We

can define personality as the relatively stable set of psychological characteristics

and behavior patterns that make us unique as individuals. Personality helps account
for the consistency in our behavior over time. The study of personality involves
attempts to describe and explain the factors that make us unique

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 1. Derivation of Personality
a. Pere soma All around the body
b. Persum Head
c. Per sonare To sound
d. Persona As one appears to others, role in life, makes you distinct,
the person
2. Types of Definitions
3. Allport Definition
a. Pioneer figure in Personality Psychology
b. Personality That dynamic organization within the person
composed of those psychophysical systems that make for the persons unique
adjustment to the environment
4. Related Terms
a. Character Morality, integrity
b. Temperament What you are when you are born, reflection of your genetics.
How aroused, irritable, social you are.
c. Mood Transient, emotional state
d. Trait Enduring, persistent way of behaving
e. Disposition Tendency to respond a certain way

2
 1. Derivation of Personality
a. Pere soma All around the body
b. Persum Head
c. Per sonare To sound
d. Persona As one appears to others, role in life, makes you distinct,
the person
2. Types of Definitions
3. Allport Definition
a. Pioneer figure in Personality Psychology
b. Personality That dynamic organization within the person
composed of those psychophysical systems that make for the persons unique
adjustment to the environment
4. Related Terms
a. Character Morality, integrity
b. Temperament What you are when you are born, reflection of your genetics.
How aroused, irritable, social you are.
c. Mood Transient, emotional state
d. Trait Enduring, persistent way of behaving
e. Disposition Tendency to respond a certain way
4
5
Structure of Personality

According to Sigmund Freud, the human personality consists of three parts which he
labeled as the ID, the Ego and the Superego.

The iceberg metaphor is used widely to represent the three levels of consciousness:
the conscious, the preconscious, and the unconscious mind. Like an iceberg, only
tip of the mind rises to the level of consciousness.

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In Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality, the unconscious mind is a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories
that outside of our conscious awareness. Most of the contents of the unconscious are unacceptable or unpleasant, such as
feelings of pain, anxiety, or conflict. According to Freud, the unconscious continues to influence our behavior and experience,
even though we are unaware of these underlying influences.
--
In Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality, the preconscious mind is a part of the mind that corresponds to
ordinary memory. These memories are not conscious, but we can retrieve them to conscious awareness at any time.
While these memories are not part of your immediate awareness, they can be quickly brought into awareness through
conscious effort. For example, if you were asked what television show you watched last night or what you had for breakfast this
morning, you would be pulling that information out of your preconscious.
A helpful way to think of the preconscious is that it acts as a sort of gatekeeper between the conscious and unconscious parts
of the mind. It allows only certain pieces of information to pass through and enter conscious awareness.
In Freudian psychoanalysis, the word preconscious is applied to thoughts which are unconscious at the particular moment in
question, but which are not repressed and are therefore available for recall and easily 'capable of becoming conscious' - a
phrase attributed by Sigmund Freud to Joseph Breuer.[1]
i.e. What did you watch on TV last night?
What did you have for breakfast this morning?
--
In Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality, the conscious mind consists of everything inside of our awareness. This
is the aspect of our mental processing that we can think and talk about in a rational way.
The conscious mind includes such things as the sensations, perceptions, memories, feeling and fantasies inside of our current
awareness. Closely allied with the conscious mind is the preconscious, which includes the things that we are not thinking of at
the moment but which we can easily draw into conscious awareness.
Things that the conscious mind wants to keep hidden from awareness are repressed into the unconscious mind. While we are
unaware of these feelings, thoughts, urges and emotions, Freud believed that the unconscious mind could still have an
influence on our behavior.

