References

Blackburn with darwen: ACE (adverse childhood experiences) screening pilot | early
intervention foundation. Retrieved from http://www.eif.org.uk/case-study/blackburn-with-
darwen-ace-adverse-childhood-experiences-screening-pilot/
Broyles, L. M., Binswanger, I. A., Jenkins, J. A., Finnell, D. S., Faseru, B., Cavaiola, A., . . .
Gordon, A. J. (2014). Confronting inadvertent stigma and pejorative language in addiction
scholarship: A recognition and response. Substance Abuse, 35(3), 217-221.
doi:10.1080/08897077.2014.930372
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
(5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015). Today's heroin epidemic: More people at
risk, multiple drugs abused. CDC Vitalsigns, (July)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). Injury prevention & control: Opioid
overdose. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/data/statedeaths.html
Chu, C., & Galang, A. (2013). Hospital nurses' attitudes toward patients with a history of illicit
drug use. Canadian Nurse, 109(6), 29-34. Retrieved from
http://libdata.lib.ua.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=r
zh&AN=107950482&site=eds-live&scope=site
Corrigan, P. W., Green, A., Lundin, R., Kubiak, M. A., & Penn, D. L. (2001). Familiarity with
and social distance from people who have serious mental illness. Ps, 52(7), 953-958.
doi:10.1176/appi.ps.52.7.953
Crapanzano, K., Vath, R. J., & Fisher, D. (2014). Reducing stigma towards substance users
through an educational intervention: Harder than it looks Retrieved from
http://libdata.lib.ua.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=e
dswss&AN=000339803500007&site=eds-live&scope=site
Day, E., & Strang, J. (2011). Outpatient versus inpatient opioid detoxification: A randomized
controlled trial. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 40(1), 56-66.
doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2010.08.007 [doi]
Dennis, B. B., Naji, L., Bawor, M., Bonner, A., Varenbut, M., Daiter, J., . . . Thabane, L. (2014).
The effectiveness of opioid substitution treatments for patients with opioid dependence: A
systematic review and multiple treatment comparison protocol. Systems Review, 3, 105.
Retrieved from
http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&D=medl
&AN=25239213 http://qs7qk6ub8p.search.serialssolutions.com/?url_ver=Z39.88-
2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rfr_id=info:sid/Ovid:medl&rft.genre=artic
le&rft_id=info:doi/10.1186%2F2046-4053-3-
105&rft_id=info:pmid/25239213&rft.issn=2046-
4053&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=&rft.spage=105&rft.pages=105&rft.date=2014&rft.jtitle=Sy
stems+Review&rft.atitle=The+effectiveness+of+opioid+substitution+treatments+for+patien
ts+with+opioid+dependence%3A+a+systematic+review+and+multiple+treatment+comparis
on+protocol.&rft.aulast=Dennis
Dillard, D., Bincsik, A. K., Zebley, C., Mongare, K., Harrison, J., Gerardi, K. E., & Parcher, D.
W. (2010). Integrated nested services: Delaware's experience treating minority substance
abusers at risk for HIV or HIV positive. Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work, 7(1), 143
14p. doi:10.1080/15433710903176021
Eaton, K., Ohan, J. L., & Dear, G. (2015). The stigmatisation of the provision of services for
alcohol and other drug users: A systematic literature review. Drugs: Education, Prevention
& Policy, 22(1), 19-25. doi:10.3109/09687637.2014.977230
Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., . . .
Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of
the leading causes of death in adults: The adverse childhood experiences (ACE) study.
American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14(4), 245-258. doi:10.1016/S0749-
3797(98)00017-8
Fessey, V., James, G., & Pengelly, T. (2016). Mental health first aid: Equipping the nurses of the
future. British Journal of Nursing, 25(15), 858-859. Retrieved from
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=rzh&AN=117774322&site=ehost-
live
Hoge, M. A., Stuart, G. W., Morris, J., Flaherty, M. T., Paris Jr., M., & Goplerud, E. (2013).
