To develop a crude understanding of the sampling phenomena To learn the basics of plotting in MATLAB To learn the use of the playback commands of MATLAB REVIEW Energy and Power Energy (Aperiodic) signals Energy is the ability of a body to do useful work
For a signal to be an energy signal Ek <
Power (Periodic) signals Power is the rate of transfer of energy to and/or from a body
For a signal to be a power signal Pav <
Brain teaser: Why can periodic signals NOT be energy signals? REVIEW Unit Step and Unit Impulse Unit step (Definition?) 1 when n > 0 0 when n < 0 Unit impulse (Definition?) 1 when n = 0 0 elsewhere When delayed by an integer n0? Well see the answer to it in a while REVIEW Real and Complex Exponentials Real exponential No imaginary components x[n] = an Complex exponential x[n] = a(a+bi)n Significance: Every sequence can be expressed as a sum of infinite complex exponentials Fourier series Analogy: An exponential is to a periodic signal what an atom is to any substance Assignment task: Read the Wikipedia article on Fourier series and answer what would happen if the no. of complex exponentials were finite? Hint: The answer is contained in the article REVIEW Delaying and Advancing Consider the following signal x1[n] = x[n no] If the integer no is +ve then the signal x1[n] is the delayed version of x[n] If the integer no is ve then the signal x1[n] is the advanced version of x[n] In general Signal delayed n0 indices then (for x[n]): Moves by n0 indices to the right if n0 is positive Moves by n0 indices to the left if n0 is negative Signal delayed n0 indices then (for x[-n]): Moves by n0 indices to the left if n0 is positive Moves by n0 indices to the right if n0 is negative Sampling A Crude Definition Much like blinking Example given, a truck is coming towards you (Just an example, try to grasp the concepts behind it rather than the example itself) 1. At a slow pace If your eyes are blinking at a normal pace, even then you are able to perceive it 2. At a relatively higher speed You may be able to perceive it even now at normal blinking pace 3. At a very high speed If your eyes are still blinking at a normal pace, lets just say you will perceive the reality when it hits you Its all about perception A digital system needs to perceive/visualize the variable(s) being passed to it The need to sample a view of the variable being passed to it Nyquists Criteria A Crude Definition The sampling frequency should be greater than twice the maximum frequency in the signal Digital signals have many spectral components inside them REVIEW - Prescribed Format for Signal Generation Example: Generate a 5kHz sine wave in MATLAB n = 0:499; % Use n NOT t; n is integer fm = 5e3; % Maximum signal frequency SR = 3; % Sampling ratio fs = SR*fm; % fs > 2fm (Nyquist criterion) y = sin(2*pi*(fm/fs)*n); subplot(2,1,1); plot(y); subplot(2,1,2); stem(y); MATLAB Playback Commands sound Input arguments include the array to be passed to the speakers By default, the array is passed to the speakers at a sampling rate of 8192 You can define the rate yourself in the input arguments For more help, type doc sound or help sound in command window of MATLAB soundsc Scales the values in the array to be passed to speakers for playback Values passed lie in the range from -1.0 to 1.0 Scaling done to ensure that the array is played with maximum possible amplitude or volume without any sort of clipping in the sound Tasks 1. Write a function which takes frequency fm, sampling ratio SR and the no. of samples N as the input arguments and generates a sinusoidal sequence. Here, SR is the sampling ratio defined as the ratio of fs to fm. Keep in mind that SR > 2.Use the formula mentioned in the prescribed format for signal generation? Hint: n=0:N-1; OR n=1:N; 2. Write a function which takes a sequence x[n] as input and calculates the energy and average power of the sequence. Use the function in previous task to pass a sinusoid as input 3. Write a function which takes the limits of n-axis as the input arguments and generates 1. A unit-step sequence 2. A unit-impulse sequence Plot the resultant sequences. Properly label and format the plots 4. Use the function in task 1 to generate a sine wave with following specifications: fm = 5 kHz. Sampling Ratio = SR = 3. No. of samples = N = 60000. Pass this sound wave to the output at a certain fs (< 30 kHz). Answer the following questions: 1. Calculate the time for which the above array should play at speakers? 2. Use a stop watch to measure the actual time for which the array plays at speakers. Comment on your observations in your reports. Design Problem Write a code to generate the following output. You must use a sine or cosine wave in your code. You must use the functions you have created in this lab. y(n) = 0.866 when n=1 y(n) = zero otherwise Hint: You may have to employ time shifting properties of signals in this task. Convert this code into function Call the function and its corresponding parameter file in the main file. CONTACT INFO Working days Monday to Friday Location(s) Office no 129, 1st floor, EE-dept Contact (Email) fahd.shifa@comsats.edu.pk