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TABLE O F CONTENTS

Page

PdRT 2 - PHYSICAL METEOROLOGY

I n t r o d n c ti on 3

Chap t er
I THE COMPOSITION OF THE ATMOCPHERE 5

1.1 The Composition o f D r y A i r 1.5 Aerosols

e
1.2 Water Vapour 1.6 A i r Pollution
1.3 Ozone 1.7 Weather and Climate
1.4 Carbon Dioxide

11 SOLAR R A D I A T I ON 16

2.1 C h a r a c t e r i s t i c c of t h e Sun 2.6 Direct-Beam I n s o l a t i o n

2.2 The Nature of S o l a r at the Earth's Surface
Radia ti on 2.7 D i c p o s i t i o n of S o l a r
2.5 G e o g r a p h i c a l m d Seasonal R a d i a t i o n under
D i e t r i b u t i o n o f Solar Clou d l e ss Cond i t i ons
R a d i a t i on 2.8 Disposition of Solar
2.4 D e p l e t i o n o f Solar R a d i a t i o n with Cloudy
Radia t i on Ckies
2.5 D i r e c t - B e a m normal Flux 2.9 Mean D i s p o s i t i o n of
at the Earth's Surface Solar Radiation

111 TERRESTRIAL RADIATION 54

3.1 The C h a r a c t e r i c t i c c o f 3.4 Simpson's Computntion

T e r c e c t r i d R a d i a t i on of T e r r e c t r i r l
3.2 A b s o r p t i o n of T e r r e s t r i a l Radia t i o n T r r n s f e r
R a d i a t i on 3. 5 F l s n s er ' s G e n e r a l i z e d
3,3 Trnncmission o f T e r r e s t r i d Absorption Coefficient
R a d i a t i on t h r o u g h t h e 3.6 R a 6 i P t i v e Heating or
Atmosp h e r e Cooling
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Chapter
IV 45

4.1 H i s t o r i c a l ;ind G e o l o g i c n l 4. 7 The A t m o s p h e r i c

Evidenc e Greenhoui e Rff e c t
4.2 Computo t i o n Problems 4 . [J N e r i d i o n l Temperrture
4.5 S o l e r R a d i a t i on u i d t h e G r z d i e n t s i n the
Ecr t h - T r o po s p h e r e S ys t em Troposphere
4.4 Long-!Jave Component s of 4.3 P o l e w a d Tr0pospher.i c
the Mean Heat B d a n c e Energy T r a n s p o r t
4.5 Non-Radic t i v e Eff e c t s 4.1 O R a d i r? ti o n Mensr cm en t s
4.L Summary o f t h e Mean Hent from S . t e l l i t e s
B a l a n c e for t h e E a r t h -
T r o p o s p h e r e System

V THERMODYNAMICS OF DRY AIR bl

5.1 B p a n s i o n o f a Gas u n d e r 5.1P Equition of StTte f o r

Cons trnt P r e s s u r e Dry Air
5.2 The L r i i of C o n s e r v a t i o n 5.11 S p e c i f i c Iiepts of B-1: Xir
of Energy 5.12 Non-Adiabn t i c P r o c e s c e s in
5.3 Specific Hent t h e Atmosphere
5.4 First Law o f Thermodyn:mics 5.13 Adirbr.tic Processes i n
5.5 I n t e r n a l E n e r g y o f an t h e Atmosphere
I d e a l Gas 5.14 P o i s s o n ' s E q u e t i o n for
5.6 I n t e r n a l E n e r g y o f Real Dry A i r
Gases 5.15 A l t e r n a t i v e Formv of t h e
5.7 Adiabatic Processes i n F n e r c y Eour t i o n
I d e p l Gzses 5.1; Entropy
5.8 P o t e n t i a l Temper a t u r e 5.17 Dry A d i r b a t i c P r o c e s s
5.9 S p e c i f i c Gas C o n s t o n t
f o r Dry A i r
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Chap t er
VI THERMODYNAMICS OF MOIST AiR 74

6.1 The Three S t a t e s of 6.10 Isobaric Processes f o r

Water S u b s t a n c e Moi s t A i r
6.2 L a t e n t Heat 6.11 Dew P o i n t Temperature
6.3 The Clausius-Clapeyron 6.12 Wet Bulb T e n p e r a t u r e
Equation 6.15 Equival e n t Temper ature
6.4 E q u a t i o n of S t a t e f o r 6.14 A d i a b a t i c Ekpansion of