Mental health and addiction workforce development: Federal leadership is needed to
address the growing crisis. Health Affairs, 32(11), 2005-2012.
doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2013.0541
Huang, D. T., Dee, D. L., Ko, J., Cole, J. G., Houston, K., Sircar, K. D., & Gaines, J. (2017).
Seven prevention priorities of USPHS scientist officers. American Journal of Public Health,
107(1), 39-40. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303497
Institute of Medicine. (2015). Psychosocial interventions for mental and substance use disorders:
A framework for establishing evidence-based standards. Retrieved from http://
iom.nationalacademies.org/Reports/2015/Psychosocial- Interventions-Mental-Substance-
Abuse-Disorders.aspx
Livingston, J. D., Milne, T., Fang, M. L., & Amari, E. (2012). The effectiveness of interventions
for reducing stigma related to substance use disorders: A systematic review. Addiction,
107(1), 39-50. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03601.x
MapLight U.S. Congress. (2016). S. 1455 - TREAT act. Retrieved from http://maplight.org/us-
congress/bill/114-s-1455/6709238/total-contributions
McKenna, L., Boyle, M., Brown, T., Williams, B., Molloy, A., Lewis, B., & Molloy, L. (2012).
Levels of empathy in undergraduate nursing students. International Journal of Nursing
Practice, 18(3), 246-251. doi:10.1111/j.1440-172X.2012.02035.x
Millar, T., Hayhurst, K. P., Jones, A., Pierce, M., Davies, L., Weston, S., . . . Donmall, M.
(2014). Factors associated with receipt of residential rehabilitation by opiate users indicate
that these clients are more amenable to drug treatment. Drugs: Education, Prevention &
Policy, 21(2), 172 8p. doi:10.3109/09687637.2013.810707
Moghe, S. Opioids: From 'wonder drug' to abuse epidemic. Retrieved from
http://www.cnn.com/2016/05/12/health/opioid-addiction-history/index.html
NIDA. (2016, February 11). Understanding Drug Abuse and Addiction: What Science Says.
Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/understanding-drug-abuse-addiction-what-
science-says
NIDA. (2014, July 1). Drugs, Brains, and Behavior: The Science of Addiction. Retrieved from
https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugs-brains-behavior-science-addiction
Oksanen, A. (2013). Deleuze and the theory of addiction. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 45(1),
57-67. doi:10.1080/02791072.2013.763563
Osborne, V. A., & Benner, K. (2012). Utilizing screening, brief intervention, and referral to
treatment: Teaching assessment of substance abuse. American Journal of Public Health,
102(7), 37. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300369
Palamar, J. J., Halkitis, P. N., & Kiang, M. V. (2013). Perceived public stigma and stigmatization
in explaining lifetime illicit drug use among emerging adults. Addiction Research & Theory,
21(6), 516-525. doi:10.3109/16066359.2012.762508
Pauly, B., Goldstone, I., McCall, J., Gold, F., & Payne, S. (2007). The ethical, legal and social
context of harm reduction. Canadian Nurse, 103(8), 23 5p. Retrieved from
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=rzh&AN=106017212&site=ehost-
live
Phillips, L. A., & Shaw, A. (2013). Substance use more stigmatized than smoking and obesity.
Journal of Substance Use, 18(4), 247-253. doi:10.3109/14659891.2012.661516
Raistrick, D. S., Tober, G. W., & Unsworth, S. L. (2015). Attitudes of healthcare professionals in
a general hospital to patients with substance misuse disorders. Journal of Substance Use,
20(1), 56-60. doi:10.3109/14659891.2013.878763
Roussy, V., Thomacos, N., Rudd, A., & Crockett, B. (2015). Enhancing health-care workers'
understanding and thinking about people living with co-occurring mental health and
substance use issues through consumer-led training. Health Expectations, 18(5), 1567-1581.