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Unconscious: A reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that outside of our
conscious awareness. Most of the contents of the unconscious are unacceptable or
unpleasant, such as feelings of pain, anxiety, or conflict. According to Freud, the unconscious
continues to influence our behavior and experience, even though we are unaware of these
underlying influences.
The Unconscious
Examples: Homosexual urges of a heterosexual male, drive for self-destruction
Preconscious: the preconscious mind is a part of the mind that corresponds to ordinary
memory. These memories are not conscious, but we can retrieve them to conscious
awareness at any time. While these memories are not part of your immediate awareness,
they can be quickly brought into awareness through conscious effort. For example, if you
were asked what television show you watched last night or what you had for breakfast this
morning, you would be pulling that information out of your preconscious.
The Preconscious
Examples: If you were asked what television show you watched last night or what you had for
breakfast this morning, you would be pulling that information out of your preconscious.
Conscious: the conscious mind consists of everything inside of our awareness. This is the
aspect of our mental processing that we can think and talk about in a rational way. The
conscious mind includes such things as the sensations, perceptions, memories, feeling and
fantasies inside of our current awareness. Closely allied with the conscious mind is the
preconscious, which includes the things that we are not thinking of at the moment but which
we can easily draw into conscious awareness.
Examples: The conscious mind includes such things as the sensations, perceptions, memories,
feeling and fantasies inside of our current awareness. Heterosexual urges of a heterosexual
male.

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The id is the primitive, instinctive component of personality that operates
according to the pleasure principle, which demands immediate gratification and
engages in primary-process thinking (primitive, illogical, irrational, and fantasy
oriented).

According to Freud, the id exists only in the part of the mind called he called the
unconscious. Thus, we are not consciously aware of our basic impulses for sexual
gratification and destructive, aggressive impulses. The unconscious contains
thoughts, memories, drives, and impulses that lie well below the surface of
conscious awareness.

----

The ID- All that the id really cares about is feeding, fighting and well, you know The
ids function is to make sure all of our primary needs are met. You can think of the id
as a spoiled brat who needs their needs met right then and there.
When youre hungry, the ids reaction is to quickly search for food and eat.
When youre angry or threatened, the ids reaction is to fight or flee.
When youre sexually aroused, the ids reaction is to find a mate and reproduce.
Freud, New Introductory Lectures p. 106

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The superego is the moral component of personality that incorporates social
standards about what represents right and wrong. The superego emerges out of the
ego at around 3-5 years of age.

Like the ego, the superego operates at all three levels of awareness.

----

All the super-ego cares about is what everyone else around you thinks and is hyper
aware of values and morals of society. You can think of your super-ego as a critical
parent pointing a finger at you and saying no no no.

The super-ego places guilt and shame on the reactions of the id.
It is what tells us whats right and whats wrong. It may seem as though the super-ego
can be a bit mean and controlling, which is partially true, but without the super-ego,
we would all be killing, having sex with everyone we see, hurting peoples feelings,
using others, urinating and defecating on the streets and just not caring about
societal norms and values whatsoever.
When the super-ego is too strong, we are known to be perfectionists. Everything
must be right. This is not healthy and causes a great deal of mental distress.
15
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The ego is the decision-making component of personality that operates according to the
reality principle of seeking to bend the dictates of the id to the social realities we face in living
in a civilized world. Ego must delay gratification of the ids urges until appropriate outlets can
be found, thus mediating between the id and the external world.
Preconscious is applied to thoughts which are unconscious at the particular moment in
question, but which are not repressed and are therefore available for recall and easily
'capable of becoming conscious'
In Freuds model, the ego operates at all three levels of awareness - unconscious,
preconscious, and conscious.
The preconscious contains thoughts that lie just beneath the surface, while the conscious is
what you are aware of at any given moment in time.
----
The Ego (the middle man) tries to keep the peace and does whatever it can to establish and
maintain a balance between the two. When the ego isnt strong enough and does not
succeed at keeping that balance, it usually winds up looking like a mental illness.
The ego is our mediator. Its main purpose is to keep the id and the super-ego in check. The
ego has an enormous box of tricks (what Freud called defense mechanisms) to help us
balance our impulses and hyper-critical thoughts and behaviors.
The ego is our common sense, objective judge, reality tester and reason. It wants to be able
to satisfy our id and at the same time do it in a way where it is socially acceptable and safe
without being too judgmental and neglectful to our needs.
Alfred Pennyworth

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An Ongoing Internal Conflict

Freud saw behavior as the outcome of an ongoing series of internal conflicts between
the id, ego, and superego, with conflicts centering on sexual and aggressive impulses
having far reaching consequences.

