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Management
element 4: WASTE MANAGEMENT
Sample material
(Material correct at 1/11/2011)
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Element 4: Waste Management
Introduction to Waste
Key Information
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Around 400 million tonnes of waste are produced in the UK every year by households, commerce and industry.
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Although there has been a push toward reuse and
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recycling, landfill sites receive over 60% of this waste
for disposal (approximately 20% of this is household
waste, 40% industrial and commercial waste and 40%
construction and demolition waste). Waste has many
environmental impacts including inefficient resource use,
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production of greenhouse gases and other air pollutants,
land contamination and water pollution.
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Waste Categories
Key Information
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Waste can be defined as any substance or object...which the producer, or the person in possession of it discards
or intends or is required to discard.
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Controlled waste under the EPA 1990 consists of household, industrial and commercial waste.
Other categories of waste include inert, hazardous, non-hazardous, clinical and radioactive.
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Waste is described as: Generally waste is not classed as the following:
any substance or object...which the producer or the Emissions to air.
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person in possession of it discards or intends or is
Radioactive waste.
required to discard
Waste Management, The Duty of Care, A Code of Practice, DEFRA (1996) Wastewaters, with the exception of waste in liquid
(http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/waste/controls/duty.htm) form.
This based on the European definition of waste set Decommissioned explosives.
out in the Waste Framework Directive (2008/98/
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There are a number of different types of waste which we
EC) as amended. Schedule 2B of the Environmental will now consider; you should note that there is some
Protection Act 1990 goes further and identifies waste overlap between waste types such that a waste may fall
types:
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into more than one category.
Production or consumption residues not otherwise
specified below. Controlled Waste
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scrubber sludges, baghouse dusts, spent filters, etc.). waste. Previously wastes from these industries were not
Matching or finishing residues (e.g. lathe turnings, classed as controlled waste, being covered by their own
mill scales, etc.). regulatory framework.
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waste.
Blood or body fluids.
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Human and animal tissues, carcasses, etc.
Hazardous Waste (Special Waste in
Scotland) Syringes, needles or other sharps.
Drugs or other pharmaceuticals.
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Clinical waste should be segregated from general waste;
Jargon Buster separate bins, signage and training should be provided
to encourage this.
Hazardous waste
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A waste is classified as hazardous if it is:
a controlled waste; and
listed as a hazardous waste in the List of
Wastes (England) Regulations 2005.
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The Hazardous Waste (England and Wales)
Regulations 2005 (in Scotland there are the Special
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Waste Amendment (Scotland) Regulations 2004)
control the stringent requirements for safe disposal of
hazardous wastes. The categories (which are mirrored
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Biohazards (infectious, carcinogenic, mutagenic, Radioactive waste is not controlled waste and so is
teratogenic). not controlled by Part II of the EPA 1990. Instead, it is
Ecotoxics. controlled by the Radioactive Substances Act 1993
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Non-Hazardous Waste
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Key Information
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Requirements of the duty of care for waste include: prevention of escape of waste, transfer only to authorised
persons; written description transfer and prevention of the illegal disposal or treatment of waste.
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Operational implications of complying with the duty of care include containment of waste, waste transfer note
management and transportation of waste.
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A waste operations permit is required for the use, treatment, disposal and storage of waste (exemptions are
present).
Extra legal requirements are present for hazardous waste as a result of the Hazardous Waste (England and
Wales) Regulations 2005. These cover defining hazardous waste, restrictions on mixing of wastes, notification
of premises producing waste, consignment notes and returns and records.
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There are a number of laws at the European level that Setting new recycling targets to be achieved by EU
cover the management of wastes. The key law is perhaps member states by 2020, including recycling rates of
the Waste Framework Directive (2008/98/EC). The
key provisions are:
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construction and demolition waste.
Applies to all waste except radioactive wastes, Strengthening provisions on waste prevention
waste from extraction and prospecting of mineral through an obligation for member states to develop
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resources, non-dangerous agricultural wastes, waste national waste prevention programmes and a
waters, decommissioned explosives and unexcavated commitment from the EC to report on prevention
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recovery of waste by means of recycling, re-use or and other forms of recovery - with safe disposal as
reclamation or the use of waste as a source of energy. the last recourse.
