o {Chanelor Geone Hering on November 28 be wered tha sow yw be ore termination fhe lei geeeant mace {Shu pose nth te optimistic on duane ‘Erementar ede yn oes ee mt nee ‘sutooten. shun Sona bls aarp te rao ‘man cy lated Soe wn poi e n mah ran treo the new government he Cae Toe and er oss lyn towh osha tl abe Bondo stat bow ooh the at Raa Ficler was not ure how lng Rusia wuld be paralyed He was iy corain tht onder mould nt be re-established mediately ter the lbeviaa were swap tom power, One mek ater Reser eported hat "ander the domination the Bolsevila te detachment en peoples from Rosia wll unquestionably make great progres” He sessed, however, tar tis dantepration would be ely erperary; aera whl, fcoomic interest snd triton! layltis would lee te prog peo ples bac to Moncom Reser neve lat hi onic, whieh be ba x rowed in Grandeige der Weleott, thet Ransia was indestructible [Nevertheless the temporary diainteration of the Roman sate due to [Beluhevie rule wa del for Germany Becnse the independence ef such perptersl ations at Finland, tbe Uieeoe, and Estonia would ben con equence of Bolshevik theon, not of German demands Alo, the i ‘dependence of thse peoples would ot have tobe writen st a peace ‘rey. Tho, neither Mttlaropa no future Geman sslan relations ‘tal nave ian urdeed bythe pace settlement Tn ibe ease, «eevee hat be erenged wih the “emporey” lesdoe of Ronin, The malate problem wee te Second AIL-assian miWayne C. Thompron Congres’ apes! 20 November 8 ta al belligerent nations fora peace ‘ithout ennezations or reparations. ‘lever an the Geman goveroment wanted to avid such ap allan, nd typo eat to ane wy. Ps Seated, the peace mou have been one without anneratons. Although rer was not intrested in permanent Geren anneastion of Ruslan leery he wanted lobe certain that Ria wuld ema wea or the ‘Seaton ofthe mar snd that Germany would have temporary acces | Imporcnt reoutes within the borders of he Ruslan Empire, Both of| hese goals ould be! be guaranteed by temporary Geman contra over ‘ide atone within the Rasian Bmpr. Such contol oul then berlin {Ulsed et ona eo a more permanent government hed been established {Rosia Thos, there mould be no danger thet foare Ruslan German ‘eltions ould be potoned. Second, hs dais reveal his worry tht {evolution in Russa would spread to Germany. Revoltianary activity Ian ready been reported in Viena, and Rislor wanted to self he ‘Boishevie from al farther offical contact mth German or Astra "eles concer about the intradaction of Bolibevik revolutionary leas ino Germany was apparent alos mediately. On Noverber 8 hnewared the Foreign Oficeapanst al pul manifestations of end |y understanding with Runa” At the seme tae he tensed to con ince his chil Bobet eopect in Stackholm, VV. Voroaks, that there was no liked of «revelation in Gertauny. ley Riel re ‘juered that the German Socal Democratic empaper, Vor, tats penly thatthe Geran proletariat would et cade brngng about tho "vitory of the baodthusty Eaglsh-Americancaptliem through Skea" and that “eur Socal Democracy elp Bac te way oa ternational vocinist understanding” The maoty SPD ceva bed no taste for the Kind of revolution which hed taken place in Raa on November 7. Nevertheless, SPD leader, Friedrich Bb: and Phipp Schvidemann, had aged to « declration of mutual sympaty and toa “demand for sn iimediate ceasefire in pepartion for = democratic pe." ‘This declaration and ereeponse rm the Balahevils wee tobe {ad at mas socilit ale ls Drenden and Bremen. However ecnare ‘ieler delayed the transminon ofthe Bolshevik message, no rerpense to the SPD declaration could be rat the alien ™ "Much more serious than the exchange of sympathy declarations were te attempts by Matthias Ereberge, preventative of the ajo Pa Us in Pasament, and hy Schedemane to deal direc? wih the 1 olahevieprosontativoin Stockh. Rees nd the German Foreign ‘Otice wid to prevent aoeh contacts a ll canta ‘The Fint attempt at det negotiations had been made by Eroberger severe! month evr, On hal of the tay partie, which on July IO TOIT, had udopted a "pace roiton cling for peace without fannerstons, Ertberger aeat Paul Wucberpfenaig and Hermann Goldberg to meet with he Boibeik x Stckbol. Ruse was tated {hut Babener "bad to trample etween thingy bere ke sn eps” rsberger's peace fer was actualy prevented to Verve on November 25, but Risir did everything pose to convince te Blebevies "shat cnly'the conclusion ofan immediate cease-fire and subsequent dct pce negotitons hud any hance of sdcowse Reler wae instructed by Kimann to convince Erierpers represenatves of the same, but ‘Wackerplnnig and Goldberg were not easily perundod,Rieler was oume, opersting under specific tstructins fom th Foreign Ofc; Tverthelen, ba as perenaly convinced that auch’ northodor iplomatie muvee were wally inappropriate, On Noverber 26 be ‘epeated what be hed written {othe Foreign Office the day before, One ‘Buse aot be tempted tepid a raphe bee th German pope oh Rie ‘Sr olen tbe seta onary utes poplin is Rl de et eile tas tt th een. [Tcnld probbly be a zave plea emue even to en to bind the tare of ‘ise German rar ements ly The ‘mine pres wl big ho ae tas enters pony 8 {eal pace, Unr tor creane an iw he len shoves Mh ‘peat cg ma al te he pres ‘Shuclrbl tne hu apa and smart hs bees ad nthe gradual esr ‘oar. Tew bt ine oe meting rhe ed cents ‘th he Ruma poled i ant Rasa ponte whch Gary Spel testa eae b pnb te pt doy Sosa wif ole seston cto gd i “The ntti of Erserger became gully outdated, Before Vororky could recive fom Pesogred n rerpoose to Eraberger's peace lle (Goldberg had left Stockholm inorder to continue work on tbe plain Benin. At Rctlerssopgestion, Gldberg was prevented fom rturning to Stzchholm. Therlore, the Bolsheviks, who needed pce desperately, 1“Wayne C. Themen Ascided to enter ctasece negotiations with German goverment ‘epronttivesepinning December 3 at Bret-Litovak « Raasan ty ISeated behind the German lines. “Aer the ceasefiee negotiation had sleeady bey in Brest, a second lara tothe denzed goverment-to-governmant talks developed. OS December 8 1917, Reser mexived information fom Kuhlmann cha the Social Demecrt, Phlipp Scheidemann, hed departed for Stockbolm in tar to persuade the Bolsheik to cindct peace nepotitons with titer the major svat or Rechatag malty ltd of withthe German government, Kibinansistracad Rielertovtop Schedemann Immediately spon svn Stoklm in nde to convince is hat tions were e lsake. Therefore, afte atving. 