The ego uses various defense mechanisms, or exercises in self-deception, as

protection against the flood of anxiety that would occur if the conscious self would
become directly aware of the lustful, hateful and even murderous impulses that lie
within the id.

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The ego relies on defense mechanisms to shield the self from anxiety that would
occur due to awareness of unacceptable impulses arising from the id. Examples of
defense mechanisms include rationalization, where you justify unacceptable
behavior with excuses; repression (burying distressing or unacceptable impulses and
wishes) in the unconscious; projection (attributing your own impulses and wishes to
someone else), and displacement (diverting impulses directed toward an original
source to a safer, substitute target).

20
Sigmund Freuds family in 1898.

Front row: Sophie, Anna and Ernst Freud.

Middle row: Oliver, Martha Freud, and Minna Bernays (Freuds sister-in-law).
Back row: Martin and Sigmund Freud.

21
h. Ideas are rejected by the American Medical Association
i. Goes into seclusion from 1895-1905
i. Writes Interpretation of Dreams in 1900
ii. Adler comes to ask Freud if he can study with him
iii. Forms Freudian Circle.

22
Sexual organs = life force (libido) and feelings of pleasure

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The oral stage is characterized by an erotic focus on the mouth and its functions. The
infant seeks sexual pleasure through sucking at the mothers breasts or mouthing,
which is putting things into their mouth that is nearby. Too much gratification at the
oral stage will lead to oral fixations in adulthood such as smoking, nail biting,
overeating, a constant desire for oral sex (sucking on the nipple, penis).

Freud believed that fixation at this stage led to obsessive eating and smoking and
development of dependent traits.

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Erotic focus: mouth (sucking, biting)

Age: birth to 12 - 18 months old.

Sexual gratification: the infant seeks sexual pleasure through sucking at the mothers
breasts or mouthing, which is putting things into their mouth that is nearby.

Oral fixations: key task is to wean from bottle or breast milk. If not overcome may
lead to smoking, nail biting, overeating, a constant desire for oral sex (sucking on the
nipple, penis).

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The anal stage is when the anal cavity becomes the primary erogenous zone. Children
get erotic pleasure from expelling feces (pooping). This may lead to conflict with
parents over harsh toilet training and set the stage for fixation in the form of anal
expulsive or anal retentive personality traits.

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Anatomy: functions of parts of brain
Biochemistry: effects of neurotransmitters and hormones on brain processes
Both are related to personality and behavior

34
The phallic stage represents a focus on the genitals and self-stimulation. The
erogenous zone now shifts to the genital region. Try and think about when you were
around this age, did you enjoy touching yourself down there? Probably. BUT, you
likely repressed those memories!!!!

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Erotic focus: genitals

Age: 3 years to 6 years old.

Sexual gratification: focus on the genitals and self-stimulation (masturbation).

Phallic fixations: Identifying with adult role models, if problematic, might have issues
coping with Oedipal or Electra crisis.

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Oedipus Complex
Core conflict in which the young boy or girl develops incestuous feelings toward the parent of
the opposite gender. Same gender parent seen as a rival.

Castration Anxiety
Unconscious fear of removal of the penis as punishment for having unacceptable sexual
impulses toward your mother.

The core conflict during the Phallic stage is the Oedipal complex (boys) / Electra complex
(girls). This is the unconscious conflict occurring when young children have erotic leanings
towards their opposite-sex parent and resent their same-sex parent. Failure to successfully
resolve the Oedipal conflict can lead to failure to adopt gender-appropriate roles of the
parent of the same sex and later homosexuality (in Freuds view).

According to Freud, boys normally resolve this conflict by forsaking their incestuous wishes
for their mother and then identifying with their rival their father. This allows the boy to
develop gender based behaviors. In essence, you want to become more like your dad so that
you can later hook up with a girl thats like your mom. You also have the development of the
superego during the oedipus complex, you start to develop a moral conscience.

