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One of the most important reports in metamaterial topics is Dispersion curve, which
determines the band-gap behavior of the band-gap structures. In this article two examples that
could clearly show the right way of getting this report including two extra Matlab code scripts, are
presented.
I hope this article could be helpful for the students who are love Electromagnetic!
Thanks to Dr Miguel Navarro-Ca Imperial College London for his valuable comment.
Fig.1 (a) inner conductor (b) outer conductor (c) vacuum (d) dielectric holder
Frequency Range
The frequency range starts at DC and ends at 20 GHz.
Background Material:
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smr.razavizadeh@ieee.org [Dispersion diagram: CST Microwave Studio]
Mesh setting:
Click on the objects in navigation tree and R. Click on the object; then choose the Local mesh
properties and set it as the following suggestions:
Vacuum: Meshgroup1
Other elements: Meshgroup2
The automesh option is disabled for the two
The automesh option is enabled.
inlets which are not parallel to the coordinate
(Inner&outer conductor, holders)
axes.
Fig.4 Boundary conditions and phase shift setting of the one dimensional periodic structure.
*A userdefined watch is already available and may serve as a template for building custom
watches. The userdefined parameter sweep watch adds the group velocity, phase velocity and
dispersion plots of the first mode to the navigation tree in the folder '1D Results'. Also, the power
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smr.razavizadeh@ieee.org [Dispersion diagram: CST Microwave Studio]
flow and Pierce Impedance can be seen in the folder '1D Results'. In parameter sweep window,
select "Edit" to view or modify the source code.
>
Fig.5 the user-defined VBA codes of the important reports of the simulation as dispersion
curve, phase & group velocity and Pierce impedance.
But I preferred that the following method for setting the dispersion diagram.
Post Processing:
The dispersion diagram, which is a graph based on frequency vs. spatial phase variations of
the predefined parameter of phase, could obtained by the following step by step process:
1) Recall the TBP and choose the 2D and 3D Field Results>3D Eigenmode Result
Fig.6 the outline of defining the postprocessing setup of dispersion plot in CST
MWS.
2) For obtaining the dispersion data of the modes start one by one from the first mode, then
after finishing simulation operation export the data in txt format(available in Table
folder in Navigation tree) for our future postprocessing in Matlab environment.
3) Evaluate
Solver Setup
Whenever the Eigenmode Solver is started, a specific number of the lowest resonance
frequencies of the structure are calculated. Since only the fundamental mode is of interest, the
number of modes is reduced to 1, and the JDM eigenmode solver is chosen, which is faster for
the given example.
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smr.razavizadeh@ieee.org [Dispersion diagram: CST Microwave Studio]
Fig.7 Eigenmode Solver setting for calculating the dispersion characteristics of the proposed
periodic structure.
After the parameter sweep has been selected from the Eigenmode Solver's dialog, a new
sequence is added, and the parameter "phase" is chosen to be swept from 0 to 180 degrees in 19
steps for an equal steps.
Fig.8 Parametric sweep setup for phase shift parameter of phase in the space periodicity
direction.
Start:
If you set lower sweep limit at zero, the machine temporary would interrupt the process and
alert we the parameter is zero, dont care about it and click Ok to continue the operation.
>>
Fig.10
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smr.razavizadeh@ieee.org [Dispersion diagram: CST Microwave Studio]
Results
During the run process the real time dispersion results is accessible from the Table folder, as a
plot based on frequency vs. phase parameter, as following:
(a)
(b)
Fig. 11 The dispersion diagram based on (a) TBP result template, and (b) VBA
userdefined.
As shown in Fig. 11, all the data are the same but in Fig.11(a) the horizontal axis is the phase.
Export the data of the Mode 1
>>
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smr.razavizadeh@ieee.org [Dispersion diagram: CST Microwave Studio]
>>
Fig. 12 extraction of table dispersion data
Open via excel
Open a new Excel file and open from it your txt file of Mode1.txt:
>
>
> >
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smr.razavizadeh@ieee.org [Dispersion diagram: CST Microwave Studio]
Fig. 13 The preparation of the dispersion text data file for producing the
compatible *.csv file
We should keep just the phase and value column and eliminate others, then edit the title of the
value column as Frequency(Mode1), finally save as a CSV file format, as shown in Fig. 13. We
should repeat the simulation for remained modes frequencies as presented in Fig. 14, and extract
the favorite data for updating the previous mode1.csv data file.
