EE-211 Circuit Analysis

Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, TOPI 23460

hadeed@giki.edu.pk

October 23, 2017

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 Overview
1 Operational Amplier
Realistic model of op-amp

2 Some more circuit solving methods

Source Transformations
Examples

Thevenin's and Norton's equivalent

Thevenin's equivalent

Examples

3 PSPICE simulation of electric circuits

Why simulation is required ?
What is PSPICE ?
Dening the circuit elements.
Some important commands
Simulation example

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 Realistic model of op-amp

If the ideal model is modied with

nite gain and resistance on input
side and a non zero output resistance.
For example if R in =2M , R 0 =75
and A=105 then V n 6= Vp and In 6= 0
, I
p 6= 0
Figure: a

Consider an inverting amplier with a non ideal model of op-amp.

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 Inverting amplier with realistic model
At node a

V n Vs V n V n Vo
+ + =0 (1)
R s R i R f

At node b

V o Vn V o A(Vp Vn )
+ =0 (2)
R f R o

Figure: a
Rearranging these terms,
     
1 1 1 1 1
+ + V V = V (3)
R s R i R f
n
R f
o
R s
s

A
   
1 1 1
V + + V =0 (4)
Ro R f
n
R f R o
o

Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 7 Resources October 23, 2017 4 / 29
 Inverting amplier with realistic model

Using cramer's rule (3) and (4) can be rearranged as

A + RRof

!
V o = Vs     (5)

1+A+
Rs Ro Rs Ro
Rf Ri
+ Ri + 1 + Rf

If the ideal values of R ,Rin o and A are used then (5 will reduce to (6

Rf
 
V = Vs (6)
o
R s

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 Source transformations
A source transformation is a circuit simplication method that allow us to
transform voltage source to a current source and vice versa.

Figure: a Figure: b

V RI
I s
I =
s
(8)
L =
R +R L
(7) L
R +R L

If these circuits are equal they must have same current owing through
load.
V
I =
s
(9)
s
R
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 Example 4.8 [Nilsson]
Find power in 6v source.

Either 3 mesh or three node

equations are required. Since we Converting it to current source again
need to measure the power in 6V
source therefore, we will apply
source transformation at 40V
source.

Converting current to voltage

Power is 4.95 W. (absorbing)
source
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 Thevenin's equivalent

In some circuits the terminal behavior at some point is of interest.

In fact, we focus on the behavior of circuit supplying the power, but at
outlet terminals only. Thevenin and Norton proposed circuit simplication
methods that are widely used nowadays.

Thevenin's equivalent

Thevenin circuit is an independent voltage source V th with a resistance R th

in series.

Norton's equivalent

Norton circuit is an independent current source I

no with a resistance R
th in
parallel.

Norton equivalent is obtained using source transformation.

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 Thevenin's equivalent

If R L is very large then Vth = open circuit voltage.

If R L is zero then R th =
Vth
Isc
.
Where Isc is the current through the R L when it is zero.
R th can also be calculated by looking into the circuit from the output
terminals. In this procedure make all current sources open circuit and
voltage sources short circuit.

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 Example

Find the Thevenin's equivalent at

node a and b.

Here 4 ohm resistance is in series with

the parallel combination of 5 and 20 ohm
V th is same as V 3A . resistances. R
th =8

Apply node voltage method.

V 3A =32V To nd R th . Make 3A
source open circuit and 25V short
circuit and calculate R eq while
looking into the circuit from
terminal a and b. R th can more accurately be calculated by
shorting a and b and then measuring the
current through that branch.

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 Assessment problem 4.16 [Nilsson]
Find the Thevenin's equivalent at
terminal a and b.

Here 8 ohm resistance is in series with

V th can be calculated by using the parallel combination of 5 and 20 ohm

node voltage method which is resistances. Their equivalent comes in

64.8V parallel with the 12 ohm resistance.

To nd R th kill the voltage source Therefore, R

th =6

by shorting it and then nding

the R eq while looking into the
circuit from terminal a and b.

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 Assessment problem 4.17 [Nilsson]
Find the Norton's equivalent at
terminal a and b.

Here 2,8,10 ohm resistances are in series

and their equivalent is in parallel with 12
I no can be calculated by shorting
ohm resistor. Their equivalent R
th =7.5
the terminals and and b. [Hint!
Use CDR to nd the current]
To nd R th kill the current source
by disconnecting one of its
terminal to make it an open
circuit. Find the R th while Figure: Thevenin's equivalent (left) Norton's

looking into the circuit from equivalent (right)

terminal a and b.

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 Example 4.10 [Nilsson]
Find the Thevenin's equivalent at In this example resistance cannot be
terminal a and b. calculated using the simple method.
To nd the resistance we need to
measure the short circuit current
through terminal a and b and then
using the ohm's law.
Shorting the terminal a and b, the
V th is the voltage across the 25 ohm
voltage v is zero, therefore, I sc =-20i.
resistor.
As the controlled voltage source is
5
now zero i= =2.5mA therefore,
2000

V = Vth = (20i )(25) = 500i

I sc =-20(2.5mA)=-50mA.
ab

(10)
Hence equivalent R Vth
th = I
sc
=100 ohm.

