Section 1.

6 Literal Equations and Applications to Geometry 61

Literal Equations and Applications to Geometry Section 1.6

1. Applications Involving Geometry Concepts

Some word problems involve the use of geometric formulas such as those listed 1. Applications Involving
in the inside front cover of this text. Geometry
2. Literal Equations
Example 1 Solving an Application Involving Perimeter
The length of a rectangular corral is 2 ft more than 3 times the width. The corral
is situated such that one of its shorter sides is adjacent to a barn and does not
require fencing. If the total amount of fencing is 774 ft, then find the dimensions
of the corral.

Solution:
Read the problem and draw a sketch (Figure 1-8).

3x 1 2

x
3x 1 2

Figure 1-8

Let x represent the width. Label variables.

Let 3x 1 2 represent the length.
To create a verbal model, we might consider using the formula for the perimeter
of a rectangle. However, the formula P 5 2L 1 2W incorporates all four sides of
the rectangle. The formula must be modified to include only one factor of the
width.

a b5a b1a b
Distance around 2 times 1 times
Verbal model
three sides the length the width
774 5 2(3x 1 2) 1 x Mathematical model
774 5 213x 1 22 1 x Solve for x.
774 5 6x 1 4 1 x Apply the distributive property.
774 5 7x 1 4 Combine like terms.
770 5 7x Subtract 4 from both sides.
110 5 x Divide by 7 on both sides.
x 5 110
Because x represents the width, the width of the corral is 110 ft. The length is
given by
3x 1 2 or 311102 1 2 5 332 Interpret the results.
The width of the corral is 110 ft, and the length is 332 ft. (To check the answer,
verify that the three sides add to 774 ft.)
62 Chapter 1 Review of Basic Algebraic Concepts

Skill Practice
1. The length of Karens living room is 2 ft longer than the width. The
perimeter is 80 ft. Find the length and width.

The applications involving angles utilize some of the formulas found in the front
cover of this text.

Example 2 Solving an Application Involving Angles

Two angles are complementary. One angle measures 10 less
than 4 times the other angle. Find the measure of each angle
(Figure 1-9).
(4x 2 10)
Solution: x
Let x represent one angle. Figure 1-9
Let 4x 2 10 represent the other angle.
Recall that two angles are complementary if the sum of their measures is 90.
Therefore, a verbal model is
1One angle2 1 1the complement of the angle2 5 90 Verbal model
x 1 14x 2 102 5 90 Mathematical
equation
5x 2 10 5 90 Solve for x.
5x 5 100
x 5 20
If x 5 20, then 4x 2 10 5 41202 2 10 5 70. The two angles are 208 and 708.

Skill Practice
2. Two angles are supplementary, and the measure of one is 16 less than
3 times the other. Find their measures.

2. Literal Equations
Literal equations (or formulas) are equations that contain several variables. For
example, the formula for the perimeter of a rectangle P 5 2L 1 2W is an example
of a literal equation. In this equation, P is expressed in terms of L and W. How-
ever, in science and other branches of applied mathematics, formulas may be more
useful in alternative forms.
For example, the formula P 5 2L 1 2W can be manipulated to solve for either
L or W:
Solve for L Solve for W
P 5 2L 1 2W P 5 2L 1 2W
P 2 2W 5 2L Subtract 2W. P 2 2L 5 2W Subtract 2L.

Skill Practice Answers P 2 2W P 2 2L

5L Divide by 2. 5W Divide by 2.
1. The length is 21 ft, and the width 2 2
is 19 ft.
2. 49 and 131 P 2 2W P 2 2L
L5 W5
2 2
 Section 1.6 Literal Equations and Applications to Geometry 63

To solve a literal equation for a specified variable, use the addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division properties of equality.

Example 3 Solving a Literal Equation

The formula for the volume of a rectangular V 5 200 in.3 H 5 5 in.
box is V 5 LWH.
a. Solve the formula V 5 LWH for W. W5?

b. Find the value of W if V 5 200 in.3,

L 5 20 in.
L 5 20 in., and H 5 5 in. (Figure 1-10).
Figure 1-10

Solution:
a. V 5 LWH The goal is to isolate the variable W.
V LWH
5 Divide both sides by LH.
LH LH
V
5W Simplify.
LH
V
W5
LH
200 in.3
Substitute V 5 200 in.3, L 5 20 in., and H 5 5 in.
120 in.215 in.2
b. W 5

W 5 2 in. The width is 2 in.