Castration anxiety, according to Freudian theory, is the unconscious fear of removal of the
penis as punishment for having unacceptable sexual impulses toward your mother.

37
Electra Complex
Term given to the form of the Oedipus Complex in young girls.

Penis Envy
Girls have a jealousy toward boys for having a penis.

Penis envy is the idea that girls have a jealousy toward boys for having a penis. This is
resolved when the girl sexual matures and forsakes wanting to become a man in
order to have a baby of her own. The baby serves as the penis substitute for her
missing penis, according to Freud.

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The latency stage is when erotic urges are suppressed. This is a period of tranquility compared to the
phallic stage!

Erotic focus: none, sexually repressed

Age: 6 years to puberty.

Sexual gratification: none, erotic urges suppressed. According to Freud, this is a period of tranquility

Important to Expanding social contracts during this stage of sexual development.

Freud called this stage the latency period to indicate that sexual feelings and interest went
underground ... the feelings that create that first "eternal triangle" with the parents fade, and free
energy for other interests and activities. Latency period children can then direct more of their energy
into asexual pursuits such as school, athletics, and same-sex friendships: middle childhood especially is
marked by 'the importance of school, teams, classes, friends, gangs and organised activities ... and the
adults who run those.'[36] Nevertheless recent research suggests that "most children do not cease
sexual development, interest and behavior" at this time: rather, they "cease to share their interest
with adults and are less frequently observed."[37] Because "they've learned the rules ... [they] fit in
with the grown-up's belief that they're not interested. But the curiosity about it all continues, and
there's quite a lot of experimenting going on between them.'[38] alongside other pursuits

But while the eight-year-old still has "years to wait until puberty, adolescence and finally sexual
maturity ... a sort of lull before puberty arrives,'[39] with preadolescence proper (912), and the move
forward from middle childhood, what have been called 'the introspective and social concerns of the
prepubescent'[40] tend to come more to the fore. Clearly "few experiences are more prominent in the
lives of preadolescents than the onset of puberty";[41] so that "at eleven or twelve you're just
reaching the end of a long period during which change was steady and incremental":[42] Freud's
latency years.

39
Freud said of this work, "Insight such as this falls to one's lot but once in a lifetime.

40
Erik H. Erikson confirmed that 'violent drives are normally dormant ... a lull before
the storm of puberty, when all the earlier drives re-emerge in a new combination, to
be brought under the dominance of genitality.'[

41
Following the latency stage is the genital stage, when puberty begins and sexual
urges reappear. This is when boys begin having sexual desires toward females whom
are like their mothers and girls have desires toward men who are like their
fathers.

Erotic focus: genitals

Age: puberty to adulthood.

Sexual gratification: . This is when boys begin having sexual desires toward females
whom are like their mothers and girls have desires toward men who are like their
fathers.

During this stage it is important to establishing intimate relationships; contributing to

society through working.

42
Following the latency stage is the genital stage, when puberty begins and sexual
urges reappear. This is when boys begin having sexual desires toward females whom
are like their mothers and girls have desires toward men who are like their
fathers.

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Freud's assumption that all our mental and behavioral responses are caused by unconscious
traumas, desires, or conflicts.
Psychic determinism is a type of determinism that theorizes that all mental processes are not
spontaneous but are determined by the unconscious or preexisting mental complexes. It
relies on the causality principle applied to psychic occurrences in which nothing happens by
chance or by accidental arbitrary ways.[1] It is one of the central concepts of psychoanalysis.
Thus, slips of the tongue, forgetting an individual's name, and any other verbal associations
or mistakes are assumed to have psychological meaning. Psychoanalytic therapists will
generally probe clients and have them elaborate on why something popped into their head
or why they may have forgotten someones name rather than ignoring the material. The
therapist then analyze this discussion for clues revealing unconscious connections to the slip
of verbal association. Psychic determinism is related to the overarching concept of
determinism, specifically in terms of human actions. Therapists who adhere to the belief in
psychic determinism assume that human action and decisions are predetermined and are not
necessarily under their own control.
In 1901 Sigmund Freud published The Psychopathology of Everyday Life in which he detailed
the importance of generally trivial or overlooked details in therapy sessions. It was in this
work that Freud began to use the term Fehlleistungen to refer to seemingly unintended
slips of the tongue. Freud interpreted these slips of the tongue as the result of unconscious
desires or impulses.[3] During psychoanalytic therapy sessions Freud would dissect and
question participants if they made a mental lapse or a slip of the tongue, as he believed this
would allow him an understanding of the unconscious motives of his patient.
Although the Freudian slip is considered the most popularized example of psychic
determinism from Freuds work, this concept of determinism is not the only one. The term
psychic determinism encompasses other forms of mental lapses such as forgetting someones
name.

