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Metals
(Metallic Bonds)
Polymers
• Polymers can be natural (like wood,
cotton, wool, leather)
• Polymers can be man-made (plastics)
• Polymers can be easily shaped (molded)
• Polymers have other advantages over
ceramics and metals
Polymers
• Made from small molecules (monomers)
which are linked together
– “mono” means one
– “mer” means unit
• The linked monomers form a chain-like
structure called a polymer
– “poly” means many
• The links are the covalent bonds between
the atoms
Monomers Polymers
M
M M M
M
M M M
M
M M
Covalent
M Bonds
M
M
M Polymer
M
M
Polymers
H
H
H
H C
H H
C H
H C H
C
C
H C C H
H
H
H Monomer
C H
Polymer
Polymers
• Many millions of chains exist in the typical
polymeric part
• The chains are intertwined
– Like a mass of spaghetti
What determines physical, chemical
and mechanical properties of
materials?
• Molecular shape and movement
– Crystallinity
– Thermal transitions and crosslinks
– Aromaticity
– Pendant groups
– Chemical nature of the backbone
• Bonding between matrix and reinforcements
• Polarity (like attracts like)
Polymers − Physical structure
• Amorphous − Polymers that have no regular
internal structure (just like the spaghetti)
• Semi-crystalline − Polymers that have some
internal structure (regular packing)
– Semi-crystalline polymers vary in the amount of
packing (crystallinity)
– Semi-crystalline polymers with high percentage of
packing are sometimes called crystalline
– No polymers are 100% crystalline
Amorphous and Crystalline
Crystal
Regions
candy
cake
Semi-crystalline
thermoplastic HDT Tg Tm Td
HDT Tg Td (Tm)
Thermoset
Temperature
The Great Dilemma in Polymers
• Polymers must have • Polymers must have
good properties good processing
– Good properties are – Good processing is
favored by high favored by low
molecular weight molecular weight
Mechanical Properties
Ease of Processing
O
....C C C C C...
C C C C C C C C C C C C
...C C C N C C C C... C C C C C C
C C C
C C H C C
C C C
Kevlar aromatic backbone) HO C C C OH
C C C C C C C C
C C C C C C
....C C C C C...
S N S N
O
- H H
O
- -
C O C O ...C C O C...
-
O
H H
Polyester is attacked by water molecules
Bonding in polymers by polarity
• Polar areas on the polymers attract other
polar areas on other molecules.
– Opposite charges attract
– The most electronegative atoms are those
that cause polarity
– The electronegative atoms are: F, O, N, Cl
– These are all in the upper right corner of the
periodic table
• Non-polar areas attract other non-polar
areas
Bonding
OH OH Fiberglass − A highly polar molecule
...O Si O Si O...
OH -OH Sizing (alkylsilane) − Mixed polar/non-polar
CH3
H3C Si O C C C C C C C...
CH3
Nonpolar regions (weak attraction)
-
O
....C C O C C C C C...