Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
of Atoms
Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
The range of frequencies and wavelengths of
electromagnetic radiation is called the electromagnetic
spectrum.
Electronic
Structure
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A wave can be characterized by its wavelength and
frequency.
Electronic
Structure
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Frequency, symbolized by the Greek
letter nu, n, is the number of
wavelengths that pass a fixed point in
one unit of time (usually a second).
The unit is 1/S or s-1, which is also
called the Hertz (Hz).
Electronic
Structure
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Waves
The number of waves
Higher frequency passing a given point per
shorter wavelength unit of time is the
frequency (n).
For waves traveling at
the same velocity, the
longer the wavelength,
the smaller the
lower frequency frequency.
Electronic
longer wavelength Structure
of Atoms
Wavelength and frequency are related by
the wave speed. The speed of light, c, is
3.00 x 108 m/s.
c = nl
c = l c
c
l E hE h l
(2) Particle (Photon, Quanta)
E =h
(3) Matter
Electronic
Structure
E mc2 of Atoms
Exercise:
1. What is the wavelength of blue
light with a frequency of 6.4
14
10 /s?
Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
Light waves.
Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
{Fireworks}
Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
The Bohr model of the atom
In 1900, Max Planck (right)
developed his Quantum
theory, which states that
energy exists in fixed
amounts called quanta.
In 1913, Niels Bohr (left)
applied Planks theory to
electrons. He proposed that electrons could only exist in
fixed energy levels.
The main energy levels are called principal energy
levels and are given a number called the principal
Electronic
quantum number (n) with the lowest in energy being 1. Structure
of Atoms
The Nature of Energy
c = ln
E = hn
Electronic
Structure
2012 Pearson Education, of
Inc.Atoms
Exercise Energy of a Photon
Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
In the early 1900s, the atom was understood
to consist of a positive nucleus around which
electrons move (Rutherfords model).
Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
The Nature of Energy
Energy, l, n, related:
c = ln
E = hn
Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
Electron microscopy
Because electron
wavelengths are very
small, you can use
them to look at very
small things.
HIV virus
100 nm, (light
microscope limit 400
nm)
T-lymphocyte
Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
The clues
1. Plank: E of light is quantized & depends on
frequency
2. Einstein/photo-electric effect: Light behaves like a
particle when it interacts with matter
3. Emission spectra/Bohr: Potential E. of electrons
are quantized in an atom
4. Debroglie: wave/particle duality of electrons
(matter).
5. Standing waves: are quantized inherently
Electronic
Solvay Conference in Structure
of Atoms
Brussels 1911
Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
Electron Configuration, Orbital Notation
and Quantum Numbers
Principal (n)= energy level Azimuzal () = sublevel
orbital type
Spin (ms) =
electron + or -
Magnetic (ml) = orbital
cloud orientation (2e-
Electronic
per orbital) Structure
of Atoms
Electron Configuration
Two issues:
(1)Arrangement of electrons within an atom
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s23p63d10 4s24p64d104f14
(2) Order in which electrons fill the orbitals
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p66s24f14
Aufbau Process: Using Periodic Table Sub-blocks:
Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
Electron Configurations Every
electron has a name
Name of each electron unique
Name consists of four numbers:
n,l,ml,ms
Example:
Mr. George Herbert Walker Bush
We must learn to name our
electrons
Unlike people, there is a lot in the
name of an electron.
Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
Electron Configurations
Distribution of all
electrons in an atom
Consist of
Number denoting the
energy level
Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
Electron Configurations
Distribution of all
electrons in an atom
Consist of
Number denoting the
energy level
Letter denoting the type
of orbital
Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
Electron Configurations
Distribution of all
electrons in an atom.
Consist of
Number denoting the
energy level.
Letter denoting the type
of orbital.
Superscript denoting the
number of electrons in
those orbitals.
Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
The sub-levels
There are four sub- sub- max no.
level electrons
levels, labelled in s 2
order of increasing p 6
energy: s, p, d and f. d 10
Each holds a different f 14
number of electrons.