10, Stockholm Scheldemann was met by Bele, who convinced hm “that evry fecal conference must day and endanger be only promising mga loge." Tan, the danger of "social peace” was averted.” ‘Aer having blocked attempts by German socialist und Rechtag majority, Rize was cee in persuading the Bolsheviks thatonly a ‘erumplan of direct peace negations between the German. ad Bolshevik government ould be advantagecs. He knew hoo expat Lenin's and Twtay'saveron to Geran Scat Democrats, Rieke imac ‘sonducted the erucal nopetatone with, Voraky the Stockholm apartment of jourmaliat Alfa Paquet om December 8,1 tnd 14, 1817 Ror nego skilfully and pot slang very well wth Veron. "The Bolbevns are fantastic fellows and di everything very well and nicely" ‘The results wee an agroetient on December 18 fora Ceasefire onthe ester fon and for peace negotiation at the German taltarybeadguarers in Bret Litovel not int neal county the Bolsevi had he. ‘Lenin consented owed delegation headed by Leon ‘Trusyto the proc negotiations, which opened in Bret-Litovek on December 2, 1917 ‘Thin didnot mean. however, thatthe Bolebvika vere convinced that ce treaty with Ras ort Finches, wrote: "A Bet Lito the Soviets conferred with the foreign diplomats and scanned th ‘vestr rion for ted flames, elaevik eyes mere im double focus” (Gerhard fter added that “seldom have peace negations commenced, tren so much insincerity av at Brew Litosk ‘eres was nota mexiber of the delgaticn and did ot play # moe roe in she formulation of German poly applied in tbe peace nope tons, a ead in the cose fie negotiations. Nevertelan bi oo. ft 'Rielers geoeal poston on the neglitons and at the basic Me froblem which developed inthe couse of the talk i elf for un Sertanding Riel amigrment in Meacow fom Apel to August 1918. Tnitialy th Bolbevia mere optimite Tir optima was buoyed by the Cental Powers’ formal sceeptance on Christmas Day ofthe Bolshevia' formule: "no annexation, no Indemnitie” Thus tere feomed tobe common pound; Lenin's Ape Theses andthe Recta roc vealton of ul 117 had called fora pce without annexatins. Both paris ofall regaied self determiptin athe guiding prin ‘ple, However, it ston breumesbvios hat the negtaters were ot ‘Nunding om semtaongeound ster all When the Boleboie® military ‘tach Beet uke is German counterpart, General Max Hota, ‘n December 2 how mich Geman: annexed Ruma terry Would be acuated, he reeved the Teply "Not one millimeter" ‘ions the principle of se-determination ad been itepreted in Aiteent may, The Heeboiksdermended thet elections be el le the trthdewal of German toa. Such withdrawal would have put the Bolsheviks in» positon to inisence the elections. The Germans wanted ‘Sesion tobe bad ile tir rope mee sil occupying te Rusia {ero Ths would have meant tht sections wuld have been eld Sider German infuence In at, ether ide way tly inode ‘ithe peoples onthe periphery a be Ruma Empire determin hat tn denies. The Bolshevik proclamation of aelf.dtermination had ‘Trendy been significantly modied by an eer All Ruslan Pty Con irewr which on May 1 117, bad aenped Stalin's propel rib he grt ae eat ore pty ote parton hak ERLE SSopY endo by he pry tpi od sed rom the standpoint af te terest the entre dove eo SO VSRO Satna ai 1a practice, theretoesccosion wae nt open to non Bolshevik ations. "The Garman nepotitors were equal ulaterested in the principe of ssltdetaminaton, Loendot bluntly sated hi riew a allows: "To vacate the country war amilary abeurdty we needed frou x. [tence and had no mind to deliver I upto unscrupulous Bolshevism” Kilmann, whol he German delegation Bret actualy engaged in long theoretical debater with Trotsky on the prinsple of el Seterminaton, bot hie mative Wart to defend the principle ll, As be wrote in his emai, a6Wayne C. Phompeon ‘ny anni. Tn puny acai con hu ho ESS SS AE eft po or at ea leer concuted eattely In the oppaition to sei determination Altsough be never wished to davow the principe publ be dit no ‘ish tose tapped in Romina hist, Obesrvng the peal fi Principle aang many influential Germans and Austane, be ote ob Snvnry 28, 1915 that “one has bscutly no ea wha si i today one races blindly aftr along outdated Idea.” He caw the wakes of ‘ei-determinaton in that ic mould not have ftfedvemporary Gera ents af such npertant tetris ar Lishuania and Courand, which later would perhaps be ero tn Germant’s defence arsine sng Tui” Alo, he corecty recoglzed that the” pncple of tll Snerminaton wa subordinate to lshewe party Interest, A nave bi in sldaterinaton would have delivered to Dolehevism those peoples “fom the Pnnsh Cul othe Adsatac Sea” By January 18 Twosky saw that he had sors delayed the sg ing ofthe pence but bad not bugged te Germans fom ther ecupaton of more than 170,000 square Klbmetery of Ruan terry. Withot, caring formal eco he aft to ons his party comrade 0 Pouogra, whore bitter party debate ensued. Lenin wee diet mma: on heen hand, be ad come to power the ste ol Be fall fr peace, and he now powded that peace In order to Bring the fomestiechacs under contol. On the other hand, ho as tapped be tees idological punta who wanted to "prepare for and wage a evotionary wa" at he hima ed vowed i 1915, an thoeslements fxtending fom rghit soca revolutionaries to monetchists wh would Sot have aceped 4 pence with Germany under any eurtancea Dring this recat inthe diecarons ‘ChancllorHrting. ake Riclr, who expected to be sent fo Brat Litvak for the next rund ot eptintons, both to aunts writen recommendation on the tactic to te followed at Brest and torpor his views personally in Helin. car hd altedy expreseddissettarion with Kublmann’s forensics with ‘Treaty Although be Mew that Kablrana did wot relly believe tt Germany could each and understanding withthe Boles, e noted thar ene shuld "aot be foo Mackivelan with Lesiogues.” Reser thought thet the neha come to speak forcefully with he Bolshevik | Ta hs ropor tothe chancel, Reser wrote tet certain points mst be kept in mind. Ft, 6 Beer ra ah an han, so Sere and Cat Ree ey Hohe "Toey came ‘2 poner the ppl’ lneing a ene: they force eet ongpens ‘aoe et aera nt acre th prompted fe Sinjepie "Tae mre wed Brot aan alan bate ur ‘cay ato eosin of Cote are Tierler found Usat Bolshevik demands were presented only for ‘itational prone nd hat he ala had ecm dave ony inode fo {trther te rvauton in Centel Europe, no in err tognin concessions, hich they wouldnt have acepted anyway. Wie the Bolbeviste eed peace bay horn cance ih ac ate yy ing ne ‘teromtve ian tpn the cneaion by te Coan Powe a the eal {taint for aster ne and mat a oh hat Sk Sel ln th ert td og omer te 1 the midst of this het diplomatic activity, Ree rovele in «seasing pessimism concerning an biiy texte any cnt! ve the ‘aor around Bi rie fri teh omrtna na eacmmeee serena aes Soyer ee ear les ee ee ee ES aes cenchtnon een nner a ee eon sere oeehe isle wat probing the limite of watesmansip in ie of ects The German ttesmen wore stumbling down a dar ley plagued bya cm: ing domestic and lary sitution, by «tution in Rasa which they could neidher understand nor conto, by confit of interes Aretm, and emotions whlch cul find neither ational nar iter. ‘atonal common denominator, end yan eablty tse the nee iting lanes and secking a gneral proce which wld reetaish the time for eter eed, ehimacf contnaed tobe tovehed by bath, atu ow scree. ing extent