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h. Ideas are rejected by the American Medical Association
i. Goes into seclusion from 1895-1905
i. Writes Interpretation of Dreams in 1900
ii. Adler comes to ask Freud if he can study with him
iii. Forms Freudian Circle.

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Repression
Expulsion from awareness of unacceptable ideas or motives.

Example: A child who is abused by a parent later has no recollection of the events,
but has trouble forming relationships.

Repression is the burying of distressing or unacceptable impulses and wishes in the

unconscious. Repression involves putting painful thoughts and memories out of our
minds and forgetting them. You can think of it as unconsciously forgetting, that is,
forgetting and not even realizing that you are doing it.

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An individual fixated at an earlier developmental stage might cry, sulk, kick, and or
scream upon hearing they received an F on an exam.

Regression
The return of behavior that is typical of earlier stages of development.

Example: Someone who cries, sulks, kicks, or screams upon hearing they received an
F on an exam.

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Having a bad day at work and then taking it out at family or friends by expressing
anger to then.

Displacement
The transfer of unacceptable impulses away from their original objects onto safer or
less threatening objects.

Example: Someone who has a bad day at work then becomes angry at their family at
home.

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Denial
Refusal to recognize a threatening impulse or desire.

Example: A person who gets into a near fatal car accident unharmed but then acts
afterwards like it was no big deal.

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Reaction Formation
Behaving in a way that is the opposite of ones true wishes or desires in order to keep
these repressed.

Example: A gay man who has a number of heterosexual affairs and openly criticizes
gays.

Reaction Formation occurs when a person feels an urge to do or say something and
then actually does or says something that is effectively the opposite of what they
really want. It also appears as a defense against a feared social punishment. If I fear
that I will be criticized for something, I very visibly act in a way that shows I am
personally a long way from the feared position. A common pattern in Reaction
Formation is where the person uses excessive behavior, for example using
exaggerated friendliness when the person is actually feeling unfriendly.

Ted Haggard: Pastor, Jesus Camp, bashed homosexuals. In November of 2006, hunky
male prostitute Mike Jones went to the press with allegations that Pastor Ted had
been paying for his services for the past 3 years under the name Art (Arthur is his
middle name). Jones says he felt obligated to out Haggard because his influence
might have helped pass a same-sex marriage ban in Colorado in 2006.

http://www.zimbio.com/America%27s+50+Most+Scandalous+Political+Scandals/artic
les/65/Crystal+Meth+Male+Prostitute+Fall+Pastor+Ted

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When something happens that we find difficult to accept, then we will make up a
logical reason why it has happened.
The target of rationalization is usually something that we have done, such as being
unkind to another person. It may also be used when something happens independent
of us which causes us discomfort, such as when a friend is unkind to us.
We not only rationalize actions and the things we have done, we also find reason for
our beliefs, models, values and other inner structures and thoughts. These systems
are often implied in rationalization statements.
We rationalize to ourselves. We also find it very important to rationalize to other
people, even those we do not know.

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Projection
Imposing ones own impulses or wishes onto another person.

Example: An unfaithful husband suspects his wife of infidelity.