Ensures that waste is recovered or disposed Clarifying a number of important definitions, such
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of without endangering human health or the as recycling, recovery and waste itself. In particular,
environment. it draws a line between waste and by-products, plus
defines when waste has been recovered enough -
Establishes an integrated and adequate network of
through recycling or other treatment - to cease being
disposal installations.
waste.
Member states are required to establish or designate
Member states must implement legal arrangements
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management plan.
accompanied with manifests.
Undertakings which carry out waste operations are
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The revised Waste Framework Directive described by vandals, thieves, children, trespassers or animals.
above re-enacts, repeals or revises three existing waste
Waste must be stored securely and kept in suitable
directives: the existing Waste Framework Directive;
labelled containers in order to prevent any escape
the Waste Oils Directive; and the Hazardous Waste
and ensure correct segregation of waste types.
Directive.
Where practicable, wastes should be kept under
There are also numerous European directives aimed at cover while awaiting collection.
making the producer responsible for the environmental
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Liquid wastes should be stored on impervious
impacts of a product. This producer responsibility
surfaces that are bunded or drained to a sealed pit
theme of law is mainly aimed at reducing waste to landfill
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capable of containing the contents of the storage
and promoting reuse, recovery and recycling. It has been
containers. Storage facilities should be secure against
applied in numerous areas including packaging waste,
vandalism or other outside interference.
waste electrical and electronic equipment and batteries.
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We will cover the requirements of these laws later. Waste Transfer Notes (WTNs)
Whenever waste is taken from a premises or site, a
Managing Waste transfer note must be completed. The transfer note
must identify the waste in sufficient detail to all the
General Requirements transporters and disposers of the waste to enable
them to handle and dispose of the waste safely. If
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Although there are many laws surrounding the
management of waste probably one of the most there are special precautions which must be adhered
important is the requirements of the Environmental with, then they must be included in the description
Protection Act 1990 Part 2 S34 known as the Duty of of the waste given in the transfer note.
care for waste. M All transfer notes should contain enough information
As the term suggests, the duty covers all those involved for the wastes to be handled safely and within the
in the waste chain from the producer of the waste to law. Failure to do so can result in prosecution.
the site of final disposal. More specifically it covers not Copies of WTNs should be retained for two years.
all wastes but the controlled wastes that we considered For repetitive transfers where the parties involved
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above. The key requirements of the duty are: in each transfer and the description of the waste
To prevent the escape of waste. transferred remain the same, a season ticket can be
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There are two key duty holders who have responsibilities required to be made on the waste transfer note,
with regards to the above, these are: or consignment note for hazardous waste, that the
waste management hierarchy has been applied to the
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or, as a broker, has control of it. who are registered to accept or transport the
particular types and quantities of waste involved. It is
The operational implications to ensure compliance with a legal requirement that anyone who carries waste is
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key points of the duty include: registered with the EA/SEPA. To fulfil this duty, it is
Containment of Waste not sufficient simply to ask the transporter if they are
registered to transport and dispose of that type and
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can also be viewed online at the regulators websites. The WAMITAB/CIWM scheme operates on a
proportional basis with higher level qualifications
Similarly, some industrial waste producers arrange
required for high risk sites in comparison to low
to follow the trucks of the waste transporters to the
risk sites. The competency can be gained through
disposal site once a year and/or audit the site of final
complication of specific NVQs or taught courses.
disposal.
Has the financial resources to complete obligations
Closely related to the duty of care concept is that
under the permit.
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covered by S33 of the EPA 1990 that states that a
person must not: The Waste (England and Wales) Regulations 2011
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provide for registration of waste carriers with the
Knowingly cause or knowingly permit controlled
Environment Agency in a two-tier system:
waste to be deposited in or on any land unless an
environmental permit is in force and the deposit is in Lower tier registration - requires that carriers,
compliance with the permit.