Each principal principal energy sub-levels max no.
energy level level, n electrons
1 1s 2
contains a
2 2s, 2p 8
different 3 3s, 3p, 3d 18
number of 4 4s, 4p, 4d, 32 Electronic
4f Structure
sub-levels. of Atoms
Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
1s
2s 2p
3s 3p 3d
4s 4p 4d 4f
5s 5p 5d 5f
6s 6p 6d
7s 7p
Electronic
Structure
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This results in the following order:
1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d,
5p,
6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p
Electronic
Structure
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Electron configuration of ions
When writing the electron
For negative
configuration of ions, it is
ions add
important to add or subtract the electrons.
appropriate number of electrons. For positive ions
remove
For non-transition metals, the sub- electrons.
levels are then filled as for atoms.
Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
p e e- configuration
Ions
Sr
Sr+
Sr 2+
Al2+
Al3+
Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
p e e- configuration
S Ions
S1-
S 2-
Br1-
Ba
Ba2+
B 3+
Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
There are several terms describing
electron configurations that are
important.
Electronic
Structure
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The valence configuration consists
of the electrons outside the noble-gas
or pseudo-noble-gas core.
Br: 4s24p5
Electronic
Structure
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ORBITAL DIAGRAM
Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
Nitrogen
Electronic configuration : 1s22s22p3
4s 3d
3p
3s
2p Hunds Rule
2s
1 2 GROUP 3 4 5 6 7 0
1 H He
2 Li Be B C N O F Ne
3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
1s 4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
Neon
Electronic configuration: 1s22s22p6
4s 3d
3p
3s
2p Hunds Rule
2s
1 2 GROUP 3 4 5 6 7 0
1 H He
2 Li Be B C N O F Ne
3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
1s 4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
Vanadium
Electronic configuration: 1s22s22p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d3
4s 3d
3p [Ar]
3s
2p [Ne]
2s
1 2 GROUP 3 4 5 6 7 0
1 H He
2 Li Be B C N O F Ne
3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
1s 4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
Chromium
Electronic configuration: 1s22s22p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d5
4s 3d
3p [Ar] Notice that one of the 4s electrons
3s has been transferred to 3d so that 3d
is now a half filled shell with extra
stability. 4s and 3d contain only
2p [Ne] unpaired electrons.
2s
1 2 GROUP 3 4 5 6 7 0
1 H He
2 Li Be B C N O F Ne
3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
1s 4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
Nickel
Electronic configuration: 1s22s22p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d8
4s 3d
3p [Ar]
3s
2p [Ne]
2s
1 2 GROUP 3 4 5 6 7 0
1 H He
2 Li Be B C N O F Ne
3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
1s 4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
Copper
Electronic configuration: 1s22s22p6 3s2 3p6 4s13d10
4s 3d
3p Notice that again one of the 4s electrons
3s has been promoted to 3d so that 3d
is now a completely filled shell with extra
stability.
2p
2s
1 2 GROUP 3 4 5 6 7 0
1 H He
2 Li Be B C N O F Ne
3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
1s 4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
Write the complete electron
configuration of the arsenic
atom, As, using the building-
up principle.
For arsenic, As, Z = 33.
Electronic
Structure
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QUANTUM NUMBERS
Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
Quantum mechanics
Each electron can be explained
using a standing wave equation
(wavefunction)
Quantized frequency corresponds
to quantized Energy (Debroglie,
Plank, etc.)
Integer values are critical to this
description: quantum numbers. Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
Quantum Mechanics
Plot of 2 for
hydrogen atom.
1 2 3
Value of 0 1 2 3
Type of orbital s p d f
=0 =1 =2 =3
Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
Magnetic Quantum Number, ml
Describes the three-dimensional
orientation of the orbital.
Values are integers ranging from -l to l:
l ml l.
Therefore, on any given energy level, there
can be up to:
1 s (l=0) orbital (ml=0),
3 p (l=1) orbitals, (ml=-1,0,1)
5 d (l=2) orbitals, (ml=-2,-1,0,1,2)
7 f (l=3) orbitals, (ml=-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3) Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
Magnetic Quantum Number, ml
Describes the three-dimensional orientation of the
orbital.