When a person has uncomfortable thoughts or feelings, they may project these onto
other people, assigning the thoughts or feelings that they need to repress to a
convenient alternative target. Projection may also happen to obliterate attributes of
other people with which we are uncomfortable. We assume that they are like us, and
in doing so we allow ourselves to ignore those attributes they have with which we are
uncomfortable.

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Sublimation
The channeling of unacceptable impulses into socially constructive pursuits.

Example: A surgeon turns aggressive energies and deep desires to cut/kill people into
life-saving acts.

Sublimation is the transformation of unwanted impulses into something less harmful.

This can simply be a distracting release or may be a constructive and valuable piece
of work.
When we are faced with the dissonance of uncomfortable thoughts, we create
psychic energy. This has to go somewhere. Sublimation channels this energy away
from destructive acts and into something that is socially acceptable and/or creatively
effective.

Many sports and games are sublimations of aggressive urges, as we sublimate the
desire to fight into the ritualistic activities of formal competition. Sublimation is
probably the most useful and constructive of the defense mechanisms as it takes
the energy of something that is potentially harmful and turns it to doing something
good and useful.

54
Personality traits are not the only factors that control behavior; situations are also
important.
Your answers may depend on your age: Trait stability increases with age and is related
to maturity and general mental health.

Personality traits are not the only factors that control behavior.
Ask yourself:
Do traits exist?
Is everybody basically the same, and behavior changes according to the
situation?
Your answers may depend on your age.

55
Activity 5-3: Projective test taking and interpretation
Activity 5-4: Online TAT with interpretation
Try For Yourself 5.1 on p. 147
Definition: a test that presents a person with an ambiguous stimulus and asks him or
her to describe what is seen
The person may or may not be aware of the inner processes.
Draw-A-Person test: nonverbal test of intelligence or emotional problems for children
ages 5 to 17
TAT: tell stories about drawings of people and ambiguous events; measures implicit
motives and reflects what people want

Definition
Answers are thought to reveal inner psychological states, motivations, needs,
feelings, experiences, or thought processes
B data
Rorschach Test, Draw-A-Person test, Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Used by clinical psychologists
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Rorschach: With these scoring systems, there is some evidence of validity; may be
good for predicting suicide or commitment to a mental hospital; used by 82% of
clinical psychologists (at least occasionally); little evidence of incremental validity
beyond easier and cheaper tests such as the MMPI.

Some evidence of validity

Rorschach
Exners Comprehensive System or Klopfers system
Valid for predicting certain outcomes
Used by 82% of clinical psychologists
Little evidence of incremental validity
TAT
Highly reliable scoring for new form

59
Hermann Rorschach (who bore an uncanny physical likeness to contemporary actor
Brad PittGoogle it) was nicknamed Klex in high school because of his fascination
with letting droplets of ink fall on paper and folding the paper in half to form
interesting patterns.

This early fascination was to lead to his development of the test which bears his
name.

Klex means inkblot in German.

60
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Class activity: Projective Test Taking and Interpretation

What does an inkblot look like?

Hermann Rorschach (who bore an uncanny physical likeness to contemporary actor

Brad PittGoogle it) was nicknamed Klex in high school because of his fascination
with letting droplets of ink fall on paper and folding the paper in half to form
interesting patterns.

This early fascination was to lead to his development of the test which bears his
name.

Klex means inkblot in German.

62
What does an inkblot look like?

Hermann Rorschach (who bore an uncanny physical likeness to contemporary actor

Brad PittGoogle it) was nicknamed Klex in high school because of his fascination
with letting droplets of ink fall on paper and folding the paper in half to form
interesting patterns.

This early fascination was to lead to his development of the test which bears his
name.

Klex means inkblot in German.

63
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66
More examples: http://thematicapperceptionimages.blogspot.com/

Thermatic Apperception test developed by Henry Murray in the 1930s. Pictures

containing ambiguous scenes that the patient must interpret. The subject tells a story
about the scene and what led up to the scene in the drawing. Believed to reveal
aspects of the patients personality.

The TAT is based on the assumption that people will impose or project their own
internal needs, conflicts, and wishes into the stories they tell about these ambiguous
drawings.