wrWayne C. Thompeon icles rsommendstion was inhale agrement with Kablann's ope had to speak much more frceflly with tbe Boibeiks, However, “Trotsky hed no mind to capitate quik to Gera theta, Woen {etarned to Best on Janry 25, be brought no authority to sign x peace {feat Hie iracion were unmistakably to protact the negations {lag as pole, He wan abl todo hn tl February 8 when Cer ‘any shove asp separate treaty with a moderately soils Use rian govenment deperient upon the Cental Pavers. Totaly’ ansner {othe separa ‘rent took the Germans completely by surprie. On ‘ebruary 10 be procaimed "no war, o peace": "We no loger wish t0 Dertcipts inte paras imperitnde mar. we ae eqully unecos ‘led to the Imperlism of bth camps ‘Totaly’ stelement led oan items digpte in Brest and Beri. Did ‘he ceasefire stil apy? The Supreme Niitary Command, the ki fd Chancallr Hating agued that i no longer was in force and 2 ‘ccated not oly renewed military activity but theorem tbe Boisheries fom power. Kuhlmann, onthe other hand, argued unsue ‘Sealy that th cose-fie mar ell in eflct and hat the Blehevie ‘Should be kept in power. On Febraary 18 he German Supreme Miliary ‘Command announced that the tate of mar had been renee. "lees positon in ths lspte wa ndcated rather clea in alter he wrote to the Foreign Oi on Feiruay 2. Germany hed no alter rntve thant Ft sep by sap for areas which are important fr us ‘Defensive considerations were paramount: “We must, I believe, prepare ‘umseives for the poet tht suddenly everything inthe Bast wl Sand apron on" Wile he favored the rnamption of miliary acti be aid ot get advocate the overtizow of the Balsevik, bern oy Bolshevik would tlre a Tord peace’ "In Russa most Belsevis prepared to ght in oder to defend “the red ‘orzen of the weld eolutin.” Only Leaks srged fr signing the peace ‘on Germany'r han tars, Te pragmatit Lens argued that beret se eon main aio et fight bond Eiht lt someday tes tel be iar ath abut we The ‘roltonary pests eaicnary at bla the tlt By February 28 Lenin ad won supprt for the treaty despite the ex: tremely unfavorable tera for Rana. He convinced his comrade at aia nade tae in order to anv the rovoltion sn ha lhough the ‘alleipated German soll revolution war late, "twill come," Me How desperately the Rolsbevile neoded peace was reveled by the ‘wm whic hay eecepted on Mare 3. Courand, Lithuania, and Poland were eparted completa fom the Ruslan sae. Germany was granted ‘Sceupation sights i Exton and Livni and Rosas recognised the ‘Sependence ofthe Urine and aged to evacuate Finland. Final, the ‘Atmunianssse™-Ardoban, Ker and Batum—were given fo Tuney= Tele favored what he himself admitted men n "froed. peace.” espe the fact thatthe Tyeaty of Brot Litovk could barely have ext CGeany" i the light of m champion freedom and. "eversting prorresrv.” However he sc the peace cly asa temporary expedient His opinion ofthe teety and the poley which be advosted fom “Mossom sory thereafter mere revealed in letter he wets to the chan fallor on arch 8 Xt we epee onthe ompton tnt # laren wi win een {eon itl'ut y endetanding he moves wish ald Sense nat rer nn sue ny lucent {ated fo he Bushes i ever, srethng which ca late be tied "Thin iret, alongwith he reparations demanded of Rain August, ete ment unfortunate precedent. established anew standard fr the Siuble divergence of publicly proclaimed ideals, such as set “everminaton a latins, and he naked national interests which un drag thom, his twat merely stimulate the Entnt’s wl tore (hd enforced the enemy’ moral econdence to impose onthe Ger Imane ine months later peace no loa Dreconian than this oe, The Prelominance of national fees ae = pide tn ternational polis fron of cour, as charset of dipomacy at thet time asi i now. However, Geran leaders shared in the flue of many Baropean aentendring th mae ant rapc aftermath to reogiae shat on Tit long tve interest ae best served i en interoatons ting Stich the lertimate spestions ofall matics ere mutualy renee {nt accommodated. ‘Becsute of hi opattion as an expert on usin effi, Riese was ‘signed lgaton counselor fo the iat German mln in Bolshevik ‘Moscow. Lenin had decided on March 12, 1815, o move the apt fom Petoprad to Monow i order to protect he fale governoent as much 9Wayne C. Thompson ax pombe rom foreign mata interference. On April 18 1818, Rizr IEA Belin for his new waigment. "A fantaatc tp! Falltead stations swith people i slay cons, clen, refuges, lth, boken-down Dusseneer and begenge cat safed with people” Risers party wat [iven tn oficial reception a thesia sation in Moscow. "An ee {hous line of people--Never wen auch a conqueror recelved sth wach jo." "Rene coud se chaos everpbere, Moncon, swell at most Rusian citi, suffered acute fod shortages, which Lenin bad uneucesflly {red to remedy through egunition ia the coutseids Labor dacpine thd putty mere declining rapids, and lack market was grow ine. tation bad sao become uncontrollable that despite nominal trie boots ral wages declined dsl. "Fhe wort which lay thesd ofthe German dpiomets in Moscow bore itd resemblance oat of a conqueror.” Our Onto without ane fied pam, ently dajntedan expanse of rina x hardly desribable ‘Sclenion” His fie reaction o what he encountered a Moscow was that ‘Sova could ot have confused the entre capitalist world mate com petay and iemediaby than the Baths" A conned and divided XGenueror” rope for a wey t0 deal wih chaotic and “Gorman policy was split basically long thes lines (1) Ue Supreme Miltary Command pursed an anneratns,ant-Dolaevik interven fiona plcy, (2 the Foreign Oficefevoredcontinoed support of the Btsbevita on the basi of the Brest-Litovek Testy, (3) Riser and ‘Coast Mirbach, German smbansador to Moscow, favored eraination ofthe Breet Litvak Treaty, «recognition of Raasantertitoral unity, {in active Garman support of the monarchist and bourgeci cou {errevation | “On September 12,108, Riealerrtronpectively summarized his Ros sian plcy mo hal developed frum April fo Augest 1918. Basialy he url to give “cnberet direction to he dioined half wnsurs” it Tilly he supported the Foreign Office in its flrs to maintain the Bolsevik in power and to hal the unauthorned maltary edvance nto Ronan tert. By June 4, however, wle very eupporting the Bolshevik mie intrutions requed him to do, he secretly ade ‘repratoa fora counterevolaton. Rseler waned ant Baluhevik Rus Flan to know that the BreaLitovae Treaty was applicable ony to 8 oluhevik government und could therefore be evoed or reve late, ‘Wile be was authorised to extablinh contact with eounterrevoluonary ‘roe, he never suceeded in persuading the Foreign Offs to adopt a ‘oly of eanterrevotton Instead, the Foreign Oe chose to sec p- 160 mean ein wth tn Rea a fit ose SSIES toa letra abd cater’ hier Mow, Rr manny oe es i san Men en Rag Si he Sa StS a een ye wth Stobart Sey hearts psec ss Ee pee lee Came bach Rel el a unt Grmany’it a ——C Seer