Fig. 15 How we can update the calculation for the higher mode?
Fig. 16 all the dispersion data gathered in one csv file for plotting the final
dispersion diagram for first forth modes of the proposed 1D-periodic structure.
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smr.razavizadeh@ieee.org [Dispersion diagram: CST Microwave Studio]
>
4) disable the header and text box.
>>
5) Run the plot m.file(see the appendix)
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smr.razavizadeh@ieee.org [Dispersion diagram: CST Microwave Studio]
Final result:
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Mode1
18 Mode2
16 Mode3
Mode4
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Frequency(GHz)
12
10
BAND GAP
8
6
4
2
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Phase(Deg)
Fig. the final sketch of the dispersion diagram obtained by a MATLAB plotting
program (Appendix).
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smr.razavizadeh@ieee.org [Dispersion diagram: CST Microwave Studio]
Furthermore, the field distribution can also be determined, such as the field variation in a
transverse direction. For a plane wave in free space, the relation between and is a linear
function:
= = (2-2)
For surface waves propagating in an EBG structure, it is usually difficult to give an explicit
expression for the wavenumber k. One has to either solve an eigen-value equation or perform a full
wave simulation to determine the wavenumber. It is important to point out that the solution of an
eigen-value equation may not be unique.
In another words, there may exist several different propagation constants at the same
frequency. Each one is known as a specific mode with its own phase velocity, group velocity, and
field distribution. The relation between and is often plotted out and referred to as the
dispersion diagram.
For a periodic structure such as the EBG, the field distribution of a surface wave is also
periodic with a proper phase delay determined by the wavenumber
and periodicity p.
Thus, each surface wave mode can be decomposed into an infinite series of space harmonic waves.
, , = &'
!'
,
!"#$ %
, %
= %
+ (2-3)
Here, we assume the periodic and propagation direction is the x direction. Although these space
harmonics have different phase velocities, they share the same group velocity. Furthermore, these
space harmonics cannot exist individually because each single harmonic does not satisfy the
boundary conditions of the periodic structure. Only their summation satisfies the boundary
conditions. Thus, they are considered to be the same mode.
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smr.razavizadeh@ieee.org [Dispersion diagram: CST Microwave Studio]
Another important observation from (2-3) is that the dispersion curve %
is periodic along the
- axis with a periodicity of 2/p. Therefore, we only need to plot the dispersion relation within
one single period, namely, 0 % 2,/.% , which is known as the Brillouin zone. This
concept can be easily extended to two-dimensional periodic structures, where the Brillouin zone
becomes a two-dimensional square area:
0 % 2,/.% , 0 / 2,/./
Figure 2-1 shows the dispersion diagram of the mushroom-like EBG structure.
The vertical axis shows the frequency and the horizontal axis represents the
values of the transverse wavenumbers (x, y). Three specific points are: , X
and M.
Let us consider a plane wave impinging on a periodic surface. For surface waves, the angle of
incidence is equal to 90 (parallel with the surface). For this value, the wave propagation on a
periodic structure cannot be investigated using the plane wave response. The exact position of pass
bands and band gaps in the frequency spectrum can be obtained only by the dispersion relation of
surface waves (i.e. calculating the resonant frequencies of eigenmodes) along the contour of the
irreducible Brillouin zone.
Brillouin Zone in CST Microwave Studio
In dispersion diagram of a 2D-periodic structure, we are faced with an special definition of the
frequency dispersion effects of the surface wave phase variations in three main directions usually
labeled as to X, X to M and M to , which we know as Brillouin Zone, as shown in Fig..
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smr.razavizadeh@ieee.org [Dispersion diagram: CST Microwave Studio]
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smr.razavizadeh@ieee.org [Dispersion diagram: CST Microwave Studio]
waves, dispersion curves are calculated only in the region under the light line, as shown in Fig.
2.1. Band gaps occur in frequency intervals, where no dispersion curves in the slow-wave region
are present.