doi:10.1111/hex.12146
Rubio, G. (2004). Individuals with opioid dependence who leave drug treatment have higher
overdose and death rates than those still in treatment. Evidence Based Mental Health, 7(4),
122. Retrieved from
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=rzh&AN=2005047911&site=ehost-
live
Sanders, J. M. (2012). Use of mutual support to counteract the effects of socially constructed
stigma: Gender and drug addiction. Journal of Groups in Addiction & Recovery, 7(2-4),
237-252. doi:10.1080/1556035X.2012.705705
Seybold, D., Calhoun, B., Burgess, D., Lewis, T., Gilbert, K., & Casto, A. (2014). Evaluation of
a training to reduce provider bias toward pregnant patients with substance abuse. Journal of
Social Work Practice in the Addictions, 14(3), 239-249.
doi:10.1080/1533256X.2014.933730
Sigmon, S. C., Bisaga, A., Nunes, E. V., O'Connor, P. G., Kosten, T., & Woody, G. (2012).
Opioid detoxification and naltrexone induction strategies: Recommendations for clinical
practice. American Journal of Drug & Alcohol Abuse, 38(3), 187-199. Retrieved from
http://libdata.lib.ua.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=s
3h&AN=74188051&site=eds-live&scope=site
Simons, L. (2008). Characteristics of drug-abusing women with children in residential treatment:
A preliminary evaluation of program retention and treatment completion. Journal of
Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 7(2), 187 23p. Retrieved from
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=rzh&AN=105646054&site=ehost-
live
Simpson, D. D., Joe, G. W., Dansereau, D. F., & Flynn, P. M. (2011). Addiction treatment
outcomes, process and change: Texas institute of behavioral research at texas christian
university. Addiction, 106(10), 1740 8p. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03121.x
Skinner, N., Feather, N. T., Freeman, T., & Roche, A. (2007). Stigma and discrimination in
health-care provision to drug users: The role of values, affect, and deservingness judgments.
 Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37(1), 163-186. doi:10.1111/j.0021-
9029.2007.00154.x
Stahler, G. J., Mennis, J., Cotlar, R., & Baron, D. A. (2009). The influence of neighborhood
environment on treatment continuity and rehospitalization in dually diagnosed patients
discharged from acute inpatient care. American Journal of Psychiatry, 166(11), 1258-1268.
doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.08111667
Stein, B. D., Pacula, R. L., Gordon, A. J., Burns, R. M., Leslie, D. L., Sorbero, M. J., . . . Dick,
A. W. (2015). Where is buprenorphine dispensed to treat opioid use disorders? the role of
private offices, opioid treatment programs, and substance abuse treatment facilities in urban
and rural counties. Milbank Quarterly, 93(3), 561-583. doi:10.1111/1468-0009.12137
Sustance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2013). Results from the 2013
national survey on drug use and health: Summary and national findings [data file].
Thorkildsen, K. M., Eriksson, K., & Rholm, M. (2015). The core of love when caring for
patients suffering from addiction. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 29(2), 353-360.
doi:10.1111/scs.12171
Trust for America's Health. (2013). Drug abuse 2013 data for delaware. ().
United States Government Accountability Office. (2016). Opioid addiction: Laws, regulations,
and other factors can effect medication-assisted treatment access. Retrieved from
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-16-833
Warren, J., Cisler, A., Weatherford, J., & Syamilah Zakaria, N. (2013). Assessing the impact of
addictions education on attitudes of students: A preliminary investigation. Journal of
Alcohol & Drug Education, 57(3), 18-26. Retrieved from
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=rzh&AN=109866908&site=ehost-
live
Watson, H., Maclaren, W., & Kerr, S. (2007). Staff attitudes towards working with drug users:
Development of the drug problems perceptions questionnaire. Addiction, 102(2), 206-215.
Retrieved from
http://libdata.lib.ua.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=r
zh&AN=106258668&site=eds-live&scope=site
Weisberg, D. F., Becker, W. C., Fiellin, D. A., & Stannard, C. (2014). Prescription opioid misuse
in the united states and the united kingdom: Cautionary lessons. International Journal of
Drug Policy, 25(6), 1124-1130. Retrieved from
http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&D=medl
&AN=25190034 http://qs7qk6ub8p.search.serialssolutions.com/?url_ver=Z39.88-
2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rfr_id=info:sid/Ovid:medl&rft.genre=artic
le&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.drugpo.2014.07.009&rft_id=info:pmid/25190034&rft.issn
=0955-3959&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=6&rft.spage=1124&rft.pages=1124-
30&rft.date=2014&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Drug+Policy&rft.atitle=Prescription
+opioid+misuse+in+the+United+States+and+the+United+Kingdom%3A+cautionary+lesso
ns.&rft.aulast=Weisberg
White, W. L., Kelly, J. F., & Roth, J. D. (2012). New addiction-recovery support institutions:
Mobilizing support beyond professional addiction treatment and recovery mutual aid.