eer ee SEE Intentions, Meas hr {Eimer cah de ity nana apa em Aa oe SS i Soccer Sa cern Waa wl nny ental Coir $s ao Globee rates ithe ger SORAESOVE RO wi errno vein oe ee rr popper ey eRe es Solas eave nite baa Set nly ih miliary npr ri st Tae ee ek ta _— Sates tn hr ae le a aan nt me a nd Ree Bate one sn hh trp or poe ball ao ee wy ei {SER atin eng pyc ein pea eT ee choosy ue rr lr—— SU SETS ee ian Sivu te Hr goig snani ty sot now Oye pte ering wana rt i cy arth te tection ao repented expres te Sn bud ops msm ovrpomenng ay Hower, Be es 181Wayne ©, Thompson lt tht even though hi ya il nding ote ami pe ‘eae elate el anon denn mone Mans Sa ‘Athout his enmie showed an inability to unify aguina hm, Lenin feand an ineressing number other nhs own carp, where the et ing had never buen able to acopt the Brat Liew Treaty Fou dys Iter Mirbic reported thatthe Belabeia influence on the people hed in ‘eed weakened considerably inthe past fw me "The fit naienton tat Reslerhad begun o Question the Foreign OF ices base poly of supporting the Balaheviks canbe fn in doe rent he wroteon June se coated what Mibash ad repre the Bolsheviks bad been greatly weakened by te worsening anger, the hatred resulting. fom the Bolshevik toro, andthe. ieresonly ‘jsrtioableLyalty ofthe Latvian folders, wi had played crucial fol Keeping the Bothevke in power snc the Oslober Reveton "The Bolahevis are very nerve fel their end preaching, for which reason the rats are evesiee Benning ta abandon The ship” Ger ‘many, Rluer argued, had to content the poelcy that orgie Rana would sie pore withthe hep ofthe Baten. Therefore, Ger many should prepare herself {gv the Bret pace fr fa cami gman in tis Roi [Sore ateeee prempen f faa the emg os Pam ih sa ehcp ht toe pao ae Soe Rieder wat mach more direct in dary entry four day ater ‘Thee qutonto low the Baber calps deme nt an Rete ‘sie in orn per he reomrgneaTsn hih e Garelee Ec and ivan lame snd ean neemeny a over rth ‘ee tutta ofthe Uaioe tk Gre an = icler by no means thought thatthe right course of ation wae ob iu “r pote ware evra voyage in uncharted seas then voit fow.” His oie preference was expressed in the wey be presented hat be belived to be the only pombe sitermatives “ne rstration of "Rusia sore rater or a hgh wite dance fom moment to moment, at hich one could break his peck at any tme."= Thus, Mele ahd Laden ont now apieed that perhaps the Bolsbevibs should be overtrowa, However ther thskingitfered in one decaive rept: Rcler na on 162 ‘ince that prerevolutonary Rusia shouldbe reunited, whereas Luden Uf consistent refed to vocogaize the fact Us s nor Bleheik fovernaunt would never accep the permanent lone of that Rosina Tentryindor German scespatin in the summer o 918, By the und of June there was no longer any quetion s Ruse’ mind concerning the sorect German policy fr Rossa, "We sand et the “rowroeds” Te Key consideration was that "we gain nothing fom the ‘haor“and therein pretca'y nothing "ane ean gain om the Blshevia" Sine it as not possible to “aineain peace inthe Bast parly by bayonet” it war necssry to offer the "reemerging Rossa atonal nity, including th Urrsine, Then some counterevoltionary Combination should be supported which would depoe te Bolsbevas "hough its own power if posi wis he least enount fel pou if gecemay, end collaborate wth it de foto again the Enterta iclr eo frm tend in favor af countoreelution, aod Mirbach vas Incomplete agreement. Neverblow, Kohn oreted he ision "a "Support the olbevks abd only te in touch withthe ober” Hi ox Dlanadion wan that "Bolabevk rulo mene the moaknese of Rosia, abd trent have a petite thst." Pom June 0, Fuels poston tres dtincly invariance with howe ofthe Supreme Miltary Command {nd the Foreign Otic ‘isles conviction that the wiity of the Bret Litowsk Treaty had come to an end waa rnfrced by hs experience during an afer the Fit Al-Russan Soviet Congrey which opened on July inthe Bosh "Theta, At the Congres, Lenin's frig policy wa too extiied by'many of the delegates, especialy bythe Let Social Revolutionaries, snbo had never fvored the Brest Litowak Treaty because it allege Tatted tte mld revelation, and who belived thatthe dictator cf tho poetrat had become a “detacoehip of Mrbuch, "The Lat Soca Revolutionaries delivered parteslay snlammatory speeches, often ‘pointing deel fo the dplomatiloge where Riser mar ting. “Down ‘ih Michach, Avay sith the German tebe, Ams) with the Fang's none of Brest!” Sach eres mee enthusiastcay received by funy of the delegates at the Congr. The tumolt in the Balsot ‘Thnster wan only prelude oan event on Jul 6 which bough German lan lations to an open and intense erais™ holy after 730 ra, two Rusias, Jaco G. Blyumkin and N. An reer, appeared at the German embesry on Deechyi Pareslok in Mancow. Showing wentfonton signed by the head of the secret police (CHERA), Peli Dsershral, Ue two en ested ¢o see Mictach. ‘Because of aueoon testa anenainte the embasadce, Riel had 163Wayne ©. Thompson ews creed wo se ll store o theembasty, The tw men informed esler tht they had been sent in connation with a xponage case ‘volving « Hungetinolfcer withthe sume names the embanader Soon ithe opeing the conversation, Blyumkin insisted pon seeing the a ‘baasadr persnaliy nce the rater pombly involved tember o is family: When Mirach wat informed oti, be uppered fo speak with the two mee “Mirbech took a ea atthe heed of «heavy marble tle, and Reser and the tansatr& Lieutenant Malle, at ona couch behind the mar table ctety opposite Blyumkin, Andreev stond bythe dor, Whe ‘Bijumkin repeated te charge against Ue alleged relative of Count Mi bach, Riser advind Mirbach ett dace te ater nth Byun, ut instead to dices personal query to Chicern. As eoen ab Riel ‘ad snd his, Dlpumkin exclaimed: "For Coust Misach tea @uesticn fife and death!" This exelamation apparently was 8 prearranged srl fee both Risane to daw peas fom thir rio ess an oie pa bm at Mirbac, Ree, end Miller. Miraeulouay none uf Use Gee ‘ans ws hit in ibe rom where the convertion fad taker place, lrler recalled parlning surprise and lene backward while Mle fall othe doer. ARer few seconds Msbac sod ps a fe he ‘om, Rieler remembered Mirch’ dated otures nd his mor {red elng ono being le tobi hin. The aus hd potion Uhetseves level oo tat Rzler and Maller who mere sped behind ‘the boavy marble tbl, could nat come to Mirbec's id ‘Alter wcaping fom the rom, Mirbach had almost reached saety smhen Andreye soppe fing at Rete and Miller and fred the fatal hott Mirbach iting hi the back the neck. Andreev then ewe ‘hand grende nto the middle of the rom where Mibach ly” The ex plan mar pone that Rieke waa thom tothe or troupe heavy clude of stoke be could see Blyumkin and Andicye scape va ‘open window lto the font yard to a waiting while, Embayguarde ‘red atthe stneing, but Bltnkin and Andraye managed to ecape ice remembered the ene incident an ap toile tet I eo not en thik