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Published by Thomas Telford Publishing, Thomas Telford Ltd, 1 Heron Quay,
London E14 4JD.
URL: http://www.thomastelford.com
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
This book is published on the understanding that the author is solely responsible
for the statements made and opinions expressed in it and that its publication does
not necessarily imply that such statements and/or opinions are or reflect the views
or opinions of the publishers. While every effort has been made to ensure that the
statements made and the opinions expressed in this publication provide a safe and
accurate guide, no liability or responsibility can be accepted in this respect by the
author or publishers.
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Preface
The construction industry has always served to aid society and has contributed
significantly to its development and mankinds well-being through, for example,
the provision of clean water and sanitation, the building of transport networks
and, more recently, the engineering of waste disposal and the rehabilitation of
derelict and contaminated land. These latter contributions are prime examples of
the inevitable interaction that occurs between construction and the environment.
This interaction can be classified as incidental, accidental, opportunistic or
deliberate. While much of this interaction has been beneficial, there have of
course been instances of detrimental interaction, for a variety of reasons. In recent
years growing environmental awareness, within both society and the construction
industry, has led to the formal statement and definition of attitudes and
approaches to construction and its environmental consequences so as to prevent
harm.
The construction industry interacts broadly with the environment in two ways:
as a service industry to environmentally orientated operations
as a major consumer of materials (and thereby being partner to the
associated environmental consequences).
From the nature of the foregoing activities it is readily apparent that the major
constructionenvironment interface is geotechnical in nature, primarily by virtue
of the need to use the ground for the support of works of construction and the
bulk use of geotechnical materials in construction. The recognition of
environmental geotechnics as an identifiable facet of civil engineering is the
raison detre for this text.
This book is directed towards the application of geotechnical principles,
processes and techniques in situations where there is a major environmental
component, such as engineered waste disposal by landfill or landraise,
rehabilitation of derelict and contaminated land and use of waste materials in
construction.
The first part of the book contains an outline of those elements of soil
mechanics which I feel are required knowledge for persons studying or working
within the general area of environmental geotechnics. My intention was not to
produce another textbook on soil mechanics, but to incorporate my academic and
practical experience in a presentation of those aspects of soil mechanics that are
most important for environmental geotechnics. In this respect it is believed that
the key to the development of environmental geotechnics as an analytical and
design tool, as it continues to grow and become more refined, is to understand
the basic principles of geotechnics. I regard understanding the concept of
effective stress and the ability to select relevant behavioural mechanisms and
appropriate representation of the strength behaviour of materials as vital. In this
context I hope that the reader will see the connection between geotechnics and the
hovercraft, aquaplaning, ice skating, etc.
It is intended that this text is read as a whole book rather than as a step-by-step
guide to obtaining solutions to grossly simplified, artificial questions, and hence
it contains no worked examples of exam-type questions. To my mind, engineers
have to be problem-solvers (not just identifiers of problems), and a prime
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iv Environmental Geotechnics
Bob Sarsby
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Acknowledgements
Many sources of information have been used in the preparation of this book and
these sources are acknowledged within the text and the bibliography. In addition I
would like to thank the following organisations and persons for granting
permission to use specific copyrighted material: A A Balkema (Rotterdam),
Ashgate Publishing Ltd (Gower Publishing Ltd), BDA (British Drilling
Association), Dr L Beeuwsaert, Prof G E Blight, BSI (British Standards
Institution), Dr A K Chakroborty, CIRIA (Construction Industry Research and
Information Association, London), CIWEM (Chartered Institute of Water and
Environmental Management), Corus Construction, ENPC (Ecole Nationale des
Ponts et Chaussees, Paris), Prof D Ellis, Elsevier Science, The Engineering
Council, Foundation for Water Research, Dr J Gettinby, HM Stationery Office,
ICE (The Institution of Civil Engineers), International Atomic Energy Agency,
International Thomson Publishing Services Ltd, John Wiley & Sons Ltd
(Chichester and New York), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Prof G S Littlejohn,
M Neden, Plenum Publishing Corporation, The Royal Society, Soil Instruments
Ltd, Swiss National Co-operative for the Disposal of Radioactive Wastes,
Thomas Telford Publishing, W F Thompson, US Bureau of Mines, US
Geological Survey, WRc-NSF Ltd, Dr L Wu.
My greatest acknowledgement (and thanks) must go to my wife, Irene, for her
patience, encouragement, fortitude and strength in driving me into my study (the
torture chamber) at times when I did not feel like working on this book
kocham cie bardzo.
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Notation
This notation only contains those symbols which have more-or-less universal
meaning within the construction industry. Other terms which are used within this
book are defined as they occur, within the section to which they are specifically
applicable.
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viii Environmental Geotechnics
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Contents
Preface iii
Acknowledgements v
Notation vii
2. Environmental basics 11
2.1. Introduction 11
2.1.1. Environmental protection 12
2.1.2. Aims of assessment 14
2.1.3. Environmental impact 16
2.1.4. Risk assessment 17
2.1.5. Life-cycle assessment 22
2.2. Environmental assessment components 22
2.2.1. Scoping 23
2.2.2. Baseline studies 26
2.2.3. The environmental impact statement 26
4. Ground investigation 51
4.1. Introduction 51
4.1.1. Objectives of investigation 52
4.1.2. General methodology 53
4.2. Physical investigation 55
4.2.1. Shallow investigations 56
4.2.2. Drilling 57
4.2.3. Sampling 59
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x Environmental Geotechnics
6. Shear strength 88
6.1. Introduction 88
6.1.1. Shearing behaviour of soils 89
6.1.2. The Coulomb failure envelope 90
6.1.3. The MohrCoulomb failure criterion 93
6.1.4. Volume changes in granular soils 96
6.1.5. Pore pressure behaviour 98
6.2. The direct shear box 100
6.3. The triaxial test 103
6.3.1. The triaxial apparatus 103
6.3.2. Analysis of test data 104
6.3.3. The undrained test 105
6.3.4. The consolidatedundrained test 106
6.3.5. The drained test 107
6.3.6. The unconfined compression test 108
6.4. The ring shear apparatus 109
6.5. The vane test 111
6.6. Applications of shear strength theory 112
6.6.1. Influence of pore suctions 112
6.6.2. Undrained shear strength 113
6.6.3. Parameters 114
6.6.4. Practical situations 115
6.6.5. Alternative shear strength models 117
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Contents xi
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xii Environmental Geotechnics
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Contents xiii
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xiv Environmental Geotechnics
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Contents xv
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xvi Environmental Geotechnics
Index 574
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