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Trait theorists focus on:
How people differ in their underlying traits.
How traits can be measured.
How traits are organized or structured within the personality.
The first major trait theorist (and who influenced Cattell, who worked with him at
Harvard) was Gordon Allport, who posited a hierarchical ordering of traits. According
to Gordon Allport, personality traits are inherited BUT influenced by experience.

Hierarchy of Traits

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Traits ranked in a hierarchy in relation to their influence on behavior.

He believed traits are largely inherited. What do you think? Were you born with your
personality traits or are your these traits a product of your upbringing or experience?

Personality traits are physical entities

embedded in the brain. Traits are
inherited, but influenced by experience.

Traits ranked in a hierarchy in relation to

their influence on behavior:
1. Cardinal Traits
2. Central Traits
3. Secondary Traits

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Traits ranked in a hierarchy in relation to
their influence on behavior:
1. Cardinal Traits
2. Central Traits
3. Secondary Traits

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Highest level traits that influence behavior in most situations.

Allport believed that very FEW people possessed such dominant traits as MLK.

i.e. Cardinal trait in Martin Luther Kings personality is the commitment to social
justice.

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Central Traits
The basic building blocks of personality. Core traits that characterize an individual
personality.

These are the kinds of traits that you would generally use when describing the
general characteristics of other peoples behavior.

Central Traits
Examples: Competitive, generous, independent, arrogant, fearful, etc.

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Secondary Traits
Examples: Preference for specific styles of clothing and music.

Secondary Traits
Inconsistent traits that influences behavior in relatively few situations.

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Hans Eysenck: A Simpler Trait Model

Hans Eysenck, a British psychologist, described personality based on three major

traits:
Introversion-extraversion
Neuroticism
Psychoticism

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Hans Eysenck: A Simpler Trait Model

Hans Eysenck, a British psychologist, described personality based on three major

traits:
Introversion-extraversion
Neuroticism
Psychoticism

Described personality based on three major traits:

Introversion-extraversion
Neuroticism
Psychoticism

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Introverted people are solitary, reserved, and unsociable.

Extraverted people are outgoing, friendly, and people oriented.

Introverted people are solitary, reserved, and unsociable.

Extraverted people are outgoing, friendly, and people oriented.

High on psychoticism are Cold, hostile, insensitive. Low on psychotism are described
as warm, senstive, and concerned about others

High: tendencies to be perceived as cold and antisocial

Low: tendencies to be perceived as warm, sensitive, and concerned about others

Openness: Open to trying new things (high on the scale) OR maintain status quo and
not change things (low on the scale)
Conscientiousness: refers to a persons organization and motivation, high scorers are
careful about things like being on time or being careful with anothers belongings
(high on the scale).
Extraversion: (First Used by Jung), Outgoing and sociable
Agreeableness: Are you easy going, friendly, and pleasant (high end) OR grumpy,
crabby, and hard to get along with (low end)?
Neuorticism: Emotional instability or stability, Excessive worriers, overanxious, and
moody would score high on this dimension.

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Activity 5-3: Projective test taking and interpretation
Activity 5-4: Online TAT with interpretation
Try For Yourself 5.1 on p. 147
Definition: a test that presents a person with an ambiguous stimulus and asks him or
her to describe what is seen
The person may or may not be aware of the inner processes.
Draw-A-Person test: nonverbal test of intelligence or emotional problems for children
ages 5 to 17
TAT: tell stories about drawings of people and ambiguous events; measures implicit
motives and reflects what people want

Definition
Answers are thought to reveal inner psychological states, motivations, needs,
feelings, experiences, or thought processes
B data
Rorschach Test, Draw-A-Person test, Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Used by clinical psychologists
Sample MMPI-2 Profiles

What can we say about the personality functioning of Pete, Bill, and Jane?

Scores 65 or higher are considered clinically elevated or abnormally high.

Jane is a 21 year old woman who was admitted to a psychiatric facility following a
suicide attempt.
Bill is a 34 year old schizophrenia patient.
Pete is a well adjusted 25 year old.

86