6.5
Water Vapour
Moi stur e V a r i a b l e s 6.15
U n s a tur a t e d A i r
A d i b a t i c P r o c e s s e s of .
6.6 Equation of S t a t e f o r S a t u r a t e d Air
Moist A i r 6.16 The R e v e r s i b l e F r o c e s s
6.7 R e l a t i o n s h i p between R,, 6.17 The I r r e v e r s i b l e P r o c e s s
and Rd 6.18 The Pseudo-Adi 1 bc t i c
6.8 V i r t u a l Temperature Equa t i o n
6.9 Comput a t i on o f Vir t u 2 1
Temperature

VI1 RYDROSTATIC EQ3ILIBRIUM 94

7.1 The F o r c e o f G r a v i t y 7.7 The H y d r o s t a t i c Equation

7.2 Level Surfaces 7.8 Thickness of an
7.3 G e o p o t e n t ia l Atmosp he r i c Layer
7.4 Equipotential Surface 7.9 The Standard btmosphere
7.5 Pressure i n a Fluid 7.10 Altimetry
at Rest 7.11 Reduction of F r e s s u r e
7.6 Hydro s t a t i c Equi 1ib r i um t o Mean Sea Level
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Chapter
VI11 THERMODYNAMIC DIAGRAMS 108

8.1 Use of P r e s s u r e C o - o r d i n a t e s Y.7 EvaluP.tion o f U n r e p o r t e d

i n the Vertical Yunntiti es
8.2 D e s i r a b l e P r o p e r t i e s of O.n Wet-Bulb T e m p e r n t u r e
Thermod ynemic Diagrams 8.9 E q u i v a l e n t Temper:. tur e
0.5 The T e p h i g r a m 8.10 Conserv? t i o n o f !.ir-Mass
0.4 The E m o g r m Prc p e r t i e s
8.5 The Skew T-log p D i r g r ' m 0.11 Pseudo-Potentizl
8.6 I n t e r p r e t a t i o n of t h e T ernpe r D t u l e s
P l o t t ed !.erologi cal
Di2 g r a m

IX VERTICAL STABILITY OF THP ATMCISPHE'RF' 1 L4

3.1 Environment L a p s e Rnte o . 11 Determin? t i o n o f

?.2 Non-Adi abr. t i c Proccss e s S t r b i l i t y fror. -n
9.3 Adinbatic Processec A e r o l o g i c l Ci::g??m
9.4 D r y A d i a b a t i c Lapse R a t e 9.1? Condi t i o n n l S t r t e
9.5 Saturr.ted A d i a b a t i c 9.1' Latent I n s t a b i l i t y
Lapse Rate 0.14 P o s i t i v e and N e g p t i v e
9.6 Expre ssi on f or S a t u r z t e d Arens
A d i a b a t i c Lapse R a t e 3.15 S t n b i l i t y o f Lz.yers
9.7 E q u i l i b r i u m St n t e s 9.16 R e l p t i o n betrieer,
9.8 The P a r c e l Method P o t e n t i a l and L n t r n t
9.9 Ver t i c a l Acc e l e r a .t i o n I n s t P b i 1i t y
of t h e P n r c e l 3.17 The S l i c e Method
9.10 A p p l i c a t i o n of t h e P a r c e l 3.16 Diurnrl Varir.tion of
Method Lapse Rate
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V

Chapter
X CLOlJDS AND PRECIPITATION

10.1 Condensation Nuclei 10.7 The Formation o f Clouds

10.2 Curvature and S o l u t i o n 10.8 Cloud C l r s s i f i c a t i o n
Eff e c t s 10.9 Fog Formation
10.5 S u p e r c o o l i n g of D r o p l e t c 10.10 S u r f a c e D e p o s i t s
10.4 Ice Nuclei 10.11 Snow Cover
10.5 P r e c i p i t a t i o n from 10.12 A r t i f i c i a l Stimui:! t i o n
Water Clouds of P r e c i p i t a t i o n
10.6 P r e c i p i t a t i o n from
e
Mixed Cloudc

XI ATMOSPHERIC OFTICS 169

11.1 Meteorologi c a l V i s i b i l i t y 11.4 A t t e n u a t i o n of Ligtit

11.2 Luminous Ehergy 11.5 V i s u a l Rringe
11.3 Brightness Contrast 11.6 O p t i c a i Phenomenn

XII ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY

12.1 The E l e c t r i c F i e l d of 12.5 The Supply Current

the Earth 12.6 E l e c t r i c a l ChTrge
12.2 Atmospheric I o n i z a t i o n S e p a r a t i o n i n Clouds
12.5 The Ionosphere 12.7 E l e c t r i c Dischmges i n
12.4 The A i r - E a r t h E l e c t r i c t h e Troposphere
Current

Appendix 1 : V e r t i c a l D i v i s i o n s of t h e Atmosphere 187

Appendix 11 : Electrornagnetic Radiation 188
Appendix 111: The Gas L a w s 204
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