Skill Practice The formula for the area of a triangle is A 5 12bh.

3a. Solve the formula for h.
b. Find the value of h when A 5 40 in. 2 and b 5 16 in.

Example 4 Solving a Literal Equation

The formula to find the area of a trapezoid is given by A 5 12 1b1 1 b2 2h, where
b1 and b2 are the lengths of the parallel sides and h is the b2
height. Solve this formula for b1.
h
Solution:
A 5 12 1b1 1 b2 2h
b1
The goal is to isolate b1.
2A 5 2 ? 12 1b1 1 b2 2h Multiply by 2 to clear fractions.

2A 5 1b1 1 b2 2h Apply the distributive property.

2A 5 b1h 1 b2h
2A 2 b2h 5 b1h Subtract b2h from both sides.
2A 2 b2h b1h
5 Divide by h.
h h
2A 2 b2h
5 b1
h Skill Practice Answers
2A
3a. h 5 b. h 5 5 in.
b
64 Chapter 1 Review of Basic Algebraic Concepts

Skill Practice
4. The formula for the volume of a right circular cylinder is V 5 pr 2h. Solve
for h.
r

TIP: When solving a literal equation for a specified variable, there is

sometimes more than one way to express your final answer. This flexibility
often presents difficulty for students. Students may leave their answer in one
form, but the answer given in the text looks different. Yet both forms may be
correct. To know if your answer is equivalent to the form given in the text you
must try to manipulate it to look like the answer in the book, a process called
form fitting.
The literal equation from Example 4 may be written in several different
forms. The quantity 12A 2 b2h2 /h can be split into two fractions.
2A 2 b2h 2A b2h 2A
b1 5 5 2 5 2 b2
h h h h

Example 5 Solving a Linear Equation in Two Variables

Given 22x 1 3y 5 5, solve for y.

Solution:
22x 1 3y 5 5
3y 5 2x 1 5 Add 2x to both sides.
3y 2x 1 5
5 Divide by 3 on both sides.
3 3
2x 1 5 2 5
y5 or y5 x1
3 3 3

Skill Practice Solve for y.

5. 5x 1 2y 5 11

Example 6 Applying a Literal Equation

Buckingham Fountain is one of Chicagos most familiar landmarks. With 133 jets
spraying a total of 14,000 gal (gallons) of water per minute, Buckingham Foun-
tain is one of the worlds largest fountains. The circumference of the fountain is
Skill Practice Answers approximately 880 ft.
V
4. h 5 a. The circumference of a circle is given by C 5 2pr. Solve the equation for r.
pr 2
11 2 5x 5 11 b. Use the equation from part (a) to find the radius and diameter of the
5. y 5 or y 5 2 x 1
2 2 2 fountain. (Use the p key on the calculator, and round the answers to 1
decimal place.)
 Section 1.6 Literal Equations and Applications to Geometry 65

Solution:
a. C 5 2pr
C 2pr
5
2p 2p
C
5r
2p
C
r5
2p
880 ft
b. r 5 Substitute C 5 880 ft and use the p key on the calculator.
2p
r < 140.1 ft
The radius is approximately 140.1 ft. The diameter is twice the radius
(d 5 2r); therefore the diameter is approximately 280.2 ft.

Skill Practice The formula to compute the surface area S of a sphere is given
by S 5 4pr 2.
6a. Solve the equation for p.
b. A sphere has a surface area of 113 in.2 and a radius of 3 in. Use the for- Skill Practice Answers
mula found in part (a) to approximate p. Round to 2 decimal places. S
6a. p 5 b. 3.14
4r 2

Section 1.6 Practice Exercises

Boost your GRADE at Practice Problems e-Professors
mathzone.com! Self-Tests Videos
NetTutor

Study Skills Exercises

1. Several topics are given here about taking notes. Which would you do first to help make the most of note-
taking? Put them in order of importance to you by labeling them with the numbers 16.
Read your notes after class to complete any abbreviations or incomplete sentences.
Highlight important terms and definitions.
Review your notes from the previous class.
Bring pencils (more than one) and paper to class.
Sit in class where you can clearly read the board and hear your instructor.
Keep your focus on the instructor looking for phrases such as, The most important point is . . .
and Here is where the problem usually occurs.