Journal of Groups in Addiction & Recovery, 7(2-4), 297-317.
doi:10.1080/1556035X.2012.705719
White, W., L., Campbell, M., D., Shea, C., Hoffman, H., A., Crissman, B., & DuPont, R., L.
(2013). Coparticipation in 12-step mutual aid groups and methadone maintenance treatment:
 A survey of 322 patients. Journal of Groups in Addiction & Recovery, 8(4), 294-308.
doi:10.1080/1556035X.2013.836872
White, W., L., Campbell, M., D., Spencer, R., A., Hoffman, H., A., Crissman, B., & DuPont, R.,
L. (2014). Participation in narcotics anonymous and alcoholics anonymous and abstinence
outcomes of 322 methadone maintenance patients. Journal of Groups in Addiction &
Recovery, 9(1), 14-30. doi:10.1080/1556035X.2014.888883
Wickramatilake, S., Zur, J., Mulvaney-Day, N., Klimo, M. C. v., Selmi, E., & Harwood, H.
(2017). How states are tackling the 'opioid crisis.'. Public Health Reports, (2), 171.
Retrieved from
http://libdata.lib.ua.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=e
dsgao&AN=edsgcl.491230865&site=eds-live&scope=site
Wiens, T. K., & Walker, L. J. (2015). The chronic disease concept of addiction: Helpful or
harmful? Addiction Research & Theory, 23(4), 309-321.
doi:10.3109/16066359.2014.987760
Windsor, L. C., Benoit, E., Ream, G. L., & Forenza, B. (2013). The provider perception
inventory: Psychometrics of a scale designed to measure provider stigma about HIV,
substance abuse, and MSM behavior. AIDS Care, 25(5), 586-591.
doi:10.1080/09540121.2012.726338
World Health Organization. (2009). Guidelines for the psychosocially assisted pharmacological
treatment of opoid dependence. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press.
Yan, L., Liu, E., McGoogan, J. M., Duan, S., Wu, L. T., Comulada, S., & Wu, Z. (2013).
Referring heroin users from compulsory detoxification centers to community methadone
maintenance treatment: A comparison of three models. BMC Public Health, 13, 747.
Retrieved from
http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&D=medl
&AN=23938171 http://qs7qk6ub8p.search.serialssolutions.com/?url_ver=Z39.88-
2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rfr_id=info:sid/Ovid:medl&rft.genre=artic
le&rft_id=info:doi/10.1186%2F1471-2458-13-
747&rft_id=info:pmid/23938171&rft.issn=1471-
2458&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.spage=747&rft.pages=747&rft.date=2013&rft.jtitle=
BMC+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Referring+heroin+users+from+compulsory+detoxification
+centers+to+community+methadone+maintenance+treatment%3A+a+comparison+of+three
+models.&rft.aulast=Yan
Young, B. B. (2011). Impact of health education on women in residential substance abuse
treatment: A pilot study. Journal of Addictions Nursing (Taylor & Francis Ltd), 22(4), 207
8p. doi:10.3109/10884602.2011.616603
Zhuang, S., An, S., & Zhao, Y. (2014). Effect of cognitive behavioural interventions on the
quality of life in chinese heroin-dependent individuals in detoxification: A randomised
controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 23(9), 1239-1248. doi:10.1111/jocn.12287
Zweben, J. E., Moses, Y., Cohen, J. B., Price, G., Chapman, W., & Lamb, J. (2015). Enhancing
family protective factors in residential treatment for substance use disorders. Child Welfare,
94(5), 166 22p. Retrieved from
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=rzh&AN=110870830&site=ehost-
live