about fr mek TRappeared o Riser tha the asnsinaton had ben planned a ex- cated bythe Lat Socal Revoltionariey, wh on June 24 ad decided to fondue teria ations agin prominent “ropesentativs of German lepers" In fact, actual gull forthe murder remalefatom cles. [Athouth there weve ssteed Inssrstion in uch cies a Petrograd, Yereeve, Ryblesk_ and Mom, ie remains unceresn whether he stneination ofthe Count [Minbach ws] -ebviuly the goal fr the 164 overthrow ofthe Blah,” ax Rleler maintained on July 7. A small tprsing in Moscow ws eoted immediatly by Lenin, and Lain ook {ES oppartoniy guldate some of is opponents within the party. However, the Blshvik i not met Riel demand that the leader tt ihe Left Sonal Revoitionais be shot ad tat the cse be Care, ‘thou few of the innurectonetswerenubneguently bougbtoil Chiy ligt sentences were pronounced, lever wrote hat "a thick vel of mendes’ hung over the et fai Its te that he most important [oluevik eed, Radek, Chshern, Kereksan, and Lenin cae to the Garman marion to express oficial rere, but these regret, pei {lenin appeared to Heeler to be insincere and en ce-cold pardon, "Ar the actsintton Rain Became the chat of the German ‘mien Alfons Paquet, the maio’s highest press oficial, compared the new msson chi wih tho asasnated Mirech: sprteragherg cor eure ec {Sehr ts few on shang tcomprehntle bw be ca shire rah arenas peace eons Mace net “The sein on Ries was grat. Paquet wroteon June 28 that "Reser Sratiows ove medicine afer the ober, his face ly becomes more \Wrnled and bitter he inallertalintrguer doe to heplemnese"=™ ‘Under Rie s recpoibity were so oldies who ether represented the Supreme Miluary Command or who povided proection for the ex- bey Teen sorring that Bieler apport with te lary peso: el wa ot good. Rielr aod Major Freer von Bother, the masons ites onking epreeetaive ofthe Supreme Miltary Command, bore tutus hated foreach othe, Riser saw Bother ate pototsical “uid and uneducated officer,” who gave tbe entire mision an "t- fhe club scrmowphere whieh Riser dalled, ‘The anti-Semitic [Bathmer found Riel lly inal infty melee lua lf er tha we de al Se ling Sena een all he clemat re a tk mag nO Het xen a ne teins er eae suomi uma meine momen STE ath eel muna ny cae very ples od 185Wayne C, Thompson ‘chief of mission, Rieerangoed even more enereticly forthe overthrow ofthe Bobet, and be ineneied bis dealings with coun {errevelutionary groups. The dealings were own to tbe Bole ten before the asesation of Mizach. On duly 6 Karan bain formed Rieler thatthe Bohevie were avare of Gerinansotacts with fcuntermvoatonty group. Rely replied that st wav elrely novel fore ciplomatie miss to maintain such contact, The Bolsheviks had tery reason tobe bank" we wre Help in dividing the bourges ements and in preventing 6 ped counterenlationay front which (wuld bocome a danger far them [Bolshevia" in rent, ile had no invention ef tempting toapit the bourgnalements Dut oad ther in Unlving agin the Boeberikn To doh works Reeser was, ep [roprited extraordinaly large sum of mone fr example, op June & he was granted forty milion mark However dei the events of he rst wer in Jay and despite Kuhlman’ replacment on Jab A tira Peal von Hinte, the Forjn Otlce's policy of supporting the Folshevi emeined changed = "Thisficilpley became increasingly ot of toe with he confused politcal conditions in Resi, and Ree’ repr and recommends ton becse mare and more forest On July 19 be desend “Th lhe ate ea Thi ccna toie ny bas in ve {ices ould ot ge son hol bry "ese wach oy oe. Intemdotd oy Ria i memes ua th Eten yeaa IS rela cope me ome sap oveece,e Ricale wap atsmting to combat the thinking inthe Foreign Ofce that's chai allutin innit Germanys advantage, he [believed that che nom openod the door oth Extent which cold ex Doi the unpopular Brest tov Trety and ie the Czechoslovakian Avision, Cech patriots who, though taped in Rosin, composed perhaps the most effective military force witin Rusia. On the eee and, Germany ad only oe crucial eventge “the dep need of he Russian people fr pene" Bourgeois and manarchist Russians know that pence could come only rom cuperatin wth the Germans, wheres operation with the Bntente would bring sein back sto the wer lel apued that Germany mort line thie advantage in ite fer Speciely, a. Garmanoreted, bougeds tomate goverment ‘Should be helped o power in Moscow and Petrogred. By promiting peace land order, such @ government could upest the entire exunter 186 revolutionary hopes of the Entents, In order to counter the arguments ‘the Supreme Miltary Command, Rieter argued exit that sly a bourgeois Russia whic controled aller prewar eases could provide the mw materials snd economic advantage which Germany needed. CCerily Germany anoulé “vali withdraw her protective band the Balsheviks trough some kind ef act and lend her prestige oe ew der” Numerous telegrams frm Ruse indicate snarl which wile {tebe bad ip mindthe severance of iplomatiereaton alleedy due ‘o unuatitactrycanfeetion ofthe Mibach murder Thoghoecrty the mision was not unimporant to him, he wae seeking 9 dramatic eal for change of ple." "Within oe week Rlelr reprted in detail the contact head lablsed so thatthe Foreign Olice cold havea mach cvae dea of bow countereolstion cold muceed. Foreign Minster Hist sus ‘marized Rise’ recommendations on July 2 Du to internal pesare from the Left Sail Revluionarts and to enteral preeare fom the Entente, who had bogun large-scale landings of oops at Murmansk theft o July, "tbe power the Bolsbevaa at tn end” Therefore, ‘Germany must consider which asceaor wold beet seve he ners snd Ricker idenifed for () the Mowsow Kadets (Covad Democrat), (2) monarchies, whose base was in Petoerad, toe Siberian government in Ons, (6) the Conancha inthe Dene. isle concluded that sf Germany chet led the counterrevsuton ‘Ria, then she could eoant on suppor. rom al fur groupe Te Em tenia eld expect support only fom the Caesbesioeakians within uswa, Right Social Revetonnie, Messhevik, efit Kade od ¢ fem office organizations. Sows ip Mancow wuld depend primey op the dponion of the Latvian trope, whore loyalty Riser og ould been Germany sfred them enouph money abd protised thes sale stage back to Latvia. Complete sutees could be expected on if wrelttimed. and “organized timllancoue uprising io Moscow and Petopad lined with military advance from the Unuing, the Daa ste, tnd Siberia moe fo tae pace. A sueceaal ranafer of power in Mowto™ ould be crac, but «chang of regime for etre Rossa could no be {pected until a definite German decison on the revisan er enunciation Gt the. Bres-Litovk‘Truty had been ade, Rlerler repestedy ‘emphasized that eso af the Bret Lita Trety was the sae gud Ion fora succes German plcy in Rami If the Treaty mee revise, ‘then an ant Entets"clorie soliton witha progr order, pate ‘nd liberation rom the Bolhevila could be hep in power, Sach oa ‘lon woud definitely serve