Fig.2-4.
Fig. 2.5 shows the unit cell setup of a periodic structure with the proposed mushroom-like
square lattice, for dispersion analysis in CST MWS. The main difference between the
computational models in CST MWS and HFSS consists in the following fact. HFSS uses a
perfectly matched layer (PML) to represent an infinite air layer above the unit cell, while in CST
MWS, open boundaries are not allowed in combination with periodic walls, but only perfect
electric conductor (PEC) or perfect magnetic conductor (PMC) boundary conditions can be
applied.
(a)
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smr.razavizadeh@ieee.org [Dispersion diagram: CST Microwave Studio]
(b)
Fig.2-5. The setup of (a) Background material and (b) six boundaries of the unit cell.
The Eigenmode Solver of CST Microwave Studio does not support open boundaries. In this
case, the boundary condition of side walls of the unit cell can be considered periodic.
After many computer simulations with this program and comparing the obtained results with
analytical and experimental considerations, a practical rule for the correct surface wave dispersion
diagram computation was stated for background material and boundary setting.
Therefore, the key parameter in the computer model is then the height of the air space above of
the dielectric substrate to emulate the free space over the structure (in Background Setting this
space is Upper Z-distance), an airbox with the height of about many times of the dielectric slab
thickness has to be placed over the unit cell. Based on numerous computer simulations and by
comparing the obtained results with analytical and experimental considerations, the correct choice
of approximately ten times the substrate thickness was established, Upper Z-distance 10hs[1].
The boundaries at the top and the bottom of the model should be defined as electric conductor
or PEC (Et=0).
If the EBG surfaces are used as ground plane of antenna, like monopole this Figure 3(b) shows
the frequency response of transmission coefficient S21, both TM and TE surface waves measured
by using a pair of small monopole antennas oriented normally (TM mode) and parallel (TE mode)
to the EBG surface.
Mesh setting:
For not complicated structures like this poject mesh setting is not required but if you want more
and more precise results you can pay time for more dense mesh size!
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smr.razavizadeh@ieee.org [Dispersion diagram: CST Microwave Studio]
Phase_x and phase_y are the phase variation of the slow surface wave on the periodic
structure, in x- and y-directions, respectively. We know those parameters have a obvious relation
with correspondent wave numbers as the following:
.2 _ % 2.C . @ @C@6 A9 6 x-axis
.2 _ % 2
.2 _ / 2.C . @ @C@6 A9 6 x-axis
.2 _ / 2
For symmetry with respect to the x- and y-axiss, we define both of xs and ys with a new
parameter of d.
to X plot:
Sweep the phase_x (xd) from 0 t0 180, with sample: 19 and phase_y (yd)=0
X to M plot:
Sweep the phase_y (yd) from 0 t0 180, with sample: 19 and phase_x (xd)=180
Eigenmode Solver Setting
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smr.razavizadeh@ieee.org [Dispersion diagram: CST Microwave Studio]
Start:
Dont care about alert zero value for phase_x parameter.
to X plot:
Sweep the phase_x (xd) from 0 t0 180, with sample: 19 and phase_y (yd)=0 , the
simulation takes not much more time, about 25 minutes by a typical laptop.
The figure shows phase variation linearity below 2.2GHz for Mode#1 and for surface wave
propagation phase constant with respect to x-direction.
Export the data and save as Mode1_Gamma2X.txt:
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smr.razavizadeh@ieee.org [Dispersion diagram: CST Microwave Studio]
The last value of phase_x is 180, thats perfect! So go to Eigenmode>para sweep and delete
phase_x and define phase_y from 0 to 180, then open Result Template and do Evaluate for
reset for new plot, X to M, then click the Start:
During the new parameter simulation, still the previous plot would be shown, dont care about
it! The real time new results are available in table format:
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smr.razavizadeh@ieee.org [Dispersion diagram: CST Microwave Studio]
Its obvious that the upper limit of Frequency Band Gap region is about 2.13GHz.
Export:
Nav. Tree>R.Click on Table and choose the table. Then change phase_x t0 180 and apply,
finally export:
>>
M to Plot:
For convenience to extract this step data we first clean all the stored data of previous sweep by
drawing for example a Brick then apply it to message of deletion would be shown, click Ok. In the
next step delete that object and now the project is free of any data.