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brokers and dealers of animal by-products, waste
from mines and quarries and waste from agricultural
Treat, keep or dispose of controlled waste, or
premises must register with the Environment Agency.
knowingly cause or knowingly permit controlled
Additionally a waste collection, disposal or regulation
waste to be treated, kept or disposed except under
authority, charity or voluntary organisation must
and in compliance with an environmental permit.
also register as a lower tier carrier. From the end of
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Treat, keep or dispose of controlled waste in a December 2013 an organisation will need to register
manner likely to cause pollution of the environment as a lower tier carrier if it regularly carries controlled
or harm to human health. waste produced by its own business (other than
One of the key requirements of this section of the EPA construction or demolition waste). Registrations are
not required to be renewed and are currently free.
1990 is the requirement for certain waste operations
to possess an environmental permit. The permit can
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Upper tier registration unless in the lower tier
be a Waste Operation Permit or, for more hazardous categories stated above, carriers, brokers or dealers in
disposal or treatment technologies, an Installation other controlled waste must register in the upper tier
Permit (these are required for landfill sites and large
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category. Upper tier registration lasts for three years
incinerators for example). Exemptions can apply for the and includes payment of a fee.
requirements for a waste operations permit for use,
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Use of suitable wastes for small scale construction and human health. Those involved with it have extra
instead of using virgin raw materials. requirements to comply with that are identified in the
Treating scrap metal by sorting, grading, shearing by Hazardous Waste (England and Wales) Regulations
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waste, planning permission must have been granted Returns and records.
prior to the application. The person applying for a
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permit must also be a fit and proper person. That is Definition of Hazardous Waste
someone who has: Hazardous Waste is defined as having properties that
Not committed a relevant offence. may render it harmful to health and/or the environment.
Examples include:
Is technically competent - e.g. has participated in the
Waste Management Industry Training and Advisory Asbestos.
Board (WAMITAB) /Chartered Institute of Waste Lead-acid batteries.
Management Technical Competence Scheme or
the EUSSC Competence Management Scheme. Televisions.
Oily sludges.
Fluorescent light tubes.
Chemical wastes.
Some, but not all, prescription only medicines.
Hazardous wastes are identified by comparison to the
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List of Wastes (England) Regulations 2005. The
Environment Agency Technical Guidance Note WM2 -
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Hazardous Waste gives guidance on the methodology
for assessing wastes based on the European Waste
Catalogue (EWC) 2002.
The EWC lists the following wastes:
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Non-Hazardous Waste Those entries that are given in black and have no *
Absolute Entries Those entries that are given in red and have an * - these are always hazardous waste
Mirror Entries Those entries that are given in blue and have an * - these are only hazardous waste if
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dangerous substances are present above threshold concentrations, specified in Article 2 of
the EWC (in the UK, the List of Wastes (England) Regulations 2005)
Where a waste is a Mirror Entry the composition of the
waste must be established. M
If a waste is not on the list then it may still be hazardous
waste if it contains at least one of a number of listed
hazardous properties.
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Note:
Where a waste is not listed in the European Waste
Catalogue, it is not a hazardous waste.
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Note: 1 Infectious substances should be considered at this stage of the Hazardous Waste Assessment Methodology
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Mixing with any other substance or material. must be made. Where more than one carrier transports
the consignment, a schedule of carriers must also be
Notification of Premises Producing Hazardous completed. Where a single carrier collects more than
Waste one consignment of waste in the course of a journey and
Where hazardous waste is produced at or removed from each consignment is collected from different premises,
premises, the premises must notify the EA. Premises if all consignments are being transported to the same
are exempt from the requirement to notify, if less than consignee promptly, multiple collection provisions are
500kg of hazardous waste is produced in any 12-month available.
period.
Consignor
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Person producing the hazardous waste.
More...
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Returns and Records
A Simple Guide to Site Waste Management
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Producers, holders, carriers, consignors (person Plans is available for download from the NetRegs
producing the waste) and consignees (person who website:
receives hazardous waste) are required to keep records. http://www.netregs.gov.uk
These must be kept for a minimum of three years,
except in the case of carriers where the period is 12
months. Consignees are required to provide the EA
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with a quarterly return, setting out the consignments
they have received during that period. Consignees
may be required to pay a fee to the EA, but are given a
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the waste to them. They are also required to send a
return to producers or holders who sent waste to them.
Consignors and carriers of hazardous wastes must keep a
register of the consignment note copies for three years.
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Site Waste Management Plans (SWMP)
These are a specific type of environmental management
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