The current i is

5 3v 5 3Vth
i= = (11)
2000 2000

Putting (11) in (10) V th =-5V.

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 Example 4.10 [Nilsson]

The thevenin's resistance can also be

calculated by applying a test source v
at the output terminals a and b. In
i
t =
t
+ 20i (12)
25
this case we rst deactivate all the 3vt
independent sources. i= (13)
2000

Substituting (13) in (12)

v 60 v
i
t =
t

t
(14)
25 2000

i
t 1 6 1
= = (15)
The Thevenin resistance equals the
v
t 25 200 100
ratio of the voltage across the test
source to the current delivered by the
R th = 100 (16)

test source.

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 Example 5.6
Find the Thevenin's equivalent at V o.

V th =6V, R th = 2k

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 Example 5.4-1 [Dorf]
Find the Thevenin's equivalent at V o.

V th =20V, R th = 40

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 Example
Find the Thevenin's equivalent at V o.

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 Example
Find the Thevenin's equivalent at
V ab .

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 Example
Find the Thevenin's equivalent at
V ab . Use source transformation to
convert it into a norton equivalent
circuit.

R th =81.7, V th =-5V

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 Why simulation is required ?

Engineering designs require accurate methods for evaluating the circuit

performance.

Complex IC structures need in-depth performance evaluations

Computer aided analysis helps us in

Finding the impact of variations in circuit elements.

Assessing the circuit improvements and degradations

Evaluating the eects of noise and distortion without expensive

measuring instruments.

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 Why simulation is required ?

Sensitivity analysis to estimate the safe tolerance limits for each element.

Frequency domain analysis without using expensive spectrum analyzers.

Assessing the non linearity of a circuit.

Optimizing the circuit design.

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 What is PSPICE ?

It is a mainframe version of SPICE by microsim.

Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis (SPICE)

Based on nodal analysis

Developed in 1975 by University of California.

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 How PSPICE works?

Create a source le for the circuit which includes description of circuit, type
of analysis, and specify the output.

Open the source le from in PSPICE

Print and plot the results.

Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 7 Resources October 23, 2017 23 / 29
 Dening the circuit elements.

Independent DC voltage source. name should start with V. For dc source

the type is dc

<name><positive node><negative node><type><value>

Independent DC current source. name should start with I. For dc source

the type is dc

<name><negative node><positive node><type><value>

Resistance

<name><node 1><node 2><value>

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 Dening the circuit elements

Dependent sources. The general format is as follows

<name><connecting nodes><controlling nodes><voltage gain>

Names should be in following format.

Voltage controlled voltage source <Exxx><connecting

node><controlling node><gain>

Current controlled voltage source <Hxxx><rst node> <second

node> <Vdelta><gain>

Current controlled current source <Fxxx><rst node> <second

node> <Vdelta><gain>

voltage controlled current source <Gxxx><connecting

node><controlling node><gain>

Vdelta is some dummy voltage source of value zero to measure the current.
[A zero voltage is actually a short circuit]

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 Some important commands

DC sweep (.DC)

Transfer Function (.TF) [Thevenin solver]

DC sensitivity (.OP)

.probe [scilloscope of PSPICE]

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 Simulation example 1
Find the voltage V a and V
b for the Example 2
circuit shown. I1 0 1 DC 24
Vdelta 1 3 DC 0
H1 2 0 Vdelta 20.3846
R1 1 0 5
R2 3 0 20
R3 1 2 1
Dening the nodes and names of the .end
elements. Save the le with a dot cir extension
and open it in the pspice software.
Simulating this will create an output
le with node voltages. For this
circuit Node 1 : 104 V ,Node 2 : 106
V, Node 3 : 104 V

Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 7 Resources October 23, 2017 27 / 29
 Simulation example 2
For the circuit shown nd the Example 4.10 Nilsson
Thevenin's voltage at a and b. V1 1 0 DC 5
R1 1 2 2000
Vx 2 3 DC 0
E1 3 0 4 0 3
F1 4 0 Vx 20
R2 4 0 25
.TF V(4,0) V1
Dening the nodes and names of the .end
elements. Save the le with a dot cir extension
and open it in the pspice software.
Thevenin is required at terminal a
and b which are node 4 with respect
to ground. So node 4 voltage is -5V.
The output resistance is also 100 ohm

Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 7 Resources October 23, 2017 28 / 29
Simulation example 3
Find the thevenin voltage V ab for the
circuit shown.
Example
V1 1 0 DC 50
R1 1 2 115
R2 1 3 50
R3 2 0 100
R4 3 0 65
.TF V(2,3) V1
.end
Dening the nodes and names of the
Save the le with a dot cir extension
elements.
and open it in the pspice software.
Thevenin is required at terminal a
and b which are node 2 and 3. So
thevenin voltage is V2 -V3=-5V. The
output resistance is 81.7 ohm

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