The last plot of Brillouin zone is based on diagonal propagation phase shift which is equivalent
to kx=ky or phase_x=phase_y. So we can satisfy this by setting value of phase_y with phase_x, in
parameters list window.
>>
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smr.razavizadeh@ieee.org [Dispersion diagram: CST Microwave Studio]
Now recall Eigenmode solver and sweep par. And delete the phase_y and define phae_x: 180
to 0deg, with 19 samples, this constraint the calculations performed with descent variation, which
is required for M to plot.
Results:
Export the results of the last parametric calculations as M2Gamma_Mode1.txt.
In this step we should prepared a new excel book which contains in a serial format all the three
calculated data set, compatible with the Brillouin zone definition, as following:
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smr.razavizadeh@ieee.org [Dispersion diagram: CST Microwave Studio]
(a) (b)
For plotting the desirable Brillouin zone diagram with MATLAB, We insert a new sequential
numbering column, as shown in Fig. (b). It is important to determine boarder row numbers of the
CSV data file, this issue has shown in the following table.
Plot Name Row range in main CSV data file
to X 1-19
X to M 19-38
M to 38-57
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smr.razavizadeh@ieee.org [Dispersion diagram: CST Microwave Studio]
Matlab Plotting:
Now we can import the data files in Matlab command and use the m.file script as mentioned in
Appendix (b), the resulted plot after a few editing illustrated below:
(a)
(b)
Fig. (a) the sketch of dispersion curve based on just the first mode calculation using Matlab, (b) example of dispersion
diagram of a 2D-periodic structure, based on Brillouin Zone definition (in this example the step of sweep is 30deg)..
Since the exact Band Gap region should be determined after obtaining some higher modes and
plotting the entire dispersion plots with repeating the previous procedure for next mode numbers
greater than dominate mode, e.g. 2 and 3, we have done it for mode number 2 and all two modes
data were sketched using Matlab code for 2D-periodic structures, presented in appendix (b), as
following:
5.5
5
4.5
4
Frequency(GHz)
3.5
Band Gap
3
2.5 Band Gap
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
1 56
Beta*d
Fig. Matlab figure obtained using two mode Eigenmode solver calculations.
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smr.razavizadeh@ieee.org [Dispersion diagram: CST Microwave Studio]
Appendix:
a) Matlab Source code for 1D periodic structures b) Matlab code for 2D-periodic structures
clc; clc;
x=data(:,1); %phase parameter i=1:19;
y=data(:,2); %Frequency (Mode1) x1=data(i,1); %phase parameter
plot(x,y,'black'); y1=data(i,3); %Frequency (Mode1)
hold on plot(x1,y1,'blue');
y=data(:,3); %Frequency (Mode2) hold on
plot(x,y,'Red'); i=19:38;
hold on x1=data(i,1); %phase parameter
y=data(:,4); %Frequency (Mode3) y1=data(i,3); %Frequency (Mode1)
plot(x,y,'Green'); plot(x1,y1,'red');
hold on hold on
y=data(:,5); %Frequency (Mode4) i=38:57;
plot(x,y,'blue'); x1=data(i,1); %phase parameter
legend('Mode1','Mode2','Mode3','Mode4'); y1=data(i,3); %Frequency (Mode1)
xlabel('Phase(Deg)'); plot(x1,y1,'green');
ylabel('Frequency(GHz)') hold on
legend('2D Dispersion Diagram');
xlabel('Beta*d');
ylabel('Frequency(GHz)')
Reference:
[1] F. YANG, and Y. Rahmat-Samii, Electromagnetic Band Gap Structures in Antenna Engineering, 2008.
[2] P. KOVCS, Electromagnetic Band Gap Structures Practical Tips and Advice for Antenna Engineers.
(www.radioeng.cz/fulltexts/2012/12_01_0414_0421.pdf)
[3] Baharak Mohajer Iravani, Electromagnetic Interference Reduction Using Electromagnetic Band gap structures in
Packages, Enclosures, Cavities and Antenna, PhD Thesis, University of Maryland, 2007.
Good Luck!
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