Review Exercises
For Exercises 2 5, solve the equations.
2. 7 1 5x 2 12x 2 62 5 61x 1 12 1 21
3
3. y 2 3 1 2y 5 5
5

4. 33z 2 12 2 3z2 2 44 5 z 2 7 5. 2a 2 4 1 8a 5 7a 2 8 1 3a
66 Chapter 1 Review of Basic Algebraic Concepts

Concept 1: Applications Involving Geometry

For Exercises 625, use the geometry formulas listed in the inside front cover of the text.
6. A volleyball court is twice as long as it is wide. If the perimeter is 177 ft, find the dimensions of the court.

7. Two sides of a triangle are equal in length, and the third side is 1.5 times the length of one of the other
sides. If the perimeter is 14 m (meters), find the lengths of the sides.

8. The lengths of the sides of a triangle are given by three consecutive even integers. The perimeter is 24 m.
What is the length of each side?

9. A triangular garden has sides that can be represented by three consecutive integers. If the perimeter of the
garden is 15 ft, what are the lengths of the sides?

10. Raoul would like to build a rectangular dog run in the rear of his backyard, away from the house. The
width of the yard is 1112 yd, and Raoul wants an area of 92 yd2 (square yards) for his dog.
a. Find the dimensions of the dog run.
b. How much fencing would Raoul need to enclose the dog run?

Dog
House 11 12 yd run

11. George built a rectangular pen for his rabbit such that the length is 7 ft less than twice the width. If the
perimeter is 40 ft, what are the dimensions of the pen?

12. Antoine wants to put edging in the form of a square around a tree in his front yard. He has enough money
to buy 18 ft of edging. Find the dimensions of the square that will use all the edging.

13. Joanne wants to plant a flower garden in her backyard in the shape of a 2x
trapezoid, adjacent to her house (see the figure). She also wants a front x x
yard garden in the same shape, but with sides one-half as long. What should
the dimensions be for each garden if Joanne has only a total of 60 ft of Back
fencing?

14. The measures of two angles in a triangle are equal. The third angle House
measures 2 times the sum of the equal angles. Find the measures of the
three angles.
Front
15. The smallest angle in a triangle is one-half the size of the largest. The
middle angle measures 258 less than the largest. Find the measures of the
three angles.

16. Two angles are complementary. One angle is 5 times as large as the other angle. Find the measure of
each angle.

17. Two angles are supplementary. One angle measures 128 less than 3 times the other. Find the measure of
each angle.
 Section 1.6 Literal Equations and Applications to Geometry 67

In Exercises 1825, solve for x, and then find the measure of each angle.
18. 19.

(7x 2 1) (2x 1 1)
(10x 1 36)

[2(x 1 15)]

20. 21.

(2x 2 3) [3(x 2 7)]

(2x 1 5)

(x 1 2.5)

22. 23.
(2 x) [3(5x 1 1)]
(3x 2 3)

(5x 1 1) (x 1 35)

24. 25.
[4(x 2 6)] (2 x 2 2)
(10x)

(x 2 2) (20x 2 4)

Concept 2: Literal Equations

26. Which expression(s) is (are) equivalent to 25/ 1x 2 32?
5 5 5
a. 2 b. c.
x23 32x 2x 1 3

27. Which expression(s) is (are) equivalent to 1z 2 12 /22?

12z z21 2z 1 1
a. b. 2 c.
2 2 2

28. Which expression(s) is (are) equivalent to 12x 2 72 /y?

x17 x17 2x 2 7
a. 2 b. c.
y 2y 2y

29. Which expression(s) is (are) equivalent to 23w/ 12x 2 y2?

3w 3w 23w
a. 2 b. c. 2
2x 2 y x1y x1y
68 Chapter 1 Review of Basic Algebraic Concepts

For Exercises 3047, solve for the indicated variable.