Germany's interet, he egued™ 1Wayne C. Thempeon ees recommendatins tthe Forsgn fie were not nly ee ted bot they cbvioly iat Cena foign poly takes In Bet, ne were bacng heaves othe ominous conseuences fhe Colapaing fn! Gomme ftnive on tbe weer et. Net only wat Serer ep salon abt any waters portent oh Gee Zhan diplomatic eresetatioe in Mowco, but a pla wo ing co ‘Elec inthe Foreig Ofce to ecploy German mary foe phe ‘otevia back nto power incase opr opis them tured Ferson btwn th orig Ofe the Mose mison ha fecame smut nbn Inthe dade Rie led that Ka itech war epost en Jey 509» Mebach'succemor “beau es ln, tee wl be ouble wth Brin.» The ager the ean ihe better Sige he aati Mic, cy wy ere al but Ree ht feat the embany wa a fo nena. Tn {Ret soury for German poe! war toh» problem that Helerich wre hon te Mosc ne beeniyaraed sian ten, which stopped TRldely eure Kloten outside of Mencow. Rider and te ‘eben Kail adekapperedsmetaly to take Hele i Congpcsuay by ear othe ombusey > ‘ise ound vos tht Herich a been sn o Meno in certo tith off my reporting, which i po convenient in Beis ‘Sele ery ui, however Rar over Helfer at the ps ‘Wopanlch he Moscow sion bad aon wen comet Inder att Aft or ewener in Mencom tse how tense te sition or ‘he Germans mas Sic he now hf ion lft he Gera on yee cringe ten days he man in Mowcow Hs etre af the actual Fin ple seston wes painted einy by Res, "With Bs pressn and trachancy and is cofidence ini induenc en che Eiprewe Miley Commend and Tin Maj," Helflench begin Seng repre end resumen woh wee exaly ne with ‘aes thikig seers fpomate relations oa at removal ube German sion ton Moscow, revision ofthe Beat Lio ‘Treaty neetaton with bogs a nonarhaeoups and itary ipprt of eouteevolutonay pours "Sue sscmmendaon sf Helden patcally bons the sap of eres tahig” A ew Gaye fer Herc rived in Menem, Ehicherinvited in and pope a trange ple for Geman etry Seusn an Rossen sa fst German oops mold evan fon Finland evding Ronan cen, tovrepe he Anglo Pench interven {ois foe ong dow fom Maman ad Ahan Secon, 188 Ing her teaope Sa the Uaraine, Germany wold attack ent-Bolaevik fares inthe Don Cossack region. Years ater Chiceein revealed the re intotios being hs pan both wo Louie Fiacher and tothe Soviet pew, {enin, Chickens reported, "made wm aterp o expla the antegona tf the two beligeene imperialist eaitions in ade to weaken the En fonts ofenaive:" Thus, in desperation Lain attempted to dex Ger ‘any’ andthe Bntei's hotles agin! ne unthes Becaune he depended on Rite saenment ofthe politcal itso, aleve ocommendation was al Ukaibod conceived by Riel ‘The Moncew ssn seemmnended ba Germany cteaty age oe Bolshevik plan and make the necsary military preparations. Germany should however, "nthe st minute ja the Coma leaders gait Belseviba Dupliity wa indeed «gnne which Riser cold playa Hintze was not peruaded by Hlifeich's recommendations end surely repented his ear ieructions to continve supporting the Bolsevla He argued thatthe mnsion'sdepartare fom Meseow would ‘moun severance of diplomat lations with saa, nd auch severance Wald nt bein Garmang’s tere. Thus, the mision shoal remain ls the tv of the German diplomatic personnel in Moscow were ‘rial treetenod Rlelerconcled that Belin wos ony itereted a ‘lening moe eae with the Blair Germany's lations with the “fhture Rasa had ot een cosine. Rirler andthe member of the mien wee indignant tat the det sion concerning removal ofthe tson had een to them, such a3 important polis! decison abou ony be made in Belin. Helfrich nd dence from the ier and the Foreign Office acer dein ‘the pole which Germany should pursue in Ruin, Instead of making Sich s decison, Hints andthe kaiser ordered Hferih to etn 8 Beri immraly for comutations, On August 6, the day be departed from Mncom, Hlerchteanaered the iin to Petrograd ahd {med reeposibiity forthe mion to isle” From Progra Rizr hoped to continue week on te counterrvou tion, and on August She reported that he had recived confirmation of tse “German oertation” within the Siberian Provisional government. However, the Foreign Office wes defintely not inverted tn coun ftevvolution atd eeered the Geran mason to be witraws os Petrograd to behind the Corman lines. When Bieler informed the olaheviks ofthe departure, be understandably met with datt Lenin ‘hough that Riser had panicked, and Radek was paiive tht Rice ‘would never eure to Ramis, Les mas wrong, but Radek Mh 189Were €. Thompson ‘icler too the mon on @eircutous journey ovr Holsink 0 Reval, fom where he left for a vention in Obemtder Hla repent for ‘Roi aie fad ended” During hs holiday in Obertdoet Riser reflected on come of the problems of Germany’ fragmented Oxtptisk First, the etelishmant an independent Uztne tight have worked one hed allowed Ura! Sas tora Ute, en were pt ilo power who were Both Kade tnd nom Urania, people who “have to) ery ard to speak the Uirainian language, which they tied oer into thei bead quickly. "We sa inmeditaly iy Mose that one cannot be Kadi i ‘si and pro Blanes fm Moweow ‘Second, tbe Gorman malay was permitted to cntine ite advance tye the ins etablahed at Brest Litre As el, ot oly were [Rusia natonlins and Left Soil Revlutionriee seared, bu te Bolter were greatly weakened because they wore eu off rm Bak fd thir oun spline Kula, Uioane ite tra nore Batiste ot ep te unger had ldo rebels and anasiations, and the Bolabevia fl. mpd to resend wih tron ‘isler inal eta the Foreign Ofice not vo much teense it ontinoed to support the Balaevik, but beens it ae unable Wo festsin the multary, Onoe the Bobet had boon dangerously trenhend, be bllevd that counerevolition tn a eile f the Brest Thoyek Trey were seta Not ony was suc revision «precondition for coerntion ich countertevoutonay yaupe, Dv tha dateneatng ‘alacysustion nthe West mathe annexation ef enti provines the East impanibe. Neverthe, the Foreign Ofc ae to perceive the ned form acl change of oy. By not ong the counterevlu ton soon enough, Geeany pled into the hands of the Batente ‘Sow Enland wil ein be ale oir Romi om Garman ap nin ‘Bota What put rit hr Th rene so epi the Sse itr Command rare os Of dor: ‘Se'Vah wast tobe a'moi Vote and conquer England: What meskes 160 icles analas of Germany's unaucconfal Kunsian policy in quite perceive, bit leevossome very important qestonsuntsweret wot tre ela good chance forthe euntrrevaton, which usser mc fa, to have sucesded? Of cous, the Cetmane could alvaye have Withdraw thelr foancialsupprt fom the Boievta.Pesbape Hitae sme covet, however, In considering "tbe collection of evra prospe ft ‘Tomiie scion se mpouble" with regard ton German sen ter, ‘etion a ini Hite as of the opinion "that nny lary supper fm our par weuld soon requ ores mhich couldn no way be provided Dy the Supreme Miltary Command” Ala, based on Germany? egaive wartime expenence n applying methods of dst rl oe {blah Miteleurops, could it have been expected tbat the German rly, the