Values are integers ranging from -l to l:
l ml l.
Therefore, on any given energy level, there can be up
to 1 s orbital, 3 p orbitals, 5 d orbitals, 7 f orbitals, etc.
Electronic
0 Structure
of Atoms
+1 0 -1
An s subshell, with one orbital,
can hold a maximum of 2 electrons.
Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
s Orbitals
Value of l = 0.
Spherical in shape.
Radius of sphere
increases with
increasing value of n.
Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
s Orbitals
s orbitals possess n1
nodes, or regions
where there is 0
probability of finding an
electron.
Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
p Orbitals
Value of l = 1.
Have two lobes with a nodal plane between
them.
Electronic
Note: always 3 p orbitals for a given n Structure
of Atoms
d Orbitals
Value of l is 2.
2 nodal planes
Four of the five
orbitals have 4
lobes; the other
resembles a p
orbital with a
doughnut around
the center.
Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
Energies of Orbitals
As the number of
electrons increases,
though, so does the
repulsion between
them.
Therefore, in many-
electron atoms,
orbitals on the same
energy level are no
longer degenerate. Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
Energies of Orbitals
For a given energy level
(n):
Energy:
s<p<d<f
s lowest energy, where
electrons go first
Next p
Then d
Why?
Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
Electronic
Structure
The closer to the nucleus, the lower the energy of Atoms
Quantum Numbers: Ex 1
What is the designation for a subshell n=5
and l =1?
Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
Spin Quantum Number, ms
A fourth dimension
required. Why?
Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
Spin Quantum Number, ms
A fourth dimension
required. Why?
Time. Adding time
changes E
Another integer
(quantum number)
needed.
Time dependent
Schroedinger equation.
Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
Spin Quantum Number, ms
The spin of
an electron
describes its
magnetic
field, which
affects its
Electronic
Structure
energy.
of Atoms
{e-spin}
Spin Quantum Number, ms
This leads to a fourth
quantum number, the
spin quantum number
ms.
The spin quantum
number has only 2
values +1/2 and -1/2
Describes magnetic
field vector of electron Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
Why do we call it spin
Because electrons
behave like little
magnets
Note: apparently
Electronic
only two values for Structure
the magnetic field of Atoms
Why do we call it spin
charges that spin
produce magnetic
fields
Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
Write the quantum numbers for the
following.
S (1s2,2s2,2p6,3s2,3p4)
Ne (1s2,2s2,2p6)
K (1s2,2s2,2p6,3s2,3p6,4s1)
Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
Write the sets of quantum numbers
for the following.
Si (1s2,2s2,2p6,3s2,3p2)
Cl (1s2,2s2,2p6,3s2,3p5)
Mg (1s2,2s2,2p6,3s2)
Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
PAULI EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE
Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
The Pauli exclusion principle summarizes
experimental observations that no two
electrons in one atom can have the same
four quantum numbers.
No two electrons in the same atom can have exactly the same
Electronic
Structure
energy (identical sets of quantum numbers) of Atoms
HUNDS RULE
Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
Hunds Rule of Maximum Multiplicity
One electron fills each orbital before a second of
opposite spin accompanies it.
Electronic
Structure
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Hunds Rule
(of maximum multiplicity)
Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
AUFBAU PRINCIPLE
Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
The building-up principle (or aufbau
principle) is a scheme used to reproduce the
ground-state electron configurations by
successively filling subshells with electrons in
a specific order (the building-up order).
1s 2s 2p
Electronic
Structure
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Write an orbital diagram for the ground
state of the nickel atom.
1s 2s 2p
3s 3p
4s 3d
Electronic
Structure
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Magnetic Properties of Atoms
Although an electron behaves like a
tiny magnet, two electrons that are
opposite in spin cancel each other.
Only atoms with unpaired electrons
exhibit magnetic susceptibility.
Electronic
Structure
of Atoms