30. A 5 lw for l 31. C1 5 25R for R 32. I 5 Prt for P

33. a 1 b 1 c 5 P for b 34. W 5 K2 2 K1 for K1 35. y 5 mx 1 b for x

36. F 5 59 C 1 32 for C 37. C 5 95 1F 2 322 for F 38. K 5 21 mv2 for v2

39. I 5 Prt for r 40. v 5 v0 1 at for a 41. a2 1 b2 5 c2 for b2

42. w 5 p1v2 2 v1 2 for v2 43. A 5 lw for w 44. ax 1 by 5 c for y

1 1 2
45. P 5 2L 1 2W for L 46. V 5 Bh for B 47. V 5 pr h for h
3 3

In Chapter 2 it will be necessary to change equations from the form Ax 1 By 5 C to y 5 mx 1 b. For Exercises
4859, express each equation in the form y 5 mx 1 b by solving for y.
48. 3x 1 y 5 6 49. x 1 y 5 24 50. 5x 2 4y 5 20

51. 24x 2 5y 5 25 52. 26x 2 2y 5 13 53. 5x 2 7y 5 15

4
54. 3x 2 3y 5 6 55. 2x 2 2y 5 8 56. 9x 1 y 5 5
3

1 2 1
57. 4x 2 y 5 5 58. 2x 1 y 5 0 59. x 2 y 5 0
3 3 4

For Exercises 6061, use the relationship between distance, rate, and time given by d 5 rt.
60. a. Solve d 5 rt for rate r.
b. In 2006, Sam Hornish won the Indianapolis 500 in 3 hr, 10 min, 59 sec 1< 3.183 hr2. Find his average
rate of speed if the total distance is 500 mi. Round to the nearest tenth of a mile per hour.

61. a. Solve d 5 rt for time t.

b. In 2006, Jimmie Johnson won the Daytona 500 with an average speed of 141.734 mph. Find the total
time it took for him to complete the race if the total distance is 500 miles. Round to the nearest
hundredth of an hour.
For Exercises 6263, use the fact that the force imparted by an object is equal to its mass times acceleration, or
F 5 ma.
62. a. Solve F 5 ma for mass m.
b. The force on an object is 24.5 N (newtons), and the acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/sec2. Find the
mass of the object. (The answer will be in kilograms.)

63. a. Solve F 5 ma for acceleration a.

b. Approximate the acceleration of a 2000-kg mass influenced by a force of 15,000 N. (The answer will be
in meters per second squared, m/sec2.)
 Section 1.7 Linear Inequalities in One Variable 69

x2m
In statistics the z-score formula z 5 is used in studying probability. Use this formula for Exercises 6465.
s
x2m
64. a. Solve z 5 for x.
s
b. Find x when z 5 2.5, m 5 100, and s 5 12.

x2m
65. a. Solve z 5 for s.
s
b. Find s when x 5 150, z 5 2.5, and m 5 110.

Expanding Your Skills

For Exercises 6675, solve for the indicated variable.
66. 6t 2 rt 5 12 for t 67. 5 5 4a 1 ca for a 68. ax 1 5 5 6x 1 3 for x

69. cx 2 4 5 dx 1 9 for x 70. A 5 P 1 Prt for P 71. A 5 P 1 Prt for r

72. T 5 mg 2 mf for m 73. T 5 mg 2 mf for f 74. ax 1 by 5 cx 1 z for x

75. Lt 1 h 5 mt 1 g for t

Linear Inequalities in One Variable Section 1.7

1. Solving Linear Inequalities Concepts

In Sections 1.41.6, we learned how to solve linear equations and their appli- 1. Solving Linear Inequalities
cations. In this section, we will learn the process of solving linear inequalities. 2. Inequalities of the Form
A linear inequality in one variable, x, is defined as any relationship of the form: a,x,b
ax 1 b 6 0, ax 1 b # 0, ax 1 b 7 0, or ax 1 b $ 0, where a 0. 3. Applications of Inequalities
The solution to the equation x 5 3 can be graphed as a single point on the
number line.

25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5

Now consider the inequality x # 3. The solution set to an inequality is the set
of real numbers that makes the inequality a true statement. In this case, the solu-
tion set is all real numbers less than or equal to 3. Because the solution set has an
infinite number of values, the values cannot be listed. Instead, we can graph the
solution set or represent the set in interval notation or in set-builder notation.

Graph Interval Notation Set-Builder Notation

12`, 3 4 5x 0 x # 36
25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5

The addition and subtraction properties of equality indicate that a value added
to or subtracted from both sides of an equation results in an equivalent equation.
The same is true for inequalities.