uae, aod the German public mould have aceptd the Noluntizy retains tei lime to Russian tet, whic mas the ‘recondition for eopeaton with boureos and menarche in tte, the abence of any elev domestic prewure within Germany fr ' oderate policy toward the East eengthened the hand of thse who Rusa only ag am objet of short-term expatica "The extremely damalprnpect forthe Boake’ retention of power led Riese to cont te ica of a pepaeed covterealtn, The Bolsheviks were ined in rious wouble; he regime Was shaken by hunger rvelts end threatened om the east, west and noth by soun Uerevolitien and Entente intervention Ie as ns tizetoned with te (orn camp by the bitter hoslty between Bolabevks and. Social Revolutionaries. Dacoursement shane trough the oficial ptm | {he Blah it has even been reported that Lenin sugatted thatthe Bolsheviks leave Moscow because all wat lot Rel asked the Bolsheviks were ging to fal, why should German inert wer with them? ‘What a post-Blehevik Rusia would have looked like quetion which Reale appears not to bave taken seriously atte ime. Col he ‘cunterrvoatonay roupe wth which Rlzer bed contact ave worked {ogether afer a sucusul upeing? For example could emer in Petrograd have worked together with thope fom the Siberian gover ‘ment, who, Ike the Kereaaky goverment, demanded 4 coatisunt ‘sembly? Given the social and’ ecnomie’ conditions in posta ‘Ruma, which group or groupe might have had the bes long-enge hance of establishing order in Rasa? Wen relate to expect tne ‘on-Bolbevk. elton, whatever la compotion, to suppers. the German war efoe against the Enero, enpecall ven Germany's 181creasing military strngth on the western fost? There i 0 evidence {hat Rete eid suet attention to such questions. Hi anaes and fecommendations were pepe inevitably tated to an exceuire ‘Serve by purely shore tra tase alultion. He ealzed sooner than non Gernon lenders that tere wat no pont of ating eeperstion ‘etwean two so diferent polteal and tial systems as the Babe fod German, neveresle, be ke ther German leaders atthe tae, Wes tever able to rele the problem af shart versus long ange German ‘hjctives in the Ba Inthe nal ena, Fler offered no fens titemative to the Rustam policy of te Garman Foreign Office or silty. lly, the rapid deterioration ofthe military siustion in the West climinatd the bane for any German-coeeived toltin in Ra, in ‘luting Riel’ Ultimately, Germanys vtpotk was a fector depen ‘dnt upon evens on the mest front, On August the Geman fo in he Wert broke fr the et tne, andthe “lac day” was the pele to ‘the German altar eolapee ven Ladendcrff admitied that "the war Imvet be ended” Germanys clipe plaed the burden for coun srevoution in Rama on the shoelder tthe Entente, which aan dened the enterprise afew yeas Inthe Boseviks mere able to co feliate tier power ad ironically were eventually ed out of inter ‘ational wolation bythe newy founded German repblie™ But the new Ruin wa yo means the fotare ania” whch Ree had envisaged theme of Lenin's transport to Russie o at the time ofthe nig the Brest Litomk Treaty. Plitcal caleltion which completely dl evar isclogs bad exacted a severe penalty ‘The marinetes which Tre to eerve Germany short arm Interests become gant Spurs In sro pos. 12 Chapter Six REVOLUTION IN GERMANY All around (sare) Workers’ and Soar” Counce which are] mare er ‘eer Bathe repalice Bertin fll ike oripe pec of fra; the oops dev. Kurt Risser "The sutumn peace and benty ich Rieler shared in Ue Alpine suet (Ober! din sharp contest 3 te county mich was collapsing ‘sound him, Riser wa ot ble to et is mind Germans desperate ‘Stontion, whieh had by no mesma come suddenly. Early i 118 Hans inte, Lepnig Clogne, Munich andthe heavily ndostraiand Rh area bd experienced serio sks, and in Bertin 200,000 munitions workers had atack The strikes wer age pat deo hunger stemming the tetive Brith blockade of Germany by January 1918, the average avon for German ivan had Been ct to sly one thowtan elon per day “The tension was realy increase by a worsening ofthe military situs. tion "The ceaefine on the easter front had act led to large-scale {tunfere of Geran trope fom te str tthe westecn fom, which ‘rol have enhanced prospect fora Gerzan victory in France. These ‘Tope were especially feed to match he numbers 0 Aazerican oops whch began trving in France inthe pring of 1918 At the time when German's int pest sfenave was launched on March 21,1918, Gee tary ba nly alight nie in amber, wheres sucess otal ‘teats was fable ly by ovtrwelming superonty- Dept nel ‘iccewen, mo breakthough was made, and by June the ofesive was ‘Seni flur The exbastad Germans mere unable to cope with Aled counterofesivg, which began July 18 and which was supported by more than one milion well equipped American troops. On Atgu& on to Germans ae "back Friday” Bris infty, supported y tks, boke through the German ines at Amen, The Geran woop in 163tid, New. Sand 91 pp, 6.65 i, 4418, Rae, Stott pe Vata, een tiny p22 The ‘SCSI patent Dla, Dor Be Webs 2p afte Si tt a ‘Rieder ti ot nde then te Gitmo ng oh [ss mal one os Bid, New 1,6, ad 2 116 21H. 11. Ee imi iy ihe Non yp. 318. aw Re, Dai, Ae 18 188, id, Mae 95,1018, 344 Sean, Balgmati Cans pp. 204,50 Rng, Geran Madani, p18. [Memaren sir Sosiaidematraten (Dreden” Carl Raster Verag Bae Re orcs fyi. 9 Rem Poe id, Map A 06, Eb 2 ad Jy 4 196 pp 54, 5,36. era Ald id, Mae. 15,17. pp, 0.0. Haamman,Selgishr. p. tnmacn Ho, archon, 2 ped. Seen Der Bsanmarbrch pp "Rut, Dlr, May 9,19 191, Ap 38,1918 pp. 2 4 40 Becmann Haine. Berahvangen opp iis Tbs. Veh Betimonn Holises pp atete. Nacho ‘Sinai p15 Fag, Srinnragen pp. Tred, nine Chto, pp bs "Ral, Die Jan. 21, 81, Unger Reka 0 gate ig 8 oar iy 28 Poco, Rebate 20. Moan kare Rain” p. 204i 288 CHAPTER FIVE, atest hsb a Rie, “Pole Dec". 18 For ctr cvs Rann Revolt se re 9 4 * Reif, Cranage dr Wepiti p.8 = Ril, Dari, ly 2,106, Jen. Tad F218, 9p. 28528 ‘Ri, Dir, Sept 27,118, pp 1, 1043. * stn, iy, ani: Te Compulie Revolution (Chica sgn tap Gears Kaho," Postar Espace ing od Warf licare Pg, van ‘tl Cambege Brae Unity Pr 190, p02 + omar adhe ein i 15 118 Dera on she rcs a he Caran orn Ms. by 8 Baan iter Sil erty Pee 88, a Hepa ce rate Wiad Schr nsd?4.8, tm, Prete {Revton Pavae elphond Eph Biegrople (cba: See Wc und Poteet pp 9817 * Alm Morseng, The Ruin Beoaion New Yer: Hap per eRe kai ot Leis Rusher nah Rend Te De Beuhen ake ob Were Hahn Caien 3 Br {80h de and Ral Dns is me 6 88», Kso, “aan Pete ate soon! Archive: WA) Washingoe mic, Zeer Us tart tr Patramaachen Untrchung, Dl 82 TI, chp TSS ne eto 1 Sv a a ade Ion Rathen der Deacon Resa fois Rar WolT Verse 18a, pp 8"Rie, Dir, Ma. 16197 8, See Rte, Stauth, 8 pp, w8isiz Foware Mowe Auiobtgaphiche Scion Rta Rohe Vera, pp S08 Behe ice etchtingen 2 pp. 0 18 awe, Lens ashy, ir, Dai, Ma. 28817,» 408 Bahn Hoey Bbackangen 2 bp HS fa gp fon it th ere Suntan, peg, Dir, Ma 24 0p Rr, Sonuht 3. Bac, Lin,» 1, Kath, Carmen Pt Ineo” "Rin, Darien, Ae: 627, pp 4-2, ad oe. 9, 9p 2. and Bela pS Mid, Ape 11,1817, pp, 496 vai eto wets Rl eo et oa ‘eth ther asp yd oto when msi (eles Sa Ae mice abe p.- Ra, lve, p kn, Hele, Lani Rote doc 18, dp. Zaman, Cerny and he sade Pr penitence Su Baar ade Ger aks ah foe dorcel AT wna sale at ag ‘tk dite wy Hse malar he exer cg "cher, Loin, p18, Shai Zeman, Pieter 9.28 2 Ratings, ein Riko, 9p. 4, Kath, "Goan Pll Habis, Lei Richio, yp 84 Pacer, Lani op. 12 ‘Kenna aed a Oona pea See "Daciano p78 Baur pe inter tl chge fing sprog eee mes. Bare nore eed feo ‘Shining ts soci cer Rel, “Plt Decsona 1 chr, Lani pp 8640 Rte, Saath, $0 Pacer, Gf eph tnah, 16 l, Dii, Aan 6, 9. ctor ott! ne ttn {ears poet he wets showed tr pete ce. SSolteg emily en snd Pc e's op deme ht ay Bs 2 Fs, ein. 186,28 Rr, Diy A.D 17 Hake, Lie Beep 1 and dc 10,7, PA Bona, Wi, swerve SEB Ree, Da Ap i aed 1 14 pp sn Reena pis Sa (iow Va Baer, Seven sn Ge, 0 2: Nady to Lacan Oct 6117 a PA Hoe, Drteand 15, supe Comey ni Renn Force ene pp 1838 FooberLen TEE German a ihe Roti, fc. 58,8 Bose had TeRlers expeedstuee: Penny, Lenn pp 192 242 48 28. pete a eee [Revolutionary Bua See nin The Rusoan Revauson and Bolhco Se ciast caemeemenaianns aaa RM 8m SET teen ree Bere maces Vag 18". TOS, Tos Ader Keren, uss and History's Turing Punt (New Vert Dual Seas Smarr 269a sg ie, iri ds. 8 ean, eran ands do Rear, Statue 4p 8, ahr, Lani, p18. 2 Reet Frin Ofce, Now. & 1017, PA Boon, Gace ct Sh RAE Fr Sty Nat Bon, Tela Rar t Fern Of, Noe 2 28 1907, an te ‘ict Bure, Nov 20 PA Bean, Gonna Sci, aatewa at Hach S01, us De Soe 1, $4 a ee Zane, Cera and te Beate 1a.75, "a “hat of be “Peseta the" Germa ‘etn Detige, De Bate We 9B siiidmen Inaekcene ir Sou iorrasine eee temnegenuaran carson ak eae “Rice t Frin On, Jan. 3, 1918, PA He, Gnndacat Slob, Sraalten Manes lg, 22 ve i6 Riser ‘daiey Buca 107°PA any Rand nfo 6 See crs {eerie arn a dn Se ig nae Sc °S tet fan. SBIR po, Zang, Cermay end he Revelation on 8 10 Vn at seat rar Pte em ‘den Tagebcchom, Brien un Sennen Seine in Wathet Baan, Becache Coricigeln Se 19, od above (Gategen: Vanenteh pec, “Plate, Lei, p19 ier, Stanton 4 C8. Fr «sor. seve fh eatat on res tezaeaoreed ‘euch, "Capertee faci Re esr tad the Fede San Og 116 Sve Renew, 3 uw 1) The et ‘fo tse ae fier Stoshunt, Phar Griff nar dr WWetmoeh Wine Scimgu, Darbar 90 Von Bre 20 it sam Ene deste, Welle inna Olerboure ‘rg i Set Wha Benge Ste itso. The Foestet ‘set are 106 eae Maem, 160, Worn Habe. Der Pe on SLs (Due Vr) eh 8 CSSD Germanys the Bo end he Onin eatin Ibirtin New Bronce Nl Rage ive Pree 3. “Pat, Ot ac der Walenta Stans, App ST haa I Ra a enya any ‘Siow with hy Bouvia nere power Yo ingee oct, ‘nm pp hs" Stai's pops! Phar, Stun ‘pungent der Haar, Ang an Het Gear ge. VierdScn dr Detheroc Ba. Di eter Wotan ‘Ret Dice Sema, vo, Stzgu! Union Vera, 10196. Bar, Dian, Jan. 8 108 p46, nd da I 18. Len a Ladenaon' Gu Sc, pit Tm aha, Lenn pT {eG vn tn, ronnie Yee Lobe “Sol Reon ad Manat ical Day nh ate tan la ial he Sn eens 0) SST fein od ten ‘mia pent comin "There were any sade of went {TET Sceiel La'S e ar m e nl e San Sa Sey pte) Seer ‘Blood’ fans eb pleey af Rinses, ‘arte, and movements in George Kato, Rute (91 The February {Een pie icc: of rath ir Weta pp 8. ‘Racy Oktober Revlon, bp, 178, Rie, Dien de. Ree, Dre, Jan 1,3 198, pp. 6ST. i, dos 12. Sn ao Sa. 242 018 8, nd 10, Facer. Lenin pp, 15.3. Oi nach dar Weta, oT: dnmancad eR Cary fred pre {Eo gable len poppet ren tht Bae mPuch, Lain, pp 20710, Pony, Lenin, 28 sane ty Maas fe tt ESC eS ‘We Stedemaon, sammenirck pH. and Memaen pb Ret, le, de. ap Tis uct of er pal arr ed Koma He dren “Comper inte’ ‘acts fi pet ont con, aan, Oemany an the Reon, ‘enn ar tina PrenOe May asa ‘ed tht the min ylicalam na "obey the Bint Re Sac i ato et eke, Dri Aa 2 nd Sep. 12,188 pp 4, 2. Zeman, Germany andthe eto + ie, Din, Sept 12, 101, wp. 175. Th eit te Stree ary Command un are Oe tae f'atugan, Dache Dupe on May 1 Rin cond th “om age iy ens ae rent or Fenn hated cp Sh Dens ies rane mercies Spa glee Be ty i ast ts le lS ce eS “+ cay of te Ries to Fe Rin wten May 148 and locate Nac Heats nc 9 Sera as, (td the eatin doe Zeman, Garman and the Reon des, 1824, 1228. PA Bean ised wn 155-0 Pca Lop. 22, 2 2 lek, ari. oc 38, Zan, Gwmany and the Reliance 122 Pike, Lani pp. m ler, Darin, Rar ta, Cary and Rtn ‘Sejm foi? 160 (etn Ratan & owning 19."p ifs Larme Sly 21818 PA Be, Deca i #2 ‘Rubee ane’ ee fires to sum Urls eivien, Bungee, Deusone Dept pp S08 Se" aaseymoue acer Pur cine death: ticks ‘Mundin rrr Zuid Maa, oe, ‘Rami ato the Baas ni pee Thee eRe, Din, Aug. 28 918, pach, Lenin, p20. ‘ear nippere b eatnng eis mee Ee Page, agus pp st St CenrgeF Kesat Sete Amarcn Felt a17 1 The Deu 0 Invone¥ ae (Pace Fristoe Untony Pras, a8 2. pt sin fr he So Seca Rite ereraarcee orient tticai Fache, Lain p20, Kal wo Bethe, Ms Gre Mirsach in He eae amar einen ‘hy ioe eters wf mpaed htChewoie ied furtes sa noe eat tera Ee ea anc deren Eom men eee ES Pee narra hee Sid ites Pace ie oes Rogier Caieertdinntatck Eile Relehaten Wisibeh“Binarange’ ner Drache ‘hlamaten (ek ce at Ard Mtr Vr 1958) 9p. HPSICER fens HQ Ranlend Bk and Deiullond Puta, Leip. 18,202.46. Bosat,Detche Oni pp. 24. Be" Kn tne olemaen Beseangin mp, eo. eons, Soren Raat, Pague, Taper 2" hloo Pagar fr tammarttachn Rusond Br Sue ‘le Bmcay pate othe gly lmauartd ene ope” te mm1 be mie bach mare. I cul aoe beth rnin by ip arene donge at elaies ia eolenrciee mramariwemcne sireericirreaara cits Sapte vise mee "Soper nieventsn?™ pp. 3 0, fox pole mes Bohnes, Mi Oa Miesh 2 "Flr, Dries, dg. 19. Zeman. Germany and the evasion, ac 8 Sper of poy Spear ce et ie iy testy Beveled 3, ol a8 Paquet, Pgebucher pp i 8, 70 oni tis Siti ats ion Poe ores, oo niiaye eneercentas Sete gear gece, "Rr, Dir, do. 8 Se alin oe 22.2, 2825 "Ri, Dlr, dn 2991. PA Bou, Desachlnd 13, va Bruna: Detche up, pp 280. sauna desc Ont gpa "Bem ate ike, Deutecksmietiche Betichungen” bir Rapalls (Cologne Verlag ‘Wench Sod Pas 100 pit Pace, Tebuhe pp. ‘Geren gen Hera shan 1,914 PA ‘Bonn Gr. HQ asd ik > Ragu, Im hommnitnsen Ruslan... Kul Hare, Der alae Boren Aeration usr 1 (Geri: Guten # Cor 19, 3 9 om “fae, Dare, Sept 12,18 9.47, Wilma, ur Heh sae erase tes * Rua, Dir, Spe 2108, nL Se Sept. 7116p Rs Ofte Meer, day 1, 00a HY Hace ‘1a FA Sy Dvn A och antag aah Sapa: Ra Gaon Her Ein dtr in det Rechahonaie, Burarungen an die Kanclonchalt ‘eas Vas Poi Hedaehe Vecapbaniag 1911716 ‘= Rh, Deri ape 1, 191, pe 1-2 Past, Tpebicher, ppt io 8 Boca! 1nd Sh ond etched Rie, Dire, Sept 12, 198 p72 Sea oe 18. ‘44 deruiach note “Though more rele and rstruedUb te ‘Sen Conan For itl ged nga iia cf Bath Hairs Métearpa ane the ater muta ary nap rer. Beungar, Detach Ontpoliih pp. 2788 nants, aon Our Stary Fehr, Lani .508-The ‘up any tae Sv ont Grey a ed ‘Wits Man Buc excep. 80 Se ao Kier apa and tue rach Laden" Die Datche Noon, 4 (a) 2h m8